Sheki state

Sheki state
	Historical state
Sheki state
not later than 1384 - 1551
Capital	Sheki
Dynasty	Orlat; Kara-keshish-oglu
Continuity
	Safavids →

Sheki state - existed in Transcaucasia , at the end of the XIV centuries. until 1551

Orlat Dynasty

In the middle of the XIII century, on the territory of Iran and neighboring countries ^[1] ^[2] , the State of the Hulaguids (Ilkhanov) was created, with an administrative center in Tabriz , the borders of which lay along Efrat, the Caucasus and the Amu Darya, and which was formally dependent on the great khan, who Khubilai appeared at that time ^[3] . In the post-Mongol time, Sheki, as an independent state formation, was mentioned in the last quarter of the 14th century. The then owner of it, Sidi Ahmed Orlat, apparently came from a Turkized ^[4] ^[5] (from the mid-20th century Soviet historian Petrushevsky - an Azerbaijanized ^[6] ) Mongolian Orlat tribe. When these rulers established themselves here is unknown. Sidi Ahmed during the campaigns of Timur’s troops in Transcaucasia decided to resist this conqueror; ousted from its possession by Timur , Sidi Ali died in one of the battles near the Alinja fortress in the Nakhichevan region, to which they joined the defenders (January 1399 ). His son Seyyid Ahmed, thanks to the mediation of the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I , received an investment from Timur at the end of 1399 .

Dynasty of Kara-Keshish-oglu

It is not known under what circumstances the Orlat dynasty ceased to exist. In the 40s. XV century she was replaced by the Kara-Keshish-oglu dynasty. Its founder Ali-jan was of noble birth, according to legend - from a local Christian family (Armenian or Udinian) ^[7] . His father, a well-to-do rural priest (keshish), nicknamed Kara keshish, was famous in the Sheki region. Having adopted Islam and the name Ali-jan, his son became one of the local landowners, with the help of whom he later became the ruler of the region; he ruled 13 years (1444-1457). The dynasty founded by him owned Sheki for over a century (1444-1551) ^[8] . The owners of Sheki from this dynasty carried the titles of Emir, Bek and Khan.

Information about the internal life of the Sheki state

To the owners of Sheki in the XV century. did not belong to Kabbalah , which was part of the possessions of Shirvanshah . With their western neighbors - the Georgian kings of Kakheti - the rulers of Sheki now entered into an alliance, then they were at enmity; both neighbors often attacked each other's possessions.

The internal history of Sheki of the 15th century

Lighted sources very sparingly. The Sheki region was a flourishing agricultural country during this period ^[9] , producing mainly fine silk, which was exported.

Safavid Conquest

The south gate of the Gelyarsan-Gerarsan fortress (VIII — IX centuries)

In 1551, Shah Tahmasp I attacked Sheki. In a battle near the Gelyarsan-Gerarsan fortress, the ruler of Sheki, Dervish Mohammed Khan, was killed, and Sheki was included in the state of the Safavids . After that, Sheki was governed by Shahs appointed by the Shah from the emirs of the Kyzylbash tribes.

