Shutruk-Nakhunt II - King Elam , reigned around 717-699 BC. er According to the Babylonian Chronicle, the sister's son, Humban-Nikasha . Known from the Babylonian Chronicles, Assyrian sources and Elam inscriptions. Texts from Souz highlight his work in various temples. Originally bore the name Shutur-Nahhunte .
Shutruk-Nahunt II | |||||||
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Predecessor | Humban nikash | ||||||
Successor | Hallutush-Inshushinak II | ||||||
Birth | |||||||
Death |
Content
Origin and name change
Shutur-Nahhunte was one of the most remarkable rulers of the New Elam kingdom. He left a number of inscriptions that allow at least in general terms to speak of him as a person. Shutur-Nahhunte was the son of the little-known Indus. This is known, however, not from himself, but from the inscription of his vassal Hanni in the mountainous region of Ayapir (= Iseh / Malamir). Shutur-Nahkushe himself calls himself such (the son) of the king Humpanimmeny. In his earliest inscription, Sutur-Nahhunta again assumes the title “King of Anshan and Souz ” ; he also calls himself a king, having pushed the boundaries of his state.
The desire of Sutur-Nahhunta to achieve fame and glory is manifested unexpectedly in the fact that the king in all later inscriptions suddenly begins to call himself Shutruk-Nahhunta. Willy-nilly and historians are forced to call him Shutruk-Nahhunta II. Contemporaries treated this change of name with some caution or ignored it altogether. The vassal of Hanni in Ayapira, in any case, called the king still - Shutur-Nahhunta. In the same way, in spite of allied relations, the Babylonians acted. The Assyrians were all the more unwilling to render a service to their Elama adversary, recognizing his new name. For the new name had a deep meaning. This meant that Shutruk-Nahhunte II was filled with the desire to follow in the footsteps of the great Shutruk-Nahhunta I from the 12th century BC. er as well as the challenge of Assyrian domination in Mesopotamia .
In one of his inscriptions, Shutruk-Nahhunta II no longer calls himself "the king of Anshan and Souz," but "the multiplier of my state, owning the throne of Elam, the heir to the kingdom in Elam, the beloved servant of the gods Humpan and Inshushinaka . " An extremely interesting note is added to this: three formerly powerful kings were supposedly united for the sake of his good and that is why he got royal power. This statement is, firstly, significant for the history of the country. Apparently, Elam believed that the souls of the departed were able to unite in order to intervene in earthly affairs. In addition, this statement is of historical significance, because of the three "powerful kings", whose support Shutruk-Nakhunte II refers to, only the first two are still known, namely Khutelushush-Inshushinak and Shilkhina-Hamru-Lagamar , that is, the last two king of the dynasty Shutrukids. Thirdly, this union implies the king Khumpanimmen, whose such (“son”) is Shutruk-Nahhunta II and calls himself in almost all his inscriptions. It is quite obvious that this is not how “son” means here, but only “male offspring”, “male descendant”. In all likelihood, this king Humpanimmen was still unknown the most recent Shutrukids, possibly the grandson of Shilhak-Inshushinaka . Apparently, the new Elama rulers themselves considered themselves descendants of the Shutrukids. Despite the complete absence of sources for three and a half centuries - between 1100 and 750 years BC. er - it can be assumed that old traditions were alive in Elam.
Expansion of Elam's borders
The second half of the Shutruk-Nahhunta II inscription, in which he alludes to the "three powerful kings", remains, for the most part, still incomprehensible. Nevertheless, it follows from it that the king, with the support of the god Inshushinaka, conquered the city of Karintash. Thus, Shutruk-Nahhunte II, like his great namesake, advanced to today's Karinda , located on the Babylon - Paga military road. It can be assumed that during this campaign he crossed the whole of Lurestan with his army and, having conquered Khorramabad (supposed ancient Simashki), Nehavend and Kharsin , reached Kermanshah . It is likely that it is about this “state expansion” that we are talking about (mostly not yet transferable) more than 80-line inscription on the stele in honor of the victory won by Shutruk-Nahhunta II. In this inscription, the king reports that he conquered a total of 32 regions. From numerous names of places, only one lore can be defined geographically: the country of Armand is the area of today's Holvan. The Elama army moved from Karintash down the valley, and then through the Poytak mountain pass to the prefield of the Mesopotamian lowland.
Shutruk-Nakhunt II sent his high priest Shutruru to all the conquered cities, ordering him to collect oxen for sacrifices as tribute and to erect statues of the Elam king everywhere. In gratitude for the support of the gods who secured his victory, Shutruk-Nahhunta II dedicated the stele to Inshushinak's temple in Susa described above and on the day of its establishment, on the 25th day of the month lanlube (approximately the middle of October - the year is unfortunately not present), ordered a daily donation the high priest, two rams, the priest of the temple, one ram and, in addition, the flour of four wings, to the witnesses. The goddesses Lagamar and Pinenkir also were not bypassed by the king. The defiler of the stele or related donations Shutruk-Nahhunta II is threatened by the curse of the sun god Nahhunta , who will destroy himself and his whole family.
Being away from the aggressive policy of Shutruk-Nahhunta II, his vassal Hanni created an independent small kingdom in the eastern highland province of Ayapir .
