The Davy Medal is an award from the Royal Society of London , awarded “for extremely important discoveries in any field of chemistry” [1] [2] .
| Davy Medal | |
|---|---|
| English Davy medal | |
| A country | |
| Type of | medal |
| Who is handed | Royal Society of London |
| Status | is awarded |
| Statistics | |
| Established | 1877 year |
| Number of awards | 140 |
| Website | |
The medal is named after Humphrey Davy , along with the award comes a cash prize of $ 2,000. The award was first awarded in 1877 to Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff “For Research and Discoveries in Spectral Analysis” [1] , since then it has been awarded 140 times [1] . The medal is awarded annually and, unlike other Royal Society awards, such as, for example, the Hughes Medal , it has been awarded every year since its inception.
Several scientists were awarded the medal at once: for example, in 1882 it was awarded to Dmitry Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer “for discovering periodic dependence on atomic weight” [1] , in 1883 - to Marseille Berthelot and Julius Thomsen “for research in thermochemistry” [1] , in 1893, to Jacob Hendrik Vant-Hoff and Joseph Asheil Le Bel "in recognition of the introduction of their theory of asymmetric carbon, and its use in explaining the constitution of optically active carbon compounds" [1] , in 1903, to Pierre Curie and Maria Curie " for research on radium ”and in 1968 John at Kornfortu and "in recognition of their joint work in elucidating biosynthesis in steroids" [1] . 32 medals were awarded to the Nobel Prize laureate.
List of Laureates
| Year | Name | Awarding reason | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1877 | Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff | For research and discovery in spectral analysis | [3] |
| 1878 | Louis-Paul Kayete and Pictet, Raul | For research conducted by scientists independently, but at the same time, on the condensation of so-called constant gases | [four] |
| 1879 | Paul Emile Lecock de Bouabodran | For the discovery of gallium | [5] |
| 1880 | Charles Friedel | For studies of organic silicon compounds and other studies | [6] |
| 1881 | Adolf von Bayer | For the synthesis of indigo | [7] |
| 1882 | Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer | For the discovery of the periodic dependence of the atomic weight | [8] |
| 1883 | Marceline Berthelot and Julius Thomsen | For research in thermochemistry | [9] |
| 1884 | Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe | For research into the isomerism of alcohols | [10] |
| 1885 | Jean Serve Stas | For accurate definitions of atomic weights | [eleven] |
| 1886 | Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac | For atomic weight research | [12] |
| 1887 | John Newlands | For the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements | [13] [14] |
| 1888 | William Crookes | For studying the behavior of substances under the influence of an electric discharge in vacuum | [fifteen] |
| 1889 | William Henry Perkin (Sr.) | For studies of magnetic rotation from the chemical composition of the compound | [16] |
| 1890 | Emil Herman Fischer | For discoveries in the field of organic chemistry and especially for his research on carbohydrates | [17] |
| 1891 | Victor Mayer | For research on the determination of vapor density at high temperatures | [13] |
| 1892 | Francois Marie Raoul | For his studies on freezing solutions, as well as on the vapor pressure of solutions | [eighteen] |
| 1893 | Jacob Hendrik Van Hoff and Joseph Asheil Le Bel | In recognition of their theory of asymmetric carbon, and its use in explaining the constitution of optically active carbon compounds | [19] |
| 1894 | Per Theodor Cleve | For research on rare earths | [twenty] |
| 1895 | William Ramsay | For his contribution to the discovery of argon, as well as for his discoveries regarding the gaseous constituents of earth minerals | [21] |
| 1896 | Henri Moissant | For the selection of fluorine and the use of an electric furnace in the production of refractory metals and their compounds | [22] |
| 1897 | John Hall Gladstone | For his great contribution to chemical science, and especially for his important work in the application of optical methods in chemistry | [23] |
| 1898 | Johannes Wislicenus | For his contribution to organic chemistry, especially to the field of stereochemical isomers | [24] |
| 1899 | For studies of madder, indigo and chlorophyll | [25] | |
| 1900 | For his brilliant work on the theory of aromatic compounds | [26] | |
| 1901 | For his contribution to spectroscopy | [27] | |
| 1902 | Svante August Arrhenius | For applying dissociation theory to explain chemical changes | [28] |
| 1903 | Pierre Curie and Marie curie | For the study of radium | [29] |
| 1904 | William Henry Perkin (Jr.) | For his significant discoveries in organic chemistry | [16] |
| 1905 | Albert Ladenburg | For research in the field of organic chemistry, especially related to the synthesis of natural alkaloids | [thirty] |
| 1906 | Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig | For research in chemistry, especially his work on lactones and acids | [31] |
