Monkeys [1] [2] [3] , or “dry-nosed” primates [3] ( lat. Haplorhini) - a suborder of mammals from the order of primates .
| Monkey | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Baboon ( Papio cynocephalus ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Haplorhini Pocock , 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Geochronology appeared 55 million years
◄ Nowadays◄ Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The monkeys, to which humans belong, differ in a number of ways from another suborder of primates - semi - monkeys . Haplorin primates have a dry nose and a less developed sense of smell . In monkeys, the birth of one cub prevails. In general, this suborder is considered to be more developed in an evolutionary sense.
Monkeys live in the tropical and subtropical regions of America , Africa (except Madagascar ), in Gibraltar , as well as in South and Southeast Asia right up to Japan . Man inhabits all continents except Antarctica (where he does not live permanently, but is constantly present).
In most monkeys, the whites of the eyes are usually black, as are the pupils (in humans, they are white, which contrasts with the pupils). Monkeys differ from semi -monkeys in their daily way of life, complex behavior, omnivorous with a bias in herbivore. Many morphological features are associated with this, for example, a complex brain .
Content
- 1 Taxonomy
- 2 Suborder History
- 3 Name
- 4 Monkey language
- 4.1 Communication with a person
- 5 Monkeys in space
- 6 In the world
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
Taxonomy
Monkeys are divided into two infraorders:
- Tarsiiformes - Tarsiformes
- Simiiformes - Monkeys in the Narrow Sense [3]
- wide-nosed monkeys or New World monkeys (Platyrrhini)
- narrow-nosed monkeys or monkeys of the Old World (Catarrhini)
In the new systematics, real monkeys are allocated to the infraorder Simiiformes and combined with tarsiers in the suborder Haplorhini, and half-monkeys (without tarsiers) - into the suborder Strepsirrhini [4] [5] .
Suborder History
The oldest known representatives of the suborder of monkeys are teyardina and architsebus , who lived about 55 million years ago. Earlier, anthrasimia from Gujarat were attributed to monkeys, but later its remains were classified as Marcgodinotius indicus , which is part of the Asiadapidae family of wet -nosed primates. Species Vastanomys major and Vastanomys gracilis living at the same time in Gujarat on the then Hindustan island belong to omomids [6] [7] .
The separation of monkeys (Haplorhini) and semi-monkeys ( Strepsirrhini ) according to molecular data occurred about 87 million years ago [8] .
Title
The word "monkey" appeared in Old Russian as a loan from Persian. بوزینه - “buzine” (possibly also influenced by St. Glav . Opitsa ) and became widely known after the publication of “ Walking for Three Seas ” by Athanasius Nikitin . In the dictionary of D. N. Ushakova it is specified that abü zinä in Arabic means “the father of fornication” [9] .
Monkey tongue
In the monkey language there are dozens of sound signals with the meaning of various environmental phenomena. There is reason to believe that in the lexicon of the language of the monkeys there are sounds that mean "rain" [10] .
Kenyan monkeys [ specify ] , called by the locals “green cats”, are distinguished by their amazing ability to communicate with sounds. American and European scientists (P. Marler and others) recorded that rhythmic clicking sounds “leopard”, a series of fast whistling sounds - “a snake crawls on the ground”, while there is a difference in the signals with a poisonous snake and python. Separate sounds indicate birds of prey, baboons and people. In the lexicon there are sound designations “unarmed man” and “man with a rifle or binoculars”. The reaction of monkeys to the reproduction of recorded sounds is characteristic even in the absence of real objects: screams at a leopard - raising to a tree, screams at an eagle - looking up, screams at a snake - looking down [10] .
Thanks to the research of G.V. Gershuni in the 1970s, the signal value of many vocal sounds of monkeys was established and it was found that there are many sound elements similar in sound to the phonetic elements of human speech - vowels, consonants, syllables. It also turned out that the emotional value of the vocal sounds of monkeys almost completely coincides with the human one [10] .
Communication with a person
The training of monkeys in human speech was unsuccessful, because their voice apparatus (including brain control centers for it) has a different structure and is not intended to reproduce complex sound combinations of human speech. But monkeys can learn visual signals (for example, sign language [11] ), like the Washo chimpanzee [12] .
Washo was raised by the American zoopsychologists-spouses Alain and Beatrice Gardner and mastered several dozens of word signs in a few months, and then about 300. She used her vocabulary creatively, for example, the desire to open the refrigerator was expressed by such signs: “open cold box - eat - drink. " Many phrases were composed by Washo herself, like “give me a tickle” - “tickle me”. The expression of hostility to others occurs through the word "dirty." Washo preferred to call duck “bird-water” rather than a specialized word [12] .
