Needle (man-portable air defense system)

In general, the “Needle” has a very typical device for MANPADS. The main components of the complex:

• Rocket 9M39 in the launch tube 9P39 ;
• Ground power supply 9B238 ;
• Trigger mechanism 9P516-1 with the attached ground-based radar interrogator " friend or foe " 1L14-1 ;

The target designation tool is a portable electronic tablet 1L15-1 .

Needle-1

Igla-1 (GRAU index - 9K310 , according to NATO classification - SA-16 Gimlet [ Russian gimlet ]). - A simplified version of MANPADS. In service since 1981.

Advantages of Igla-1 MANPADS over Strela-3

• To improve the dynamics of pointing missiles at an anticipated meeting point with a target in the thermal seeker , an additional circuit was introduced, forming a command for the rocket to turn around at the initial stage of the flight, and an electronic “catch-up” / “meet” mode switch.
• To ensure a post-launch turn, miniature pulsed solid - fuel engines were installed in the rocket's steering compartment. In the warhead (warhead) SAM was used explosives with high explosive action. The missile fuse had an induction sensor (vortex generator) that provides warhead detonation when a rocket passes near the metal skin of the target. With a direct hit, the warhead was detonated by a duplicate contact fuse. An explosive tube was introduced into the fuse to transfer detonation from a warhead charge to the charge of an explosive generator first installed on a missile launcher to detonate the remaining fuel of the rocket propulsion engine .
• To reduce aerodynamic drag , a small conical fairing was mounted in front of the thermal GOS, mounted on three inclined rods, forming a kind of “tripod”. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the rocket, a destabilizer was installed in a plane perpendicular to the aerodynamic rudders. The use of paddle stabilizers in the transport position adjacent to the lateral surface of the tail of the rocket hull allowed a more rational use of the volume of the launch tube previously occupied by the folded feather stabilizers.
• A 1L14 target designation unit “1 -alien ” was built into the trigger, providing automatic blocking of the launch of a missile launcher for a friendly target. 1L14, with a resolution in azimuth of 20 ° -30 °, provided target recognition with a reliability of at least 0.9, which virtually eliminated the launch of missiles at their facilities. However, due to the large width of the antenna radiation pattern (up to 30 ° in azimuth and up to 70 ° in elevation), as well as due to the presence of the back lobes of this diagram, the 1L14 could have fired from its aircraft flying near MANPADS and blocked the launch rockets on the enemy. In such cases, the shooter could disable the start lock.
• The external difference of MANPADS was the blunt conical front cover of the launch tube, as well as the location of the power supply and the power source in the form of a balloon balloon at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the launch tube.
• The Igla-1 complex was supplemented with a portable electronic tablet (PEP) 1L15-1 of the commander of the anti-aircraft gunner’s squad, also first proposed by employees of the Scientific Research Institute of Defense and intended to notify the squad commander of the air situation in a square 25 × 25 km. The presence of the target in this square, to which the points of standing of the source of information and the separation of the anti-aircraft gunners, as well as the position of the target, were tied to in a rectangular coordinate system , was displayed on the tablet’s board by lighting the light indicator element corresponding to the target position. The source of information for the tablet could be the air defense control posts in the division-regiment link (PU-12, PU-12M, PPRU-1, PPRU-1M), P-19 radar , or Kupol used at the control room of the division’s air defense head, equipped with telecode equipment for data acquisition and transmission ASPD-U. The prototype tablet provided a stable target designation from the control center PU-12M at ranges of at least 10 km. The tablet was tied to the terrain by the commander of the anti-aircraft gunner’s compartment using a compass at the reference point indicated with the PU-12M, which ensured the reception of target coordinates with an accuracy of no worse than 1000 m in range and 5 ° -25 ° in azimuth. Errors of target designation without a tablet (issued by a radio telephone with PU-12M indicating directions to the target on the cardinal points relative to the standing point of the PU-12M) amounted to 5 km in range and up to 40 ° in azimuth. The tablet reflected up to four targets with marks on their nationality and on the course of flight of the target relative to the position of the anti-aircraft gunners.

Needle

Adopted in 1983.

Advantages of Igla MANPADS over Igla-1 ^[1]

• the ability to fight on the oncoming and catch-up courses with modern and promising air targets in the conditions of application of artificial thermal noise emitted by the decisive device;
• increased range of target destruction at oncoming courses due to increased pre-launch sensitivity of the homing missile head. The possibility of hitting cruise missiles. ^[1] ;
• the presence of a single launching mechanism, which ensured launches and guidance of both the Igla missile system and Igla-1 MANPADS.
• pointing not exactly to a durable engine, but to other parts of the body, and the use to detonate unspent fuel.
• an electronic tablet for preliminary selection of targets by the commander and arrows, which eliminates the sudden appearance of targets from unexpected directions and provides a larger effective radius of fire due to the earlier start * of the firing part of the battle *.
• a non-contact fuse is superior to foreign options due to the operation on a metal target, which eliminates false targets of any type, ejected quickly and in large quantities, creating a dense physical cloud and, at a minimum, requiring a new capture of the target, often traveling at very high speeds, especially if this curtain arises directly between the missile and the target (packs of foil for blinding the radar, as well as physically screening from other frequency ranges, but the effect of them is short-term, given that the target can maneuver vrirovat with high overload constantly dropping interference: chaff, IR-trap, optical interference from any source). In the sense of firing at non-metallic targets, it is more important to get rid of assault aircraft, direct fire with low-value and high-power ammunition, than to shoot down plastic slow-moving UAVs with almost the same efficiency.

