Tunel ( tour: Tünel ) is an underground funicular located in the European part of Istanbul (it is designated as F2 on transport schemes) [1] [2] . The funicular was opened in 1875, making it one of the oldest of its kind in operation.
| Tunel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Description | |
| A country | Turkey |
| City | Istanbul |
| opening date | January 17, 1875 |
| Site | |
Content
History
The tunel was proposed and designed by the French engineer Eugène-Henri Gavand. In 1869, he received a concession from the Ottoman government for its construction. To raise funds and organize the construction in 1872, Havana founded the Metropolitan Railway of Constantinople, from Galata to Pera in Great Britain . The official opening of the Tunel took place on January 17, 1875. [3]
In 1904, the Metropolitan Railway of Constantinople received a new concession for 75 years from the government, but soon, in 1911, after various transformations, Tunnel passed under the control of the international consortium Union Ottoman Société d'Intrepises Electriques à Constantinople . [4] In 1939, Tunel was nationalized and became part of the IETT ( İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tünel ), a city transport company. [five]
Until the end of the 1960s, Tunel was operated almost unchanged - steam-powered, however, in 1968 the funicular was closed for reconstruction. By the new discovery in 1971, it was significantly modernized and converted to electric traction. [6] Another modernization, mainly related to strengthening the earthquake resistance of the structure, was carried out in 2007. [7]
At present, the Tunel continues to operate along with more modern means of public transport in Istanbul , such as the Kabatash-Taksim funicular , the Istanbul metro and a modern tram. In 2015, Tunel daily transported 15,000 people, which amounted to 5.5 million passengers per year. [2]
Description
There are 2 stations on the line:
- Karaköy - Lower Station
- Beyoğlu - upper station
The funicular is arranged in an underground inclined tunnel with a length of 573 meters, a tunnel width of 6.6 meters, a height difference between stations of 61 meters [2] .
Initially, the funicular was organized according to a two-track scheme: two trains ran along the tunnel along independent routes. Each train had 2 cars with a wooden hull. The head one was a platform for transporting goods and animals, the rear one was a passenger one with 4 compartments: for women and men of the 1st and 2nd classes, respectively. Subsequently, freight cars were replaced by passenger ones. The rope was driven by a stationary steam engine located in a building near the upper station. [6]
After the reconstruction of 1971, the line was converted into a single-track with a detour in the middle of the tunnel, and only then was the cable traction replaced from steam to electric. [6] In the new system, single steel railcar cars move along a concrete track, [8] similarly to a bus metro system.
The interval of movement is 5-7 minutes. [9] Travel time is 1.5 minutes. The capacity of each car is 170 passengers. [2]
Tunel fare is integrated into the citywide public transport fare system. [ten]
Incidents
- July 6, 1943 due to failure of the electric cable 1 person was killed and 20 people were injured. [7]
Gallery
Project title page [11]
Concise tunnel profile illustration [11]
Section of a tunnel with a double-track traffic scheme [11]
View of the original train [11]
Sketch of the engine room with a steam engine [11]
Beyoglu Station.
Beyoglu Station.
The tunnel between Beyoglu and Karakoy.
- Play media file
Video of the trip to Tunel.
Karakoy Station
Karakoy Station
Notes
- ↑ Network Maps (tour) (inaccessible link) . Metro İstanbul . Date of treatment January 26, 2018. Archived on December 8, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Dünyanın İlk Yeraltı Metrosu Tünel 140 Yaşında! (eng.) . İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 7, 2017.
- ↑ Çelik, Zeynep. The remaking of Istanbul: portrait of an Ottoman city in the nineteenth century . - University of California Press, 1993 .-- P. 96-98. - ISBN 978-0-520-08239-7 .
- ↑ Tunel Company Changing Hands . İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 6, 2017.
- ↑ Nationalization Of Tunel . İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 6, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Early Application of Underground Funicular 'Tunnel' in Istanbul . İTÜ - Transport Tekniği Grubu (March 14, 2014). Date of treatment December 5, 2017. Archived December 5, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 Tünel Kronolojisi (tour) İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 7, 2017.
- ↑ The 1971 funicular (unknown) // Funimag. - 2005. - 27 September ( No. 26 ).
- ↑ Sefer Saatleri (tour.) . İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 7, 2017.
- ↑ Ücret Tarifesi ( tur .) . İETT - Tunnel . Date of treatment December 7, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gavand, Eugène-Henri. Chemin de fer metropolitain de Constantinople, ou Chemin de fer souterrain de Galata à Péra, dit tunnel de Constantinople. Projet d'une nouvelle ville et d'un nouveau port de commerce à Constantinople: [] . - Paris, 1876.