Washo's first cub died shortly after birth. Mother sat for a long time beside him, asking with signs "baby", "baby" in anticipation of an answer. Soon she had a new baby Sequoia, whom, according to the experimenters, Washo should teach sign language [12] .
Gorilla Coco , trained by Amslena by American researcher F. Patterson, quickly mastered 375 characters and expressed through them not only everyday needs, but also complex feelings and emotions. She knew such abstract concepts as “boredom”, “imagination”, past and future tense [12] .
Monkey Lana, who studied about 60 lexigrams on a computer, can make phrases asking them to turn on a movie projector to watch a movie from the life of monkeys, turn on a tape recorder, and so on. Monkeys are creative in using their vocabulary. Chimpanzee Sara laid out sentences from plastic figures-words "in Japanese" - from top to bottom [12] .
Monkeys in space
Monkeys, as closest to humans in physiology, were repeatedly launched into suborbital and orbital flights both before and after the first human flight into space. Monkeys were launched into space: USA , USSR , France , Argentina , Russia , Iran . A total of 32 monkeys flew into space.
In the world
- Ars simia naturae ("Art is a monkey of nature")
- A monkey is one of the 12 signs of the Chinese horoscope (see Monkey (Chinese zodiac)) and one of 20 in Mayan astrology (in another translation, the master) [13] .
- In the novel " Planet of the Apes " and subsequent adaptations of the monkey (gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans) are contrasted with people. In the movie Rise of the Planet of the Apes , the virus that gave the monkeys a mind turned out to be deadly to humans.
- Mr. Nilson is the monkey that belongs to Peppy Long Stocking from the Astrid Lindgren book series.
- Darwin is a chimpanzee that appears in the animated series The Wild Thornberry Family .
- In the animated series " My Friend is a Monkey, " the boy Adam Lyon was mistakenly sent to an animal school where monkeys also study.
- In the cartoon “ Mowgli. Abduction ”and in the story“ Hunting the Kaa Python ”, the monkey tribe abducted Mowgli and stated that he differs from the monkeys only in the absence of tail and hair.
- “ Monkeys ” is a Soviet animated series about the adventures of a young monkey who lives with his mother in a zoo.
see also
- The project "Great apes"
- Speech Training
- Intelligence Chimpanzee
- Infinite Monkey Theorem
- “ Monkey game ” - in chess, the conventional name for a series of moves in a game, when one of the rivals mirrors the moves of the other.
- Three monkeys - religious and philosophical symbol
- Monument to the monkeys
- Four-armed
- Darwinius masillae
- Eosimias
Notes
- ↑ Rossolimo O. L. , Pavlinov I. Ya. , Kruskop S.V., Lisovsky A.A., Spasskaya N.N., Borisenko A.V., Panyutina A.A. Diversity of mammals. Part 1. (Series "Animal Variety") - M.: KMK Publishing House, 2004. - S. 247, 268. - 366 p. - ISВN 5-87317-098-3
- ↑ Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia. "Mammals" Prince. 1 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / Ed. D. MacDonald . - M .: Omega, 2007 .-- S. 291. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Drobyshevsky S.V. The missing link. Book one. Monkeys and all-all-all . - CORPUS, 2017 .-- 688 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-099215-7 .
- ↑ Human and monkey ancestors came to Africa from Asia
- ↑ Primates - general characteristic (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment February 17, 2013. Archived February 1, 2014.
- ↑ New euprimate postcrania from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India, and the strepsirrhine-haplorhine divergence
- ↑ Twenty-five little bones tell a puzzling story about early primate evolution
- ↑ A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates , March 17, 2011
- ↑ Monkey // Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. D.N. Ushakova . - M .: State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1938. - T. 2.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Morozov V.P. Entertaining bioacoustics . Ed. 2nd, add., Rev. - M .: Knowledge, 1987 .-- 208 p. + 32 s. incl. - S. 20-26
- ↑ Autograph | “What the“ talking “monkeys told” - PostNauka
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Morozov V.P. Entertaining bioacoustics . Ed. 2nd, add., Rev. - M .: Knowledge, 1987 .-- 208 p. + 32 s. incl. - S. 49-53
- ↑ Mayan horoscope . en.astrologyk.com. Circulation date May 20, 2019.