The use of a new thermal GOS with cooling ^[2] made it possible to use not a “tripod” used on the Igla-1 missile to reduce aerodynamic drag, but an elegant needle-like design. This technical solution, which gave the name to a portable air defense system, was proposed by KBM experts even before the press reported that the aerodynamic “needle” was used on the American Trident-1 rocket.

The complex ensured the defeat of air targets in oncoming and catch-up courses, shooting at intervals of 0.3 s or more and thermal interference with an excess of the total radiation power over the radiation power of the target up to six times. When shooting targets of thermal noise at oncoming and catch-up courses singly or in volleys (up to six in a salvo), the average probability of hitting a target of one 9M39 SAM during the passage of the affected area was 0.31 when shooting towards and 0.24 when shooting after. In such conditions, the Igla-1 complex was practically inoperative.

The main external difference of the Igla portable air defense system was the expanding conical front of the launch tube.

Needle-C

Igla-S (GRAU index - 9K338 , "Igla-super" ^{[3] [4]} , according to the classification of the US and NATO Defense Ministers - SA-24 Grinch ^[5] ) - a combined version of Igla-D and Igla-N with a number of technical improvements. The warhead mass has been increased, the possibility of shelling targets such as UAVs and low-flying missiles has appeared . The probability of defeat is 0.8-0.9 ^{[6]. The} complex passed state tests in 2001. Adopted in 2002 ^[7] .

OPU Dzhigit

The main advantage of the Dzhigit launcher is the ability to launch missiles in one shot. “Dzhigit” is equipped with two Igla launchers, an external preliminary target designation system “friend or foe”, means of own diagnostics and maintenance, as well as educational and training means ^[8] .

With volley missile launch, the probability of hitting a target increases by an average of 1.5 times.

Sagittarius Set

Designed to provide automated remote single, sequential launch of Igla missiles from various carriers of land, air and sea based.

When two or more modules are placed on the carrier, salvo launches of two missiles for one target are possible. ^[9] .

• Igla-D - version with collapsible launch tube, for the airborne .
• Igla-B - for armament of helicopters and ground equipment ^[10] . A block has been added that provides the ability to share two missiles.
• Igla-N - used a new anti-aircraft guided missile, with a more powerful warhead, significantly increasing the probability of hitting targets.
• Igla-1M , “336-24” - Ukrainian modifications of the Igla-1, Igla MANPADS, with an improved GOS missile (increased range and noise immunity) developed by Ukroboronservis ( Ukraine ) ^[11] .

It should be noted that the real reach in range and height is much more than the passport, which is calculated for the working marching engine. The engine turns on after 0.5 seconds after starting and the fuel burns out in 8.5 seconds, but the self-destructor fires much later when the turbo-generator’s plate burns out completely and the speed of the inertial rocket decreases by about half. However, the chances of hitting a target in the inertial flight section are several times less than in the main one.

•   Azerbaijan - 300 MANPADS “Igla-1” and “Igla-S”, as of 2010 ^[14]
•   Armenia
•   Algeria - MANPADS "Igla-1", as of 2010 ^[15]
•   Angola - MANPADS "Igla-1", as of 2010 ^[16]
•   Belarus - MANPADS "Igla-1"
•   Brazil - 53 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[17]
•   Bosnia and Herzegovina - Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[18]
•   Botswana - 10 Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[19]
•   Venezuela - 200 Igla-S MANPADS, in service with the Air Force , as of 2010 ^[20] 1800 missiles ^[21]
•   Vietnam - MANPADS “Igla-1” and “Igla”, as of 2010 ^[22]
•   Egypt - 656 launchers of Igla-S MANPADS delivered in the period 2008-2011, the total number of MANPADS purchased under the 2005 contract is not known ^[23]
•   Georgia - some, as of 2017 ^[24]
•   India - a significant number of MANPADS "Igla-1" and "Igla", as of 2010 ^[25]
•   Jordan - MANPADS "Igla-1" and "Igla", as of 2010 ^[26]
•   Iran - Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[27]
•   DPRK - a significant amount of MANPADS "Igla-1", as of 2010 ^[28]
•   Republic of Korea - Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[29]
•   Cuba - MANPADS "Igla-1", as of 2010 ^[30]
•   Lebanon - In 2012, Hezbollah received a batch of Igla-S MANPADS from Iran ^[31]
•   Northern Macedonia - MANPADS “Igla-1”, as of 2010 ^[32]
•   Malaysia - as of 2010 ^[33]
•   Mexico - more than 5 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[34]
•   Myanmar - as of 2010 ^[35]
•   Nicaragua - MANPADS "Igla-1", as of 2010 ^[36]
•   UAE - MANPADS "Igla", in service with the air defense forces, as of 2010 ^[37]
•   Pakistan - Igla-1 MANPADS, in service with the Air Force , as of 2010 ^[38]
•   Peru - 128 Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[39]
•   Transnistria - MANPADS “Igla”
•   Russia - MANPADS Igla-1 and Igla, as of 2010 ^[40]
•   Gaza Strip - In 2012, Hamas received a batch of Igla-S MANPADS from Iran ^[31]
•   Serbia - 54 MANPADS SA-16 Šilo , as of 2010 ^[41]
•   Singapore - Igla MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[42]
•   Syria - a significant number of "Eagles", as of 2010 ^[43]
•   Slovakia - MANPADS “Igla-1”, as of 2010 ^[44]
•   Slovenia - 96 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[45]
•   Uganda - Igla-1 MANPADS, as of 2010 ^[46]

