Ershov district

The area is located in the central Left Bank, on the Syrt Plain, in the dry steppe zone. The rivers Bolshoi Uzen , Maly Uzen , Bolshoi Kushum (the left tributary of Bolshoi Irgiz ) and their tributaries flow through the district. Many local roads run along irrigation canals. Often there are ponds and reservoirs.

The territory of the district is 4.3 thousand km² (the second largest region of the region).

In 1926, 10 village councils were part of the Ershov volost of the Novouzensk district of the Saratov province , there were 45 settlements on the territory of the volost. In June 1928, Ershov became the district center of the Pugachevsky District of the Lower Volga Region of the RSFSR . As of 1930, there were 96 settlements in the Ershov district, including the urban-type village of Ershov . In 1934, in the Ershov district of the Saratov Territory of the RSFSR, there was 1 village council, 17 village councils, 52 settlements. As of January 1, 1935, there were 38 collective farms , 2 trusted state farms (the Kushumsky Molmyasosovkhoz and Yakovlev sortmsemkhoz).

On May 19, 1960, the territory of the abolished Novo-Repinsky district was included in the district ^[3] .

On January 1, 2005, the Ershov Municipal District was formed as a municipality ^[4] .

Settlement History

February 1, 1963 Ershov received the status of a city of regional subordination. But before joining the family of cities in the Saratov region, he had to go from one single house, where the workers of the survey party, which laid the route of the future railway, were placed, grew up in a working village, the Ryazan-Uralskaya station, and later the Volga railway.

In the Ershov Museum, created on the basis of the House of Pioneers, the story of the history of the region begins with a personal decree given by Catherine II to the "Ruling Post of the Governor of Voronezh and Saratov Chertkov" on the settlement of the city of Uzen, one of the six fortresses of the Volga region .

The history of the region goes into the distant past. Having defeated the remnants of the Golden Horde, annexing the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, the Russian state paid attention to strengthening its southeastern borders. The development and settlement of areas of the Middle and Lower Volga and Trans-Volga regions began. Before the appearance of Russian settlers in the Volga region , almost until the end of the 18th century , these lands were in the hands of Kalmyks and Kyrgyz-Kaisaks. A wild field stretches for hundreds of kilometers. The boundless steppe, grass in the height of a man, large herds of saigas, schools of wild horses, everywhere the complete dominance of wild animals. But a man was afraid to populate rich lands, nomads with their raids inspired fear. That was until the second half of the 18th century. In connection with the military operations of Russia with Turkey, the tsarist government showed concern that Turkey would not provoke an attack by the nomadic Kyrgyz-Kaisaks on the most important Volga communications. To prevent this, Empress Catherine II issued in 1788 a Decree on the construction of 6 fortresses in the Volga region , on the Bolshoi Uzen River and in other places.

So, not far from the modern city of Novouzensk, the Uzen fortress was built on the Bolshoi Uzen River, and another fortress, Orlov-Gai, 45 kilometers from it upstream the Bolshoi Uzen River. This fortress in terms of the number of soldiers, armament and technical equipment was even more powerful than the Uzen fortress. Orlov Gai was the most powerful fortress of all six built. In addition to its main task - to protect the Volga region from nomads - the construction of the Orlov-Gai fortress contributed to the settlement of the Volga region . In the coming years after the construction of the fortress, a Tatar settlement Osinov-Gai and a number of other settlements arose near it.

On August 21, 1788, a royal decree was issued on the settlement by peasants of lands between Uzen. According to this decree, the resettlement of low-land peasants from central Russia and Ukraine to the Volga region begins. An example of this is the surviving document from 1885 , which was handed to the peasant of the Tambov province of the Spassky district, Stepin Vasily Kuzmich, allowing him with his family and 49 more families to settle in the territory of the Novouzensk district of the Samara province. This document is stored in the Ershov District Museum of Local Lore. It testifies to the origin of the village of Alexandria. And even earlier, in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries , the villages of Mius, Upper Kushum appeared. The migrants arrived in Mius from the Tula province , the Tambov province , the Penza province , and in Upper Kushum - from the Tula province. The village of Krasnyanka appeared in the 20-30s of the XIX century . The immigrants arrived from Ukraine from the villages of Akhtyrka and Krasnopolie of the Kharkov province.