| 1907 | Edward Williams Morley | Based on his contribution to physics and chemistry, and especially for determining the relative atomic masses of hydrogen and oxygen | [32] |
| 1908 | Based on discoveries in chemistry, especially terpenes and atomic heat | [33] | |
| 1909 | James Dewar | Based on my research at low temperatures | [34] |
| 1910 | Theodore William Richards | Based on their research on the determination of atomic masses | [35] |
| 1911 | Henry Edward Armstrong | Based on his research in organic and general chemistry | [16] |
| 1912 | Otto Wallach | Based on his research in the chemistry of essential oils and cyclo-olefins | [36] |
| 1913 | Based on synthetic chemistry | [16] | |
| 1914 | Based on his significant contribution to structural and organic chemistry | [37] | |
| 1915 | Paul Sabatier | For research on contact action, as well as the use of finely divided metals, catalysts | [38] |
| 1916 | Henri Louis Le Chatelier | Based on his exaltation as a chemist | [39] |
| 1917 | Based on research in organic chemistry | [40] | |
| 1918 | Based on studies in the camphor group and among organic derivatives of nitrogen and silicon | [41] | |
| 1919 | Based on his outstanding work in chemistry, especially in optical activity and fermentation | [42] | |
| 1920 | Based on his work in the field of physical chemistry and especially on the composition of alloys | [43] [44] | |
| 1921 | Philippe Auguste Guy | For research in the field of physical chemistry | [45] |
| 1922 | For research on synthetic organic chemistry | [46] | |
| 1923 | For studies on the complete drying of gases and liquids | [47] | |
| 1924 | Arthur George Perkin | For research on the structure of natural coloring substances | [16] |
| 1925 | For work on the constitution of sugar | [48] | |
| 1926 | For his work on the theory of ionization | [49] | |
| 1927 | For his work in physical chemistry, especially in the dissolution of electrolytes | [fifty] | |
| 1928 | Frederick George Donnan | For his contribution to physical chemistry and especially for his theory of membrane equilibrium | [51] |
| 1929 | Gilbert Newton Lewis | For his contribution to classical thermodynamics and valence theory | [52] |
| 1930 | Robert Robinson | For work on the constitution and synthesis of natural substances, as well as for his contribution to the theory of organic reactions | [53] |
| 1931 | For his research in the field of organic chemistry, in particular related to tautomerism and the mechanism of organic reactions | [54] | |
| 1932 | Richard Martin Willstatter | For outstanding research in the field of organic chemistry | [55] |
| 1933 | For research in the field of organic chemistry, as well as for the work on the synthesis and properties of cyanine dyes, and especially for his research on new types of asymmetric molecules | [56] | |
| 1934 | Walter norman howors | For studies of the molecular structure of carbohydrates | [57] |
| 1935 | Arthur Garden | For outstanding work in the field of biochemistry and especially for fundamental discoveries in the field of alcohol fermentation chemistry | [58] |
| 1936 | For his pioneering work on contact catalysis and his research on the mechanism of hydrocarbon combustion, the nature of fire and gaseous explosions | [59] | |
| 1937 | Hans Fisher | In recognition of his work on the chemistry of porphyrins, in particular, on the determination of their detailed structure of degradation and the synthesis of porphyrins of biological significance | [60] |
| 1938 | In recognition of his outstanding research on alkaloids and other natural products | [61] | |
| 1939 | For discoveries and study of colloidal electrolytes | [62] | |
| 1940 | Harold Clayton Urey | For the isolation of deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, and for his work on other isotopes with details of the course of chemical reactions | [63] |
| 1941 | For his pioneering work in biochemical research and especially for his fundamental contribution to the study of intermediate metabolism | [64] | |
| 1942 | Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | In recognition of his outstanding work on chemical reaction mechanisms | [65] |
| 1943 | In recognition of his significant contribution to organic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of natural products of physiological importance | [66] | |
| 1944 | In recognition of his research on explosives, analytical methods, the internal structure of diamond and the infrared absorption spectrum | [67] | |
| 1945 | Roger Adams | In recognition of his extensive research in organic chemistry and his recent work in the field of alkaloids | [68] |
| 1946 | Christopher Kelk Ingold | In recognition of his outstanding work on the application of physical methods to problems in the field of organic chemistry | [69] |
| 1947 | Linus Carl Pauling | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to valency theory | [70] |
| 1948 | Edmund Langley Hurst | In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of determining the structure of sugar, starch, gum plants and especially vitamin C | [71] |
| 1949 | Alexander Robertus Todd | For studies of the synthetic structure and achievements in the field of organic and biological chemistry, with special emphasis on vitamins B1, E and natural nucleosides | [72] |