Notes

↑ Encyclopædia Iranica. IL-KHANIDS
↑ I.V. Pigulevskaya. The history of Iran from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century / V.V. Struve. - Leningrad University, 1958. - S. 187-188.
Original text (Russian)
The state of the Hulaguids, the beginning of which can be considered 1258, occupied a vast territory. In the north, the Caucasus Range was a stable border with the Golden Horde. In Transcaucasia, Georgia and the state of Shirvanshahs were vassals of Hulagu Khan. On the Black Sea coast, the State of Hulag was paid tribute to the Trapezuntian Empire - a small Greek-Georgian possession formed in 1204. In the west, in Asia Minor, the Rum Sultanate of the Seljukids was also in vassal dependence. Vassal dependence on the Hulaguids was recognized by the Cilician Armenian kingdom (1080–1375) in the southeast of Asia Minor. It later became the support of the Hulaguids in the fight against the Egyptian Sultanate. The Euphrates River was the border with Syria. The Persian Gulf was a natural border in the south. In the southeast, the land border with the Indian principalities went from the sea to Amu-Darya, somewhat east of Termez. In present-day Afghanistan, with a center in Herat, there was a vassal of Hulagu, the possession of the Kur. In the east, Amu-Darya was the border with the Mongol state of the Chagataids. In the north, south of Urgench, the border with the Golden Horde went to the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea washed the state of Hulag from the north, only a small, inaccessible coastal region of Gilan retained its independence for a long time.
↑ E.D. Phillips. Mongols. - M: Centerpolygraph, 2003 .-- S. 127-129.
Original text (Russian)
The military leaders of Hulagu concentrated Mongol forces in northern Mesopotamia and further to the Caucasus. The Ilkhans, or “obedient khans,” as they were called because they formally obeyed the great khan, became the rulers of Iran, a country with a well-fortified border along the Euphrates, Caucasus and Amu Darya.
Original text (Russian)
Since the main threat was in the west, and in Azerbaijan there were many good pastures for horses, Hulagu made Tabriz his administrative center, where the vizier and officials lived. He himself observed the affairs of his "horde", living in the summer in Alataga, where he built the palace, and in the winter in the Mughan steppe.
↑ Sheki (historical region in Azerbaijan) - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
Original text (Russian)
As an independent state formation was mentioned since the end of the 14th century. Sh.'s owner was Sidi Ahmed Orlat (from the Turkized Mongolian Orlat tribe) .
↑ Soviet Historical Encyclopedia , article: Sheki .
Original text (Russian)
In the aftermong. Sh. time as an independent public entity is mentioned with con. 14 c. The owner of Sh. Was Sidi Ahmed Orlat (from the Turkized Mong. Orlat tribe).
↑ Petrushevsky I.P. of the State of Azerbaijan in the 15th century. Sheki in the 15th century // Collection of articles on the history of Azerbaijan. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1949. - P. 184 .
Original text (Russian)
Sheki, as was said, at the end of the fourteenth century. constituted a separate independent possession. The then owner of it, Sidi Ahmed Orlat, apparently came from an Azerbaijaniized Mongolian Orlat tribe. When these rulers established themselves here is unknown ...
↑ I.P. Petrushevsky . Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th — early 19th centuries .. - L. , 1949. - P. 72.
Original text (Russian)
The founder of the dynasty, Ali-Jan (1444-1457) was of noble descent, from a Muslim, formerly Christian (Udinian or Armenian) family.
↑ Kerim aha Fateh. A brief history of Sheki khans :
Original text (Russian)
A priest lived in the city of Nuha, but when it is unknown. They called him Kara Keshish. He was the head of Nuha. Another priest was the head of the village of Kish. Kara Keshish wanted to marry his son to the daughter of a priest living in the village of Kish. A priest living in Kisha said: “My daughter is drunk with white water [and therefore] I will not give my daughter [for the person who lives there], where black water flows.” Then Kara Keshish objected: “And I will lead a ditch from my river to the house” Kish. ” The priest from Kish answered: "First, draw water, and then I will give my daughter out for your son." Kara Keshish led an aryk with white water to his house, and [only] then he passed off his daughter for his son. And the son of Kara Keshish was called Jandar. After a while, Jandar converted to Islam and became known as Alidjan. Kutul Khan is the son of Alidjan. One of the Iranian shahs appointed Kutul Khan the ruler of Sheki.
↑ I.P. Petrushevsky. Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR; Collection of articles on the history of Azerbaijan, p. 184, Baku, 1949.

Literature

I.P. Petrushevsky . Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR; Collection of articles on the history of Azerbaijan, p. 184, Baku, 1949.
I.P. Petrushevsky. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries, p. 35; 72, Leningrad, 1949.
Haji Jamil Afendi. Family tree of Sheki khans. Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission, Volume V, Tiflis, 1873, p.: 1120 .