However, the settlement of these territories in the first half of the 19th century was slow. The new villages were small. So, in the village of Perekopny in 1831 there were only 12 families, although it appeared 20 years earlier than Krasnyanka. Families were large - from 12 to 40 people. Since the second half of the 19th century, the settlement of the Ershov region went at a faster pace. The tsarist government throughout the period of the colonization of the Trans-Volga region in every way assisted the immigrants. On the deserted bank of the Maly Uzen river , where the village of Krasnyanka now stands, the government built several adobe dugouts, and a well-arranged pond on Bolshaya Talovka beam. In a dry, waterless steppe, the pond was extremely important. All this treasury donated to the settlers. The government did not skimp on giving them land.

The government was well aware that the huge Zavolzhsky Krai could be mastered only by actively occupying it. No fortresses and military towns will secure the territory of the state if there are no peaceful settlements on it. Resettlement came mainly from the central provinces of Russia, Ukraine , where their land was not enough. Peasants mainly relocated from state lands. By decree of Empress Catherine II , foreigners, especially Germans, also moved to the Volga region. They were given the best land here. Nine kilometers from Ershov a German column (village) of Antonovka arose, three kilometers - columns of Lippertstal.

The tsarist government tried to resettle all the discontented, obstinate, guilty in the Volga region . In 1863, for supporting the Polish uprising , Lithuanians were sent here who created their own village of Black Padina . The schismatics also moved. But there were especially many runaways: families of runaways, different servicemen and townspeople were looking for freedom from bondage and bondage, deliverance from cruel exploitation in the remote outskirts of the country. The government took measures to return the fugitives, but despite this, many villages along the rivers Big and Small Uzeni were settled by runaway peasants. Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvashs, people of other nationalities also settled here.

Only the most vital, active, persistent and persistent people could break with their usual way of life, decide to leave at home and the graves of their fathers. They were not afraid of the obstacles that appeared, they skillfully overcome them and found what they were looking for: free lands and their own freedom. Serfdom was practically absent in the Volga region. On the territory of modern Ershov district, only in the small village of Verkhny Kushum was a serf, landowner Bobrin. Yes, in the former Mius volost of the Novouzensky district of the Samara province there were landlords in small villages: in Koptevka - the landowner Koptev, in Karpovka - Guskov, Kaznacheevka - the landowner Stepanov. All of them serfs were removed from the central provinces.

In the former Novouzensk district, serfs were only 5 percent, while in the Saratov province as a whole - 54.8 percent, and in some counties of this province the percentage of serfs reached 60–70. In the Petrovsky district of the Saratov province, 74 percent of the land belonged to nobles, and even 83 percent in the Volsky district. In Novouzensk district, only 11.3 percent, on the lands of the present Ershov district, it is even smaller, although here there were the largest landowners. So, the landowner Maltsev had his own land of 100 thousand acres and the rented state and specific - 35,841 tithes. One of his estates was located on the territory of the Kushumsky state farm.

The main land in this region was distributed among the land peasant communities. The community periodically after 7-10 years divided the land into peasant households according to the number of male souls (an average of 8 acres per capita). Large villages accounted for several tens of thousands of acres. However, such a large amount of land did not save the poor. In Novouzensky Uyezd, 53 percent of all peasant households leased or sold their allotments, and then fell into debt dependence on their fists. Unlike the central provinces, where the landlords were decisive and predominant, large fists were decisive in the economic life of the Volga region in the economic life and enslavement of the poor.

The almost complete absence of serfdom saved the economy of the Volga region from various feudal bonds, but capitalism, which was most developed, left its mark on people's lives. So, in the village of Orlov Gai, the largest rich people of Shututyev, Leonov, Chernov, Kindeev, Dogadov, Fakonov, Stashevsky planted many thousands of dessiatines with wheat and other crops, had numerous herds of cattle, kept hundreds of farm laborers, all the levers of economic and political life were concentrated in their hands sat down.