| 1950 | For outstanding research on the constitution of natural products, especially hydrocarbons and their derivatives | [73] | |
| 1951 | For outstanding contributions to surface chemistry | [74] | |
| 1952 | In recognition of his research in the chemistry of natural products, in particular a wide range of glycosides, dyes containing oxygen atoms | [75] | |
| 1953 | John Edward Lennard-Jones | For outstanding work on the application of quantum mechanics to the theory of valency and to the analysis of the structure of decimal compounds | [76] |
| 1954 | For outstanding fundamental research in the field of organic chemistry | [77] | |
| 1955 | In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of physical chemistry and the reaction of polymers | [78] | |
| 1956 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the chemistry of natural products, especially those containing heterocyclic systems | [79] | |
| 1957 | In recognition of her outstanding research in crystal structure and growth | [80] [81] [82] [83] | |
| 1958 | Ronald George Rayford Norrish | In recognition of his outstanding work in kinetic chemistry, especially photochemistry | [84] |
| 1959 | Robert Burns Woodward | In recognition of his outstanding research in the field of organic chemistry and, in particular, for his contribution to the structure and synthesis of natural products | [85] |
| 1960 | In recognition of his outstanding pioneering work in analyzing the structure of crystals, especially organic compounds | [86] | |
| 1961 | Derek Harold Richard Burton | In recognition of his outstanding research in the field of organic chemistry, in particular the structure and stereochemistry of natural substances of the class of terpenes and steroids, as well as an analysis of the conformation of cyclic structures | [87] |
| 1962 | In recognition of his outstanding research in inorganic chemistry, the discovery and study of a wide range of new compounds | [88] | |
| 1963 | In recognition of his outstanding work in elucidating photochemical reactions, as well as for studying fluorescence and phosphorescence depending on molecular processes | [89] | |
| 1964 | Calvin, Melvin | In recognition of his pioneering work in chemistry and biology | [90] |
| 1965 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to infrared spectroscopy and its application to chemical problems | [91] | |
| 1966 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to synthetic organic chemistry, as well as the study of the structure of natural products | [92] | |
| 1967 | Vladimir Prelog | In recognition of his outstanding work on stereochemistry and the development of concepts on the structure of alkaloids and antibiotics | [93] |
| 1968 | John Workup Cornfort and | In recognition of their outstanding collaboration in explaining biosynthesis in polyterpenoids and steroids | [94] |
| 1969 | In recognition of his outstanding work on chemical reaction mechanisms | [95] | |
| 1970 | In recognition of his outstanding work in theoretical chemistry | [96] | |
| 1971 | George Porter | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to understanding chemical reactions | [97] |
| 1972 | Birch, Arthur John | In recognition of his outstanding research on the biosynthesis of organic natural products and the development of new reagents for recovery processes | [98] |
| 1973 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to chemistry, especially for studying the structure of imperfect surfaces and non-stoichiometric materials | [99] | |
| 1974 | James baddley | In recognition of his outstanding research on coenzymes and components of the bacterial cell wall | [one hundred] |
| 1975 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to physical chemistry, including the study of reactions occurring in flames | [101] | |
| 1976 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its application in chemical and biological problems | [102] | |
| 1977 | Alan Rushton Buttersby | In recognition of his outstanding and internationally recognized achievements in biosynthesis, for his thorough and logical analysis of the complex breakdown of alkaloids and porphyrins obtained in vivo | [103] |
| 1978 | Eschenmozer, Albert | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to modern synthetic organic chemistry and the well-illustrated complete synthesis of vitamin B12 | [104] |
| 1979 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to understanding catalysis involving ligation of molecules such as olefins or nitrous oxide | [105] | |
| 1980 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the chemistry of natural substances, including vitamin B12, seed germination factors and studies of insect hormones and pheromones | [106] | |
| 1981 | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to organic synthesis | [107] | |
| 1982 | In recognition of his outstanding studies of the mechanisms of a wide range of chemical reactions based on a semi-empirical wave of mechanical calculations | [108] | |
| 1983 | In recognition of his outstanding creativity in biosynthesis and bioorganic stereochemistry | [109] | |
| 1984 | Samuel Frederick Edwards | In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the theoretical basis of the thermodynamic aspects of polymer chemistry | [110] |