War with the Assyrians in Ellipi
Assyrian sources also testify to the expansion of the possessions of Shutruk-Nahhunt II to the north. According to them, the king of Elama intervened in the affairs of the kingdom of Ellipi , located on the northern borders of Elam, where he was in 711 BC. er supported one of the claimants to the throne of this kingdom, sending 4500 archers to help him, but was defeated by the Assyrians. Here is how the annals of Assyrian king Sargon II convey these events:
“While Dalta , King Ellipi, was alive, he was my (that is, Sargon II) subject and obeyed my rules, but a great old age came, and he went to another world. Nibiya (Nibe) and Ispabara , the sons of his wives, both claimed the throne, they came together in battle. Nibiya turned to Shutruk-Nahhunta, king of Elam, with a request to support him and offered him an alliance. Ispabara, on the other hand, begged me to strengthen him in power, to support him; he fell at my feet and humbly asked for union. I sent there seven warlords with their armies to support him. They fled Nibia and Elam's army, which helped him, near the city of Marubishti. I enthroned Isabar and established peace in this country. ” [one]
War with the Assyrians in Babylonia
Under his rule with Babylonia , allied relations were maintained, supported by rich gifts and offerings of Marduk-apla-iddin II . In dire need of funds for the war with Assyria , the Babylonian king mercilessly plundered temples, confiscated the property of notable citizens. Dissatisfaction with his actions was brewing in the Babylonians year after year. Therefore, when in 710 BC. er Sargon II moved to Babylonia, the people met him as a liberator. Marduk-apla-iddin fled south to Primorye , but the Assyrian army pursued him. The Annals of Sargon vividly and colorfully describe the defeat and flight of the Chaldean king. [2] Officially, Elam refused him asylum, fearing the wrath of Sargon. The Assyrian text claims that Marduk-apla-iddin “sent off his regalia, his royal bed, his throne chair, footstool, his royal jug for water, even his necklace to Elamita Shutur-Nahhunta so that he would get his revenge. The evil Elamites, although he accepted the gifts, however, he was frightened by the strength of my (that is, Sargon II) weapons and blocked his way, ordering him not to advance any further . ” But, apparently, Marduk-apla-iddin still managed to hide from his allies, since the Babylonian chronicle briefly states: “Marduk-apla-iddin reigned over Babylon for 12 years. From now on this throne was taken by Sargon. Marduk-apla-iddin fled at the head of his courtiers to Elam . " Sargon, apparently, even invaded the proper Elam territory. The mentioned taxation is a tribute to the Elama cities of Samkhum, Bad Dur, Dur-Tilit, Bubi, and Tell-Humba. The population of the Elam city of Sakbat was completely taken to Assyria, and the inhabitants of Commagens were settled in their place. The Elam king was forced to pay the city of Bithu as a pledge, and a certain Nabu-pakid-ylan was appointed to collect tribute from the Elamites. [3]
In 705 BC. er after the death of Sargon, the Assyrian throne was taken by his son Sinahérib . He did not get along with either the Babylonian priesthood or the aristocracy, and his rise to power caused a surge of discontent in Babylonian society. This did not fail to take advantage of Marduk-apla-iddin . With the support of troops Shutruk-Nahunt he returned to Babylonia from exile. The Elam king allocated 80,000 archers and horsemen to his ally under the leadership of two Elamic commanders — the "fearless in battle" Sufi chief Nergal-Nazi and Tannan, who held the highest command position for the Tashlishu . In the first clashes, the Elamites and the Chaldean armies brought in by Marduk-apla-iddin defeated the Assyrian garrisons in Central Babylonia. In 703 BC. er Marduk-apla-iddin again occupied the throne of Babylon.
Sinaheribe gathered an army and personally led the march on Babylonia. A decisive battle took place in the vicinity of Kish , and the troops of the Elamo-Chaldean coalition suffered a crushing defeat. Marduk-apla-iddin again fled to the south, leaving the Elama detachments to save themselves after the rout. “In my first (that is, Sinahkherib) campaign, in the vicinity of Kish, I defeated Marduk-Apla-Idddin, the king of Cardunias (that is, Babylonia), along with the warriors of Elam, his minion. In the midst of this battle, he left his camp, sped off alone and saved his life . ” [4] But Sinakhérib again did not want to take the Babylonian throne personally, but put him as a puppet of a certain Bel-ibni , and when he did not justify the trust placed on him and entered into an alliance with the Chaldeans and the Elamites, he in 700 BC. er removed him, and in his place raised his son Ashur-nadin-shumi .
At this time, the Assyrian army made a campaign against the Kassite tribes in the north-western basin of the river Kerkha , and then captured the country of Ellipi , defeating its king Isabar , who was once confirmed on the throne by the father of Sinahribib Sargon II . [4] It would be logical to assume that the war with Elam will follow, but Sinaheriba has developed a difficult situation on the western borders of his empire, in Syria and Palestine. For some time, all his forces were thrown to pacify the revolts in these lands.
In 699 BC. er in Elam there was a palace coup. Shutruk-Nakhunt was overthrown by his younger brother Hallutush-Inshushinak II and imprisoned in a fortress.
New Elam dynasty | ||
Predecessor: Humban nikash | king of elam OK. 717 - 699 BC. er | Successor: Hallutush- Inshushinak II |
Notes
- ↑ Annals of Sargon II. §37 Archived March 22, 2011.
- ↑ Annals of Sargon II. §38 Archived March 22, 2011.
- ↑ Annals of Sargon II. §39 Archived March 22, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Annals of Sinahriba Archived November 3, 2011.
See also
- List of the rulers of Elam
Literature
- Hints V. State Elam / Per. with him. L. L. Shokhina. - M .: The main editorial board of the oriental literature of the publishing house “Nauka”, 1977. - 191 p.
- Ancient East and antiquity . // The rulers of the world. Chronological genealogical tables on world history in 4 vols. / Compiled by V. V. Erlikhman . - T. 1.