Ontology mapping ( ontology alignment or ontology matching ) is the process of establishing correspondences between the concepts of several ontologies . Many of these correspondences are called “mappings”. The term has different meanings in computer , cognitive fields and philosophy .
Content
Computer Science
The task of mapping ontologies arose from the need to integrate data from heterogeneous databases developed independently of each other and thus having their own data dictionary. In practice, the Semantic Web consists of many interacting participants with their own ontologies , so the mapping of ontologies is extremely important for the coordinated work of heterogeneous resources.
The mapping of two ontologies means that for each concept, relationship or instance of one ontology, the corresponding elements in the other ontology are searched for [1] .
Ontology mapping software tools find semantically equivalent data classes, such as Institute and University. It is not necessary that these classes be identical . According to the classification of Juzenat and Schweiko (2007) [2] , there are three main quantities (three dimensions) to determine the similarity: syntactic, external and semantic. By coincidence, they roughly correspond to the dimensions identified by cognitive science (see below). Several software tools have been developed for displaying ontologies, both inspired by the ideas of cognitive sciences and independently.
Ontology mapping software is mainly developed for managing database schemas , [3] , XML schema [4] , taxonomies [5] , formal languages , ER data models [6] , dictionaries, and other data models. The source structures are usually converted to a graph before displaying. Thanks to the development of the semantic web, such graphs can be represented using RDF triplets in the form <subject, predicate, object>, see for example the notation syntax 3 . In English-language literature, “ontology mapping” ( English ontology alignment ), when they work with ontologies in the format of RDF triplets, is called “ontology mapping”.
The semantic web technologies well solve the problem of integration of resources based on ontologies, although they are not without drawbacks: the need for special preparation of integrable resources, elimination of semantic inconsistencies during the reuse of ontologies. [7]
The Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative project solves the problems of evaluating, comparing and improving various ontology mapping approaches.
Modern approaches to the interlanguage mapping of ontologies were presented by Fu et al. (2011) [8]
Cognitive Science
From the point of view of cognitive scientists who are interested in mapping ontologies, concepts (concepts) are the nodes of the semantic network located in the “brain” of a conceptual system . The central question is: if everyone has their own unique experience and, therefore, different semantic networks, how can we understand each other? This question was resolved by a model called ABSURDIST. Three main dimensions for similarity were identified: internal similarity , external similarity and mutual suppression ( English mutual inhibition ) [9] .
The mapping of ontologies is closely related to the formation of analogies , where “concepts” are variables of logical expressions.
Philosophy
Philosophers, like cognitive scientists, are primarily interested in the nature of "understanding." Arguments on this subject originate in the idea of a radical interpretation of D. Davidson . In philosophy, hermeneutics deals with issues of understanding.
Notes
- ↑ Euzenat, Shvaiko, 2013 , pp. 19-23.
- ↑ Jérôme Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko. 2007. Ontology matching Archived January 16, 2010 at Wayback Machine , Springer-Verlag, 978-3-540-49611-3.
- ↑ J. Berlin and A. Motro. 2002. Database Schema Matching Using Machine Learning with Feature Selection . Proc. of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, pp. 452-466
- ↑ D. Aumueller, H. Do, S. Massmann, E. Rahm. 2005. Schema and ontology matching with COMA ++ . Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 906—908
- ↑ S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. "Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia . " Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088.
- ↑ AH Doan, AY Halevy. Semantic integration research in the database community: A brief survey . AI magazine, 26 (1), 2005
- ↑ Lomov P.A., Shishaev M.G. Integration of semantically related information resources based on ontologies . Archived July 15, 2012.
- ↑ Fu B., Brennan R., O'Sullivan D., Using Pseudo Feedback to Improve Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping [1] . In Proceedings of the 8th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2011), LNCS 6643, pp.336-351, Heraklion, Greece, May 2011.
- ↑ R. Goldstone and B. Rogosky. 2002. Using relations within conceptual systems to translate across conceptual systems . Cognition 84, pp. 295-320.
Literature
- Euzenat, Jérôme; Shvaiko, Pavel. Ontology Matching . - 2nd ed .. - Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2013 .-- ISBN 978-3-642-38721-0 .
- Ehrig, Marc. Ontology Alignment: Bridging the Semantic Gap. - Springer, 2007. - ISBN 978-0-387-36501-5 .