Abnormal heat in Moscow (2010)

The summer of 2010 began with heavy showers and severe thunderstorms: for example, in just one day, June 4, there were two of them at once, and there was also a heavy thunderstorm with a squally wind on June 13. Daytime air temperature during this period was unstable (with a series of cold and hot days): on June 2-4, it overcame +26 ° C, then on June 5 and 11 it was around +16 ° C, but already on June 12 it exceeded +30 ° C , but from the 14th to the 17th - again below +18 ° C, it was cloudy and the last rains in June 2010. On June 18, a powerful “blocking” anticyclone arrived in Moscow, precipitation stopped, and in the conditions of the summer solstice and the prevalence of the southeast wind, the air began to warm up quickly, and from the 21st day an abnormal heat was established in the metropolitan area (daytime temperatures overcame almost every day +25 ° C for almost two months, often even the night did not fall below +20). On June 26, the absolute monthly record was nearly broken: the temperature reached +33.6 ° C, but on June 28-30, due to the invasion of cooler air from the north, the heat fell for a short while (in the afternoon it was about +25 ° C).

July was abnormally hot and dry. The rains were short-lived, local and were associated with atmospheric fronts, but they did not bring noticeable cooling. As a result, only 14% of the norm fell. At the beginning of the month, the daytime temperature was + 25-30 degrees, the nighttime temperature was about +15. But from the 14th to the 15th of August, the daytime temperature steadily began to overcome +30 ° C. ^{[1] [2]} . On July 20 and 24, along with local rains, there was a squally wind due to the atmospheric front, but after a few hours he left Moscow, and on July 21 the heat returned to the capital again ^[3] .

On July 23, the temperature for the first time since 1938 exceeded the 36-degree mark. At some weather stations southeast of Moscow and in the city center it was noted 38 ° C and higher ( Kolomna , Bykovo , Domodedovo (airport) , Pavlovsky Posad , Baltschug (Moscow). On July 24 a new absolute maximum of the month was set. Such a strong and prolonged heat Moscow did not record all weather observations. July 26, 2010 in Moscow recorded an absolute historical maximum of +37.5 degrees. July 28 was the warmest day in the history of meteorological observations and the first day in climate history with an average daily temperature above 30 ° C. On July 29, even at night the temperature did not drop below +26, and during the day the absolute record was again broken, the temperature reached an absolute maximum for 130 years of observations = +38.2 ° C ^[4] . For the first time in the history of observations, the average daily temperature exceeded 30 ° C, and twice (July 28 and 29). Only on July 30, due to the invasion of cooler air from the west, it became a bit cooler. So, on the 30th day the temperature did not exceed +31.2 ° C during the day (see table below), and the concentration of smog decreased briefly, although there were no precipitations.

Thus, the average July temperature was 26.1 ° C, which is 2.8 ° C higher than the previous record (July 1938) and 7.9 ° C higher than normal, which is unprecedented for the warm season. The new July norm for 1981-2010 is now 19.2 ° C, which is 1 ° C higher than the norm for 1971-2000.

Due to the abnormal heat in the metropolitan area, the environmental situation has worsened. Some people suffocated in a dream . Peat and forest fires intensified in the east and southeast of the Moscow region. Early in the morning of July 19, Muscovites first felt the smell of burning. On that day, excesses of the pollutant content were noted in Brateevo , on the Warsaw highway and Nagornaya street . Most cities in the Moscow Region also showed increased levels of air pollution. These are Kolomna , Voskresensk , Klin , Serpukhov and Mytishchi ^[5] . And on July 26, a real smog enveloped Moscow. From that moment on, the smell of burning and haze for more than two weeks became constant signs of Moscow weather.

According to numerous forecasts of weather forecasters and websites, the value of +38.2 per m / s of the All-Russian Exhibition Center could be exceeded from August 2 to 9, but this did not happen, although such conditions were created (the southeast wind drove sultry air from hot countries Asia). ^[6] But significant smog caused by fires, as well as light rains on August 3 and 5 prevented significant warming up in Moscow and in the east of the region. In the southern and western regions of the city and the region where the smog density was lower, in some places values ​​reached up to +39 degrees. In Tver, located almost 200 km north-west of Moscow, on August 7, 38.8 degrees were recorded. But even despite the barely noticeable sun in the sky, at the All-Russian Weather Center weather station, the maximum temperature reached +37.3 (August 6), which is only a degree below the absolute maximum on July 29, 2010. However, it could serve as an analogue of cloud cover and, therefore, the air did not cool slightly (for example, on August 4, the temperature did not fall below +24.4), so it practically did not affect the average daily temperature.