| 1985 | For outstanding work on the structure and reactivity of metal cluster compounds | [111] | |
| 1986 | In recognition of his early proposals for enzyme production methods and his later quantitative analysis of the interaction macromolecule | [112] | |
| 1987 | Alec Jeffries | In recognition of his contribution to the study of human DNA, in particular for the discovery and operation of hypervariable regions in the human genome | [113] |
| 1988 | John Pople | In recognition of his wide contribution to theoretical chemistry, especially to the development and application of methods for calculating molecular wave functions and properties | [114] |
| 1989 | В знак признания его выдающегося вклада в металлоорганическую химию | [115] | |
| 1990 | За новаторское количественное исследование свободно-радикальных реакций в растворе и в живых организмах, в частности, с помощью электронно-магнитного резонанса | [116] | |
| 1991 | Джереми Ноулз | В знак признания его вклада в механистическую химию, в частности, применение химических методов для решения фундаментальных биологических проблем распознавания и катализа | [117] |
| 1992 | За определение и характеристику молекулярных спектров переходных видов | [116] | |
| 1993 | Джек Болдуин | За вклад в био-органическую химию, в частности, понимание биосинтеза бета-лактамных антител | [118] |
| 1994 | За пионерские исследования химии твердого тела и разработку новых материалов для гетерогенного катализа | [119] | |
| 1995 | В знак признания его вклада в металлоорганическую химию с приложением для каталитических реакций | - | |
| 1996 | Джефри Уилкинсон | В знак признания его вклада в органическую химию, развитие гомогенного катализа и его работы по гидроформилирования | [120] |
| 1997 | Жан-Мари Лен | В знак признания его работ по супрамолекулярной химии, о самоорганизации молекул и химических устройствах | - |
| 1998 | В знак признания его новаторской работы в области анализа белков | [121] | |
| 1999 | В знак признания его работы по неорганической химии, в частности, за значительное влияние на химию переходных металлов и его пионерские исследования по уникальной тройной связи металл-металл | - | |
| 2000 | В знак признания изобретений новых синтетических методов, применяемых для синтеза сложных натуральных веществ от насекомых, микроорганизмов и растений | - | |
| 2001 | За его новаторский вклад в понимание путей биосинтеза и, в частности за его работу по витамину В12 | - | |
| 2002 | Нил Бартлетт | За свои исследования окисляемых элементов, в первую очередь с использованием элементарного фтора | [122] |
| 2003 | За свою блестящую карьеру в электрохимии | [123] | |
| 2004 | За многочисленные и разнообразные достижения в молекулярной спектроскопии и её приложениях, в частности в астрономии | - | |
| 2005 | Крис Добсон | За работы в области применения ядерного магнетического резонанса и другие методы изучения складывания белка и неправильного сворачивания, особенно образование амилоидных фибрилл | [124] |
| 2006 | За свою новаторскую работу в области молекулярной химии полупроводников, которая теперь стала большим и важным направлением полупроводниковой науки и техники | [125] | |
| 2007 | За инновационный, экспериментальный вклад в области химической физики, в том числе молекулярной динамики, молекулярной спектроскопии и биофизической химии | - | |
| 2008 | Джеймс Стоддарт | За вклад в молекулярную технологию | - |
| 2009 | За его новаторский вклад в нескольких областях, в последнее время в области динамической комбинаторной химии в авангарде супрамолекулярной химии | [one] | |
| 2010 | Кэрол Робинсон | За её новаторский вклад в применение масс-спектрометрии для характеристики больших белковых комплексов | [one] |
| 2011 | Ахмед Зевейл | За плодотворные вклады в изучение сверхбыстрых реакций и понимание переходных состояний в химии, и в динамическую электронную микроскопию | [one] |
| 2012 | За его новаторскую плёночную электрохимию белков, позволяющую изумительные термодинамический и кинетический контроль окислительно-восстановительных ферментов, на примере гидрогеназы, ключевую в энергетических технологиях | [one] | |
| 2013 | For the discovery of catalysis by gold and for his seminal contributions to this new field of chemistry | - | |
| 2014 | For further pioneering applications of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance to materials of relevance to energy and the environment | - | |
| 2015 | For his work in determining the reaction chemistry of enzyme-catalysed carbohydrate transformations | - | |
| 2016 | For distinguished contributions to the chemistry of bio-mineralization and for pioneering the bio-inspired synthesis and self-assembly of functional nanostructures and hybrid nanoscale objects | - | |
| 2017 | For his advances in the design and discovery of functional materials, integrating the development of new experimental and computational techniques | - | |
| 2018 | - |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The Davy Medal (1877) . Royal Society. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ Boas Hall, Marie. All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century. — Cambridge University Press, 2002. — P. 146. — ISBN 0521892635 .
