The list of defendants of the Tokyo Process - the list of persons who were found guilty by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in committing crimes against peace , against humanity and in mass killings . Also listed are persons whose proceedings were terminated.
Background
The creation of a tribunal for the Japanese war criminals was provided for in the Cairo [1] and Potsdam declarations [2] , but after the occupation of Japan , the allies did not have a single opinion of who and what particular crimes should be tried. Despite this, according to the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied occupying forces, General Douglas MacArthur , arrests of war crimes suspects were carried out . A total of 29 people were detained - mostly members of the cabinet of General Hideki Tojo .
Douglas MacArthur issued a special proclamation, where he ordered the formation of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . On the same day, it adopted the statute of the tribunal, where it was stated how the tribunal will be formed, what crimes it considers and how it will function. The model of this document was the relevant document of the Nuremberg Tribunal .
On April 25, 1946 , according to Article 7 of the Charter, this document was officially published.
During the process, 818 open court sessions and 131 sessions were held in the judges' room; the tribunal accepted 4,356 documentary evidence and 1,194 testimony (of which 419 were heard directly by the tribunal). The last meeting of the tribunal was held in 1948 .
Prosecution
As in the Nürnberg trial , all the charges were divided into three categories: A, B and C.
Category A [3] (paragraphs 1-36) included charges of Crimes against Peace , planning and waging a war of aggression, violating international law, and was used only against Japan ’s top leaders.
Category B [4] (paragraphs 37-52) included mass murder charges.
Category C [5] (paragraphs 53-55) - charges of crimes against the customs of war and crimes against humanity , were applied to the Japanese of any rank.
Persons found guilty
| No | Portrait | Name | Summary | Charge [6] | Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | Sadao Araki 貞 夫 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan Minister of the Army Minister of Culture . | Clauses 27 (planning and waging war against the Republic of China ), 29 (planning and waging war against the United States ), 31 (planning and waging war against the British Commonwealth ), 32 (planning and waging war against the Kingdom of the Netherlands ), 33 (planning and waging war against France ), 35 (planning and conducting a war against the USSR ), 36 (planning and conducting a war against the USSR and Mongolia ), paragraphs 54 (violation of the customs of war) and 55 (crimes against humanity) | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. He was released from Sugamo prison for health reasons and died 11 years later. | |
| 2 | Kenji Doihara 賢 二 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1 (incitement of Japanese militarism and imperialism ), 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, paragraphs 54 and 55 [7] | Guilty of part of the charges. Death penalty [8] . | |
| 3 | Seysiro itagaki 征 四郎 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan , army minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Death penalty [8] . | |
| four | Okinori Kaya 屋 興 宣 | Minister of Finance | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. 20 years in prison. Parole released in 1955. Subsequently, he was appointed Minister of Justice. | |
| five | Koichi kido 戸 幸 一 | Minister of Culture and Science Minister of the Interior , Minister of Guardian of the Seal | Clauses 1, 26 (waging an aggressive war, violation of international law in the Khalkhin-Gol battles ), 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. The rest of his life lived in the village of Oiso , Kanagawa Prefecture . | |
| 6 | Heitaro Kimura 兵 太郎 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55 | Guilty. Death penalty [8] . | |
| 7 | Kuniaki Koiso 小 國 昭 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan , Governor-General of Korea , Japanese Prime Minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . He died in prison in 1950. | |
| eight | Ivane Matsui 石 根 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty under paragraph 55. Death penalty [8] . | |
| 9 | Jiro Minami 南 次郎 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan , Governor-General of Korea | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31 32, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1954. A year later, he passed away. | |
| ten | Akira Muto 藤 章 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Death penalty [8] . | |
| eleven | Takakumi Oka 敬 純 | Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1954. He died in 1973. | |
| 12 | Hiroshi Oshima 大 島 浩 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan , Japanese Ambassador to Nazi Germany | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. He died in 1975. | |
