The garrison school ( fr. Garnison from garnir - supply, arm, also regimental school ) is a military educational institution that provided primary education for children of soldiers , located in the garrison ( regiment ) of the Imperial Army and preparing them for service in the RIA in certain positions . Sailor children were taught in the Admiralty schools .
Garrison schools were intended for the training of soldiers, other persons of the lower ranks , non-commissioned officers and non-combat RIA. The most highly trained non-commissioned officers and officers were involved in teaching children. Responsibility for the quality of training was assigned to the regimental commander ( separate battalion ).
The lowest category of military schools in Russia, where children were taught soldiers to read and write, read, write, arithmetic, drill, the basics of artillery, engineering and other military sciences . Garrison schools were instructed to accept soldiers and non-commissioned officers, from the age of 7, both from the garrison at which the school was established and from the provincial staff military teams. The children of retired servicemen living in cities and counties, born during their service , were also accepted into the garrison schools . In case children had no content, the age of admission to the garrison school was reduced to 5 years old.
Garrison schools were the predecessors of the cadet corps and Suvorov military schools .
In the Soviet period of Russia, garrison schools were sometimes called schools in garrisons outside the Union in the groups of troops of the USSR Armed Forces .
Content
History
The first garrison (regimental) school for soldiers' children was opened in 1698 at the artillery school of the Preobrazhensky regiment , for teaching literacy, counting and bombarding .
Realizing the importance of education, Peter the Great, by his Decree of 1721, established garrison schools with each regiment (garrison) of 50 soldier children each, to teach them literacy and "craftsmanship", that is, crafts. In 1721, by decree of Peter I, with each infantry regiment ( battalion ) (at that time there were 49 units, there were 2,475 boys), schools were established for 50 soldier’s children to teach them literacy and various crafts or various "skills" for military affairs . The age of students was from 7 to 15 years. Depending on their abilities, determined during the first months of their stay in the garrison school , they were divided into several subgroups by specialization: 10 people specialized in artillery and fortification , 20 in singing and music, 10 studied various crafts, 10 prepared to become clerks . At the age of 15, children were sent to army and garrison formations for service, for positions: clerks, flutists, and other musicians. The most capable students were left in school until the age of 18. Schools were supervised by officers , the general management of them carried out the vice-governor , the governor and the governor-general . According to the tables of 1720 and the state of 1732, for the maintenance of soldiers' children in garrisons it was prescribed in each regiment to have vacancies.
Schools were soldier children of 7 years of age. According to other sources, they were all first trained in literacy, and then more capable of artillery and fortification , or singing and music, or writing, or locksmithing; less capable - carpentry , blacksmith, shoemaker and other crafts. Upon reaching the age of 15, the most capable pupils were left in schools for another 3 years for improvement; the rest were appointed to serve in the Armed Forces. After entering the garrison school, the state maintenance was terminated, and a salary was paid instead. In 1731, in the first year, 1 ruble 35 kopecks; after learning to write, sing, arithmetic , music, plumbing and clerk posts, the salary increased to 1 ruble 59 kopecks per year. After learning geometry and fortification salary increased to 2 rubles 7 kopecks per year. In addition, the schoolboy was supposed to have two quadrangles of flour (two pounds ), 1/8 of quadrants of cereals, 2 pounds of salt every month. Once in three years, a uniform , sheepskin fur coat , pants , hat were issued. Every year the matter was released on ties, two shirts, two ports, two pairs of shoes with buckles and stockings. Pupils of the third grade were given red matter on the collar of the caftan .
The garrison schools were further developed in 1732 , Anna Ioannovna ordered to add 14 vacancies in each garrison school , and the number of students in them was brought up to 4,000 people. By her Decree, dated September 21, 1732, all the soldiers' children born in the service, on reaching their fixed age, were subject to enrollment in the service. According to the Senate Decrees of 1735 and 1745, garrison schools were allowed to contain soldier children in excess of the set due to the income of the States-Office. The literature mentions the Moscow Garrison School of Soldiers' Children [1] .
In 1744, they merged with the primary general education (tsifirnymi) schools and, while maintaining their military character, they existed until 1798.
In 1758, it was ordered to rank as a military department and distribute all soldiers' children in garrison schools , and under Elizabeth Petrovna, 6,002 people were already trained in garrison schools [2] . By decree of the Senate, dated November 18, 1758
so that soldier’s children were sent to schools, and past these were not used anywhere ..., and send those soldiers' children from army regiments to the garrison schools nearby.
In the same Decree, it is prescribed to send annual reports to the Senate indicating the number of students and the list of disciplines studied.
In accordance with the provision “On Garrisons” of 1764, the staff of each garrison company had 6 and in the garrison battalions - 54 vacant soldiers' posts, the funds for which were transferred to the garrison schools created with each garrison battalion. In the 108 garrison battalions of the military department it was supposed to have 5,832 schoolchildren in training. The funds allocated by the military department for the above-mentioned full-time positions were significant and made it possible to maintain “able-bodied over-school students” in garrison schools . Five rubles, 79.5 kopecks , were allocated per year for providing each student with uniforms, food, foodstuffs, books and supplies necessary for training. In 1765, in connection with the increase in the number of pupils in the garrison schools , an additional 20,000 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of over-staff. And already under Catherine II, the number of students was brought up to 12,000 people.
By the decree of the Senate, dated August 21, 1784, only those children of retired soldiers who had reached the age of 12 and studied in state schools were eligible for military service. They were subject to the direction of the "local" military teams.
In 1798, simultaneously with the establishment of a military orphanage in St. Petersburg , the garrison schools were renamed military orphan offices , with 16,400 pupils who not only received education in these schools, but also, being fully provisioned, lived in they received the appropriate military education. From the beginning of the 19th century, in 1805, they were reorganized into cantonist schools .
There are other data indicating that in 1798 they were reorganized into battalions and companies of military cantonists, where the soldiers' children were taught literacy, crafts and drill. In 1858, these institutions were transformed into schools of the military department, renamed the military elementary schools in 1866, and in 1868 - into military gymnasium schools.
See also
- Admiralty School
Notes
- ↑ Centenary of War Ministry. 1802–1902
- ↑ PSZRI. V. 15. № 10901
Literature
- The complete collection of the laws of the Russian Empire in 1649, Volume 10, Issues 1737–1739;
- CPSI. V. 15. № 10901
- Centenary of War Ministry. 1802–1902
- Military Encyclopedic Dictionary (WEC), Moscow, Military Publishing House, 1984, 863 p. With illustrations, 30 sheets;
- Basics of the Soviet military legislation. Textbook. Under the general editorship of S. S. Maximov, M., VI, 1978, 312 pages.