On August 2, the next thirteenth summer record was set and exceeded by 0.1 ° C the absolute maximum of August dated August 7, 1920; since August 2, it has been equal to 36.9 ° C ^[7] . On August 3 and 4, the records of the corresponding days were also blocked, and on August 4 the absolute record of August was again broken. The new record was 37.2 ° C ^[8] , and for the third time in history and over the summer, the average daily temperature was 30.2 ° C, which is 12.4 ° C higher than normal. On August 5, the record was reached as early as 11 am - 32.7 ° C. At noon, the All-Russian Exhibition Center recorded 34.4 ° C, which was a new, fourth in August and sixteenth summer record of the day. At 16 hours the temperature reached 36.2 ° C, and at 17 hours - 36.6 ° C.

On Thursday evening, August 5, local rains took place in Moscow, and a flurry swept over the northern regions of the city: hundreds of trees were tumbled down. As soon as the rain stopped, the capital began to cloud again; by the morning of August 6, the city was heavily smoky.

The period from August 6 to 10 was the most difficult for Muscovites. Even healthy people suffered from heat, stuffiness and smog, not to mention the sick. Many Muscovites had breathing problems and insomnia ; mortality has risen sharply. In the afternoon of August 6, by 5 p.m., in spite of a thick smog, the air warmed up to 37.3 ° C, which was the new absolute record for August and broke the record for this day for the entire observation period starting from 1879. This record was the seventeenth daily record of maximum temperature for the summer of 2010. The eighteenth record took place on August 8: +36.1 ° C. On August 9, the record was broken again: by 5 p.m. the air warmed up to +35.5 ° C. On August 10, the record for the corresponding days was again closed: the temperature rose by 17 hours to +34.1 ° C. The average temperature of the first ten days of August was +28.2 ° C, which was an absolute record for ten days (the previous record, for the eleven days from July 21 to July 31, was set in the previous ten days and amounted to + 28.1 ° C).

Only on August 10 did the wind direction change, the temperature began to decrease gradually, and the slow decay of a powerful anticyclone began. The environmental situation in the capital began to gradually improve. So, on August 16 and 17, light rains passed and the temperature did not reach +30. The last, tenth in August and twenty-second in the summer, the record was set on Wednesday, August 18 at 13-00: +32.5 ° C (2008: +31.2 ° C). The final value after 15:00 +33.2 ° C. This day was the last in 2010 with temperatures above +30. The dominance of the huge hot anticyclone, 2 months standing over European Russia, came to an end. The next day, an atmospheric front came to the central regions of Russia, due to which it immediately became colder up to 20 ... 25 degrees, smoke disappeared in Moscow and in most of the region, and the weather became more characteristic for the end of summer.

In the following days, the smog and the smell of burning no longer bothered Muscovites. There were signs of autumn: in the third decade, daytime temperatures rarely rose above 20 degrees, it was noticeably colder than night, and frequent rains began. The coldest and rainy stood out the last days of summer. On August 30, the maximum daily temperature was only plus 12 degrees (normal for early October). On the night of August 31, the thermometer columns in some areas of Moscow showed only plus 3 degrees - this is the lowest temperature observed during the three summer months of 2010 and is more typical for mid-October. Thus, the abnormally hot Moscow summer 2010 has gone down in history.

In total, during the summer in Moscow there were 44 days with air temperatures above 30 ° C (the norm is 4 days), of which 33 were in a row (from July 14 to August 15). Within 15 days, the temperature exceeded 35 ° C (the norm is 1 day in 4 years). Of these, 8 days - continuously (from July 22 to 29). On the hottest days, July 28-29 and August 4, the average daily temperature exceeded 30 ° C (normal - 18.5 ° C). In early August, the water temperature in the Moscow River increased to +29 ° C - higher than in the Black Sea resorts. 22 daily maximum temperature records were established, two of them in June, ten in July (+ monthly and absolute) and ten in August (+ monthly). ^[9] Plus the absolute record of the average daily temperature (+30.8 ° C) and the absolute record of the minimum (night) temperature (+26.0 ° C)). Therefore, the summer of 2010 was the hottest ever recorded since 1879.

Maximum daily temperature during the heatwave of 2010 in Moscow, +30 ° C and above (m / s VVC)

Maximum daily temperature during the heatwave of 2010 in Moscow, +30 ° C and above (m / s at Domodedovo Airport)

The absolute maximum temperature in Moscow in 2010

The average maximum of July 2010 according to Moscow stations:

Thus, the average maximum of July was exceeded by 8.8 degrees, which is an unprecedented value for the climate of Moscow.