• During the civil war in El Salvador, FNOF partisans from Igla MANPADS shot down at least one A-37B attack aircraft and one AC-47 fire support aircraft. Due to the threat of MANPADS, the Salvador Air Force had to fly at low altitude, where aircraft automatically fell into the zone of destruction of small arms. ^[47]
• During the civil war in Nicaragua, fighters of the Sandinista People’s Army from Igla MANPADS shot down a DC-6 cargo plane, which dropped weapons to the Contras militants. ^[48]
• In 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, 4 Harrier aircraft were shot down ^[49] In addition, one F-16C was shot down. ^[fifty]
• During the Bosnian war, Serbs from the Igla MANPADS shot down the French Mirage-2000RN reconnaissance fighter ^[51]
• On October 31, 1995, Indian forces from Igla MANPADS shot down a Pakistani helicopter SA.316 Lama . Several high-ranking military personnel died in a helicopter. ^[52]
• During the Karabakh war, two Azerbaijani MiG-21 fighters were shot down from Igla MANPADS ^[53] .
• В Чечне сбито четыре (по другим данным шесть) российских вертолётов, включая Ми-8 с комиссией Генштаба (13 погибших, в том числе два генерала), ещё один Ми-8 с высокопоставленными лицами (в числе погибших были заместитель министра внутренних дел России М. Рудченко и заместитель командующего внутренних войск Н. Горидов) и предположительно Ми-26, перевозивший военнослужащих (116 погибших, по другим данным он был сбит из ПЗРК другого типа). Всего восемь ПЗРК «Игла» ваххабиты купили в Грузии . В 2003 году в ходе операции было изъято три ПЗРК «Игла» боевиков, были уничтожены и арестованы несколько организаторов нападений на вертолёты. В 2005 году у боевиков изъяли последнюю «Иглу». ^{[54] [55] [56]}
• Применялся армией Ирака против войск коалиции с 2003 года. Известно, что 7 ноября 2003 года из ПЗРК «Игла» был сбит американский вертолёт UH-60 «Чёрный Ястреб».
• 25 января 2014 года сбит египетский военный вертолёт ^{[57] [58]} в районе Синайского полуострова. Ответственность за атаку взяла группировка «Джамаат Ансар Байт аль-Магдис».
• В ходе гражданской войны в Сирии сбиты как минимум два летательных аппарата (бомбардировщик Су-24 и вертолёт Ми-17 ) ^[59] .
• Вооружённый конфликт на востоке Украины . Применяется повстанцами ЛНР и ДНР против вооружённых сил Украины.
• 12 ноября 2014 года азербайджанскими военными сбит в тренировочном полёте Aрмянский вертолёт Ми-24 в районе линии соприкосновения войск.
• 2 апреля 2016 года Aрмянскими военными сбит в боевом полёте азербайджанский вертолёт Ми-24 в районе линии соприкосновения войск.
• 13 мая 2016 года вооружёнными формирования курдской РПК сбит турецкий вертолёт AH-1W Супер кобра ^[60] .

• Ка-52 Team Alligator
• Arma 2 (в игре носит название «Игла»).
• Battlefield 2 (так же как и в ArmA 2, назван «Игла»).
• Battlefield 3 (носит название SA-18 «Игла»).
• Battlefield 4 (носит название SA-18 «Игла»).
• Xenus: Boiling point (called the Igla MANPADS).
• Warface (called SA-16).
• Lock On 2 (called Needle-C).
• Also, the Igla MANPADS is mentioned in one of the series of the Russian series Truckers, in which the main characters transport boxes with this weapon under the guise of a profile for plastic windows.
• MANPADS "Igla" is mentioned in one of the series of the Russian series "Special Forces", from MANPADS terrorists shoot down a Russian fighter. The film is called - "Arrow-2M"

• MANPADS
• Anti-aircraft missile
• Rocket weapon
• SOEP Lipa

• A wide overview of "Needles-C" in the IS "Rocket Technology"
• http://yzarvemysih.do.am/index/0-547