- ↑ Lagowski, JJ Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. — Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. — P. 151.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. — United States National Museum, 1901. — P. 131.
- ↑ Lockyer, Norman. Nature. — Nature Publishing Group , 1912. — P. 352.
- ↑ Surrey, Alexander Robert. Name reactions in organic chemistry. — Academic Press , 1961. — P. 101.
- ↑ Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. — American Council of Learned Societies, 1970. — P. 389.
- ↑ Clyde Day, Marion. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry. — Reinhold Book Corporation, 1969. — P. 79.
- ↑ Science. — HighWire Press, 1883.
- ↑ The Lancet. — 2nd. — J. Onwhyn, 1884. — P. 939.
- ↑ The Academy. — 28th. — 1885. — P. 360.
- ↑ Memoirs and Proceedings — Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. — 39th. — Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1895.
- ↑ 1 2 Ede, Andrew. A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility. — Broadview Press, 2004. — P. 120. — ISBN 1551116669 .
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- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Harrow, Benjamin. Eminent Chemists of Our Time. — D. van Nostrand, 1920. — P. 13. — ISBN 0836905148 .
- ↑ Tilden, William A. Chemical Discovery and Invention — In the Twentieth Century. — Read Books, 2007. — P. 476. — ISBN 1406758051 .
- ↑ Journal of the Chemical Society. — Chemical Society of Great Britain, 1902. — P. 977.
- ↑ Harrow, Benjamin. Eminent Chemists of Our Time. — 2nd. — D. van Nostrand company, 1920. — P. 93.
- ↑ Nature. — Nature Publishing Group , 1895. — P. 137.
- ↑ The Scientific Monthly. — 9th. — American Association for the Advancement of Science , 1919. — P. 173.
- ↑ Daedalus: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — 81st. — American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — P. 78.
- ↑ Burke, Edmund. Annual Register. — Annual Register, 1891. — P. 66.
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- ↑ Archer, Mary D. The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge: Transformation and Change. — Cambridge University Press, 2005. — P. 318. — ISBN 0521828732 .
- ↑ Barker, Philip. Top 1000 Scientists. — Inter-India Publications, 1905. — P. 15. — ISBN 8173712107 .
- ↑ Quinn, Susan. Marie Curie: A Life. — Perseus Books Group, 2996. — P. 185. — ISBN 0201887940 .
- ↑ Monmouth Smith, Henry. Torchbearers of Chemistry: Portraits and Brief Biographies of Scientists who Have Contributed to the Making of Modern Chemistry. — Academic Press , 1949. — P. 270.
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- ↑ Nature. — Nature Publishing Group, 1908. — P. 136.
- ↑ Knight, David M. The Development of Chemistry, 1789-1914. — Taylor & Francis, 1998. — P. 482. — ISBN 0415179130 .
- ↑ Barker, Philip. Top 1000 Scientists. — Inter-India Publications, 1905. — P. 247. — ISBN 8173712107 .
- ↑ Popular Science Monthly. — 82nd. — McClure, Phillips and Co, 1913. — P. 104.
- ↑ Dodsley, James. Annual Register. — 1915. — P. 34.
- ↑ Sabatier, Paul. Catalysis in Organic Chemistry. — BiblioBazaar, 2008. — P. XXIV. — ISBN 1426478739 .
- ↑ West, David Richard Frederick. Metals and the Royal Society. — Institute of Materials Communications, 1999. — P. 572. — ISBN 1861250282 .
- ↑ Burke, Edmund. Annual Register. — 6th. — 1918. — P. 119.
- ↑ Jeans, James Hopwood. The Physics of the Universe. — 164th. — R. & R. Clark, 1949. — P. 93.
- ↑ Matthew, Henry Colin Gray. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. — Oxford University Press, 2004. — P. 770. — ISBN 0198613709 .
- ↑ West, David Richard Frederick. Metals and the Royal Society. — Institute of Materials Communications, 1999. — P. 543. — ISBN 1861250282 .
- ↑ The Metallurgist and Materials Technologist. — 12th. — Institution of Metallurgists, 1980. — P. 394.
