Chukhna, Chukhonians are an outdated ethnonym of the Baltic-Finnish peoples in Novgorod lands ( all , Setu , Izhora , Livviks and others). It was first mentioned in the Pskov Second Chronicle under 1444 in the form of "chukhno" . Later, in the Russian Empire - the popular name of the Karelian-Finnish population of the environs of St. Petersburg, mainly Ingermanland Finns .
Content
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Description
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
Etymology
According to Fasmer’s dictionary , the word is formed from the ethnonym “ chud ” by adding the expressive suffix “-khno” (by analogy with the proper names “Mikhno” - “Michael”, “Yakhno” - “Jacob”, “Dakhno” - “Daniel”, “ Makhno ”-“ Maxim ”,“ Ivakhno ”-“ Ivan ”).
Description
The ethnonym was also used in official documents of the empire, but there was no uniformity, since the word “chud” could already mean different groups: Finns and chud could be synonyms, but they could also be divided into “chud in the long sense” and “Karelians,” the first the group was divided into “chud / chukhara in the strict sense” and vod / estov - “chukhnu” [1] . According to L. V. Vyskochkov , “vod” is “a miracle” [2] .
From the term also comes "Chukhland" - a place where Chukhns live. A. S. Pushkin in correspondence with A. A. Delvig called the Petersburg province [3] (according to other sources, the city of Petersburg [4] ).
- Along the mossy, marshy shores
- The huts were black here and there
- Shelter for the wretched Chukhonets;
- Alexander Pushkin , The Bronze Horseman
Closely familiar with Pushkin V.I. Dahl , in his Explanatory Dictionary , defines the word as the St. Petersburg nickname of suburban Finns [5] . Interested in the ethnography of Chukhontsev V. I. Dahl wrote an essay "Chukhontsy in St. Petersburg" [6] . In it, he noted in particular that the Chukhonka constitute the majority of cooks , but the Chukhonites cannot be found either among the sitters or among the peddlers [7] and emphasizes the honesty of this people.
A characteristic feature of the stereotypical Chukhonets is drunkenness: “First, a Chukhite requires a drink, then a drink requires a drink, then a drink requires a Chukhite” [8] . At the same time, V. I. Dahl in his article noted that “Chukhon cannot be called drunkards, but, on the contrary, a very sober people” [6] .
Notes
- ↑ Leskinen, Maria Voittovna. Finns and Karelians on the pages of Russian ethno-geographical descriptions of the second half of the 19th century // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Series “History and Philology” 3 (2014).
- ↑ L.V. Vysochkov. Historical and Ethnic Maps of the North-West of Russia (Late 18th - First Third of the 20th Century) // Historical Ethnography: Russian North and Ingermanlandia. (Problems of archeology and ethnography. No. 5). 60th birthday of prof. A.V. Gadlo. SPb., 1997.
- ↑ Dictionary of literary types. - PG: Edition of the editorial office of the journal "Shoots". Edited by N. D. Noskov. 1908-1914
- ↑ Gukova L., Fomina L. The figuratively-pragmatic potential of toponyms in the work of A. S. Pushkin // Text, culture, translation. Collection of articles on the materials of the international conference May 23-25, 2012. - Riga, 2012 .-- S. 75-77.
- ↑ Chukhonets // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language : in 4 volumes / auth. V.I. Dahl . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Printing house of M.O. Wolf , 1880-1882.
- ↑ 1 2 Dal, 1861 .
- ↑ Yugan N. L. Foreign ethnography in the work of V. I. Dahl as a stage in the development of the Russian literary and ethnographic school . // Science Newsletter of the International Humanitarian University. Ser .: Philology. 2015 No. 19 Volume 2. (Russian)
- ↑ Kashkin, V. B., E. M. Smolentseva. Ethnic stereotypes and taboo topics in intercultural communication . Zharchysy Vestnik (2005): 175. (Russian)
Literature
- K.A. Avdѣeva. Notes on the old and new Russian lifeѣ K. A. Avdѣeva . - St. Petersburg: Headquarters of the Military Educational Institutions, 1842. - P. 36–41.
- Ageeva R. A. About the ethnonym MIRACLE (CHUKHNA, CHUKHAR) // Ethnonyms. - M .: Nauka, 1970 .-- S. 194-203.
- Dal V.I. Chukhonets in St. Petersburg . - 3rd ed. - 1861.
- Leskinen M.V. Poles and Finns in Russian science in the second half of the 19th century: “other” through the prism of identity. M .: "Indrik", 2010.
- S. Maximova. The land of Baptismal Light. Frozen desert. Or a story about wild peoples roaming from the midnight side of Russia . - St. Petersburg: Partnership "Public Benefit", 1865. - T. 1. - S. 63-69.
- Yunusov Ildar Shaichenurovich. The problem of a national character in the physiological essays of V.I. Dahl in the context of the synthesis of documentary and artistic . // Bulletin of the TSSPU . 2014. No. 3 (37).