[1] Encyclopædia Iranica. IL-KHANIDS

[История_Ирана-2] I.V. Pigulevskaya. The history of Iran from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century / V.V. Struve. - Leningrad University, 1958. - S. 187-188.
Original text (Russian)
The state of the Hulaguids, the beginning of which can be considered 1258, occupied a vast territory. In the north, the Caucasus Range was a stable border with the Golden Horde. In Transcaucasia, Georgia and the state of Shirvanshahs were vassals of Hulagu Khan. On the Black Sea coast, the State of Hulag was paid tribute to the Trapezuntian Empire - a small Greek-Georgian possession formed in 1204. In the west, in Asia Minor, the Rum Sultanate of the Seljukids was also in vassal dependence. Vassal dependence on the Hulaguids was recognized by the Cilician Armenian kingdom (1080–1375) in the southeast of Asia Minor. It later became the support of the Hulaguids in the fight against the Egyptian Sultanate. The Euphrates River was the border with Syria. The Persian Gulf was a natural border in the south. In the southeast, the land border with the Indian principalities went from the sea to Amu-Darya, somewhat east of Termez. In present-day Afghanistan, with a center in Herat, there was a vassal of Hulagu, the possession of the Kur. In the east, Amu-Darya was the border with the Mongol state of the Chagataids. In the north, south of Urgench, the border with the Golden Horde went to the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea washed the state of Hulag from the north, only a small, inaccessible coastal region of Gilan retained its independence for a long time.

[Монголы-3] E.D. Phillips. Mongols. - M: Centerpolygraph, 2003 .-- S. 127-129.
Original text (Russian)
The military leaders of Hulagu concentrated Mongol forces in northern Mesopotamia and further to the Caucasus. The Ilkhans, or “obedient khans,” as they were called because they formally obeyed the great khan, became the rulers of Iran, a country with a well-fortified border along the Euphrates, Caucasus and Amu Darya.
Original text (Russian)
Since the main threat was in the west, and in Azerbaijan there were many good pastures for horses, Hulagu made Tabriz his administrative center, where the vizier and officials lived. He himself observed the affairs of his "horde", living in the summer in Alataga, where he built the palace, and in the winter in the Mughan steppe.

[БСЭ-4] Sheki (historical region in Azerbaijan) - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
Original text (Russian)
As an independent state formation was mentioned since the end of the 14th century. Sh.'s owner was Sidi Ahmed Orlat (from the Turkized Mongolian Orlat tribe) .

[СИЭ-5] Soviet Historical Encyclopedia , article: Sheki .
Original text (Russian)
In the aftermong. Sh. time as an independent public entity is mentioned with con. 14 c. The owner of Sh. Was Sidi Ahmed Orlat (from the Turkized Mong. Orlat tribe).

[6] Petrushevsky I.P. of the State of Azerbaijan in the 15th century. Sheki in the 15th century // Collection of articles on the history of Azerbaijan. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1949. - P. 184 .
Original text (Russian)
Sheki, as was said, at the end of the fourteenth century. constituted a separate independent possession. The then owner of it, Sidi Ahmed Orlat, apparently came from an Azerbaijaniized Mongolian Orlat tribe. When these rulers established themselves here is unknown ...

[7] I.P. Petrushevsky . Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th — early 19th centuries .. - L. , 1949. - P. 72.
Original text (Russian)
The founder of the dynasty, Ali-Jan (1444-1457) was of noble descent, from a Muslim, formerly Christian (Udinian or Armenian) family.

[8] Kerim aha Fateh. A brief history of Sheki khans :
Original text (Russian)
A priest lived in the city of Nuha, but when it is unknown. They called him Kara Keshish. He was the head of Nuha. Another priest was the head of the village of Kish. Kara Keshish wanted to marry his son to the daughter of a priest living in the village of Kish. A priest living in Kisha said: “My daughter is drunk with white water [and therefore] I will not give my daughter [for the person who lives there], where black water flows.” Then Kara Keshish objected: “And I will lead a ditch from my river to the house” Kish. ” The priest from Kish answered: "First, draw water, and then I will give my daughter out for your son." Kara Keshish led an aryk with white water to his house, and [only] then he passed off his daughter for his son. And the son of Kara Keshish was called Jandar. After a while, Jandar converted to Islam and became known as Alidjan. Kutul Khan is the son of Alidjan. One of the Iranian shahs appointed Kutul Khan the ruler of Sheki.

[9] I.P. Petrushevsky. Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR; Collection of articles on the history of Azerbaijan, p. 184, Baku, 1949.