| 13 | Kenrö Sato j 賢 了 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1956. He died in 1975. | |
| 14 | Mamoru Shigemitsu 光 葵 | Ambassador of Japan to the USSR Foreign Secretary | Points 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 54, and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. 7 years imprisonment. Parole released in 1950. Already in 1952, Shigemitsu became chairman of the Progressive Party . | |
| 15 | Sigataro Shimada 田 繁 太郎 | Admiral of the Imperial Navy of Japan , Minister of the Navy | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. He died in 1976. | |
| sixteen | Toshio Shiratori 白鳥 敏夫 | Japanese Ambassador to Italy | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31 and 32. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . He died in prison in 1949. | |
| 17 | Teiichi Suzuki 貞 一 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. He died in 1989. | |
| 18 | Shigeni Togo 郷 茂 徳 | Foreign Secretary | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 1950. | |
| nineteen | Hideki Tojo 条 英 機 | General, War Minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Death penalty [8] . | |
| 20 | Yoshiziro, Umezu 津 美 治郎 | General of the Imperial Army of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . He died in prison in 1949. | |
| 21 | Kingoro Hashimoto 欣 五郎 | Deputy of the House of Representatives of Japan , Vice President of the Parliament of Japan | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 and 55. | Guilty. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1954. He died in 1957. | |
| 22 | Syunroku Hut 俊 六 | Marshal of the Imperial Army of Japan army minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1954. He died in 1962. | |
| 23 | Kiichiro Hiranuma 騏 一郎 | Minister of Justice, Japanese Prime Minister Minister of Internal Affairs, Head of the Privy Council | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. In the same year, he died. | |
| 24 | Koki Hirota 廣田 弘毅 | Foreign Secretary, Japanese Prime Minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 54 and 55 | Guilty of part of the charges. Death penalty [8] . | |
| 25 | Naoki Hoshino 星野 直樹 | Vice Prime Minister | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 54 and 55. | Guilty of part of the charges. Life imprisonment . Parole released in 1955. Subsequently, he served as president of the corporation Tokyu . |
Persons whose trial was discontinued
| No | Portrait | Name | Summary | Charges | Reason for termination of the judicial investigation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | Sumey okawa 大川 周 明 | Philosopher , publicist , ideologue of Japanese militarism | Paragraph 1 | He was declared insane due to mental illness [9] . | |
| 2 | Yosuke Matsuoka 洋 右 | Foreign Secretary | Clauses 1, 27, 29, 31, 32 | He died during the trial. | |
| 3 | Osami Nagano 野 修身 | Admiral of the Imperial Navy of Japan , Minister of the Navy Chairman of the Japanese delegation at the 1935 London Maritime Conference | Paragraphs 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35 and 36, paragraphs 54 and 55 | Died during the trial [10] | |
| four | Fumimaro Konoe 文 麿 | Japanese Prime Minister | - | He killed himself on the eve of his arrest by taking poison [11] . |
Notes
- ↑ Dept. of State Bulletin . Cairo Conference. Circulation date November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ Annex A-1 . The Potsdam Declaration. Circulation date November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ Crime against peace . Indictment. Circulation date November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ Category B . Appendix B. Date of treatment November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ Category C . Appendix C. Date of treatment November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ According to the indictment . Verdicts. Circulation date November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ Indictment Act . Indictment. Circulation date November 10, 2010. Archived September 2, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On 23 December 1948, he was hanged in Sugamo prison .
- ↑ Smirnov, Zaitsev, 1984 , p. 74.
- ↑ Osami Nagano
- ↑ Smirnov, Zaitsev, 1984 , p. 52.
Literature
- Molodyakov V.E. Defendants and winners. - Tokyo, 1996. - 82 p. - 400 copies
- L. N. Smirnov , E. B. Zaitsev. Court in Tokyo. - M .: Military Publishing , 1984. - 575 p.
- M.V. Buremensky. International Law Regulatory Nutrition of Jurisdiction // International Law. - Kiev, 2005. - 336 p. (in Ukrainian)
- Totani, Yuma. Trial of the War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the World of War II. - Harvard University Asia Center, 2009. - ISBN 978-0674033399 . (eng.)
- Minear, Richard H. Victorian Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. - Princeton, NJ, USA: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 2001. - ISBN 9781929280063 . (eng.)