- ↑ Science. — 54th. — HighWire Press, 1921. — P. 659.
- ↑ Journal of Chemical Education. — American Chemical Society , 1924. — P. 98.
- ↑ Barker, Philip. Top 1000 Scientists. — Inter-India Publications, 1905. — P. 27. — ISBN 8173712107 .
- ↑ Science. — HighWire Press, 1926. — P. 38.
- ↑ The Advancement of Science. — British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1968.
- ↑ Weidlein, Edward Ray. Glances at Industrial Research: During Walks and Talks in Mellon Institute. — Reinhold, 1936. — P. 208.
- ↑ Laboratory Practice. — 6th. — United Trade Press, 1957. — P. 115.
- ↑ Devine, Elizabeth. Thinkers of the Twentieth Century. — Gale, 1983. — P. 333. — ISBN 0333336348 .
- ↑ Schlessinger, Bernard S. The Who's who of Nobel Prize Winners. — Oryx Press, 1986. — P. 18. — ISBN 0897741935 .
- ↑ Williams, Trevor Illtyd. A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. — 3rd. — Wiley, 1982. — P. 310. — ISBN 0470273267 .
- ↑ Journal of the Chemical Society. — Chemical Society , 1953. — P. 1025.
- ↑ Matthew, HCG Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000. — Oxford University Press, 2004. — P. 278. — ISBN 0198613881 .
- ↑ Trotsky, Susan. Contemporary Authors: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Nonfiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, and Other Fields. — Gale, 1997. — P. 182. — ISBN 0787618624 .
- ↑ Arthur Harden — Biography . Nobel Media. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ Egerton, AC Obituary Notice — William Arthur Bone (неопр.) // Obituary Notices of the Royal Society of London. — Лондонское королевское общество , 1946. — Т. 2 , № 7 . — С. 1165 .
- ↑ Holmes, Frederic Lawrence. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. — Scribner , 1978. — P. 158. — ISBN 0684147793 .
- ↑ O'Connor, WJ British physiologists 1885-1914: A Biographical Dictionary. — Manchester : Manchester University Press, 1991. — P. 479. — ISBN 0719032822 .
- ↑ Journal of Colloid Science. — 8th. — Academic Press , 1965. — P. 375.
- ↑ Shils, Edward. Remembering the University of Chicago: Teachers, Scientists, and Scholars. — University of Chicago Press, 1991. — P. 526. — ISBN 0226753352 .
- ↑ Surrey, Alexander Robert. Name reactions in organic chemistry. — Academic Press , 1954. — P. 45.
- ↑ Lockyer, Norman. Nature: International Journal of Science. — 150th. — Nature Publishing Group , 1942. — P. 666.
- ↑ The Industrial Chemist. — 19th. — Tothill Press, 1943. — P. 701.
- ↑ Doren, Charles Lincoln van. Webster's American Biographies. — G. & C. Merriam Co, 1974. — P. 11. — ISBN 0877790531 .
- ↑ A Legislative History of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and Its Amendments. — 20th. — United States Food and Drug Administration , 1979.
- ↑ Matthew, Henry Colin Gray. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000. — Oxford University Press, 2004. — P. 273. — ISBN 0198613792 .
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- ↑ Byford, Michael F. , Jack E. Baldwin, Chia-Yang Shiau, Christopher J. Schofield. The Mechanism of ACV Synthetase , The Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and Dyson Perrins Laboratory: American Chemical Society (10 ноября 1997), С. 2631–2650. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. DOI : 10.1021/cr960018l
- ↑ Gjurgevich, Brian . Prominent chemist to present Pauling lectures , The Daily Barometer (14 апреля 2004). Архивировано 10 августа 2011 года. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011.
- ↑ Archives Hub: Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey, 1921-1996 (недоступная ссылка) . www.archiveshub.ac.uk. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ Imperial College London — New Fellows of Imperial College London announced . www.imperial.ac.uk. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ 08.12.2008 - Neil Bartlett, emeritus professor of chemistry, dies at 75 . berkeley.edu. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ London Mathematics Society (недоступная ссылка) . London Mathematics Society. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
- ↑ Christopher M. Dobson, FRSC, FRS, FMedSci . University of Cambridge. Дата обращения 10 сентября 2012. Архивировано 27 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ Nystar Newsletter — New York City Archive — September 2006 (недоступная ссылка) . www.nystar.state.ny.us. Дата обращения 17 ноября 2011. Архивировано 3 сентября 2012 года.
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