Already in 1860, the Volga region was one of the richest places in Russia, the Volga region wheat was considered one of the best. V. I. Lenin wrote the following: “Thus, the main center of grain production is moving: in the years 1860-1870, the Middle Black Earth provinces were ahead of everyone, and in the 1880s they lost the championship to the steppe and lower Volga provinces.” ( V.I. Lenin . Complete collection of works. Vol. 3, p. 253). But if the grain is produced in large volumes, then it needs to be exported for sale. Around the same time, Russia was developing the railway network - the most progressive transport for that time. A steel plate stretched into the Volga steppes.

(In preparing the article, materials from the local historian S.K. Amelchev and the Ershov District Museum of Local Lore were used).

Urbanization

In urban conditions (the city of Ershov ), 53.71% of the population of the region live.

National composition

According to the 1939 census, the Germans made up 6% of the district’s population (about 2.5 thousand people) ^[5] . The German population was deported in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces on the resettlement of Germans living in the Volga region, issued on August 28, 1941 .

The Ershov municipal district includes 11 municipalities , including 1 urban settlement and 10 rural settlements ^{[21] [22]} :

In 2013, the Krasnyansk Municipal Formation and the Perekopnovsk Municipal Formation were transformed by their merger. The newly formed rural settlement was called Perekopnovsk municipal unit ^[23] .

According to the Law of the Saratov Region dated March 28, 2016 No. 33-ЗСО ^[24] , by combining them, the Mokhov , Novorepinsky and Orlov-Gaysky municipalities were transformed into the Novorepinsky municipal formation , endowed with the status of a rural settlement, with an administrative center in the village of Novorepnoye .

According to the Law of the Saratov Region dated March 28, 2016 No. 34-ЗСО ^[25] , by combining them, the Decembrist and Reflex municipalities were transformed into the Decembrist municipal entity , endowed with the status of a rural settlement, with an administrative center in the village of Tselinny .

Settlements

In the Ershov district there are 62 settlements.

The area is agricultural , producer of durum wheat, livestock products. A number of experimental farms, including the Ershovskoye farm. The food industry, the production of building materials are developed. In the area there is a large crushed stone deposit (Novoselskoe).

Railway station Ershov .

The length of paved public roads is 343.2 km.

The Saratov-Uralsk railway line runs through the district; a line goes to Pugachev from the Ershov junction station. There are several railway stations in the district. There are enterprises of railway transport: PM Ershov , VCH Ershov and others.

Near the village of Chapaevka near the river Bolshoi Kushum there is a balneological and mud health resort named after V.I. Chapaeva . It was founded in 1860 on the basis of mineral water sources.

• Shkunov, Mikhail Alekseevich - Hero of the Soviet Union .
• Yazvitsky, Valery I. - Russian Soviet playwright, poet and writer.
• Kazickas, Juozas - an American-Lithuanian entrepreneur, a billionaire.
• Danukalov, Alexei Fedorovich - Hero of the Soviet Union , spent his childhood in the village of Mavrinka.
• Chumak, Anna Viktorovna - Hero of Socialist Labor , lived and worked in the village of Nesterovo.
• Cheusov, Nikolai Gavrilovich - Hero of Socialist Labor , lived in the village of Educational.
• Larin, Ivan Vasilievich - Soviet scientist in the field of meadow cultivation, academician of the Agricultural Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor .

• Atlas of highways of the Saratov region. Saratov, 2000.
• Collection of statistical information on the regions of the Lower Volga region. 1930 year.
• The collection of statistical data on the Saratov region for 1934. 1935 year.

• The newspaper Leninsky Put (Ershov district), 1990, September 22.
• newspaper Leninsky Put (Ershov district), 1990, September 29.

• Administrative division of the Saratov region
• Settlements of the Saratov Region
• Coats of arms of the regions of the Saratov region

• OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE YERSHOV MUNICIPAL AREA
• Information about the area on the website of the administration of the Saratov region
• Information and entertainment portal of the city of Ershov
• Ershov district on news sites and the press
• Ershov on the Internet