The revolution of 1905 in Verkhneudinsk

On February 4, the Eastern Institute , transferred from Vladivostok in connection with the Russo-Japanese War, began to operate in Verkhneudinsk.

On February 15, students of the Oriental Institute drafted a resolution criticizing the professors about their miscalculations in the scientific and educational processes.

On February 29, a meeting of members of the professorial corporation of the Oriental Institute was held. The meeting decided: 1) to recognize the student’s resolution as offensive to the entire professorial corporation, 2) to stop lecturing to students, 3) if the views expressed are shared by all students or by a majority of them, the institute’s corporation of professors and teachers will resign, 4) the present will return to their duties the composition of professors is possible only under the condition that all students who insulted him by the adoption of the mentioned resolution leave the institute.

Students refused to sign a decree meeting professors ^[1] .

On March 6, students of the Oriental Institute were read a telegram from the acting Governor-General of the Amur General M. S. Andreev to terminate classes at the Oriental Institute ^[2] .

On April 8, a meeting of workers' depots was held at Verkhneudinsk station , at which economic requirements were put forward ^[3] .

On May 1, by the order of the chief of the rear of the army, General Nadarov, martial law was introduced in the Transbaikal Region .

On October 28, a strike of railway employees and workers at Verkhneudinsk station began, spreading along the line of the Trans-Baikal Railway . Workers on the construction of military barracks in the village of Nizhnyaya Berezovka joined the strike.

On November 1, a detachment of soldiers under the command of the chief of the gendarme branch Cleif disperses the permitted assembly of railway employees in the building of the railway school ^[4] .

On November 4, information about the Manifesto on October 17, 1905 came to Verkhneudinsk. In the center of the city gathered residents, employees, railway workers. A spontaneous rally began on Pochtamtskaya Street . The crowd moved along Bolshaya Street ; the police department made speeches of two speakers from among the protesters. The floor was given to the Upper Udi district chief, Boorish. The demonstration continued on Bolshaya Street, where it stopped at the Public Assembly building. Through the Tsar’s Gate arch, demonstrators climbed up Nagornaya Square , where speeches were made at the soldiers’ barracks. The police were absent ^[4] .

On November 5, a public reading was held at the premises of public schools, at which the Manifesto was read on October 17 and clarifications were given.

On November 7, by order of the commander-in-chief of the Manchu armies, it was announced that the Trans-Baikal Railway was in all respects subordinate to the chief of the rear services of the army, General Nadarov, and the military guard of the entire Trans-Baikal Railway, up to and including Irkutsk , was assigned to the commander of the 13th Army Corps, General P. A. Pleve ^[5] .

In the second half of October, workers at the depot and workshops of the Trans-Baikal Railway set an eight-hour working day. The administration did not protest, but reduced wages ^[6] .

On November 12, a political rally was held at the Public Assembly. The exiled people's leader L.F. Mirsky was elected Chairman. The first was the inspector of public schools I.K. Okuntsov . He read the report "Fundamentals of Civil Liberty." Participants in the rally walked along Bolshaya Street with red banners. The police were absent ^[5] .

In mid-November, “mixed strike committees” arose on the Trans-Baikal Railway.

On November 28, a postal and telegraph strike began in Verkhneudinsk. In the cities of Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk and Chita, the strike began on November 15.

On December 5, at the station Verkhneudinsk, a general meeting of agents of the Trans-Baikal Railway traffic service was held. The meeting decided to join the All-Russian Railway Union. An executive committee of the organization named “Verkhneudinsky department of the Trans-Baikal Road Committee” was elected. The following were elected to the Committee: E. V. Rezvov, A. G. Nashinsky, F. P. Kachaev, E. I. Rabbit, K. L. Unger and S. M. Frantskevich ^[7] .

On December 6, a crowd of about 200 people gathered at the building of the police department, demanding that a police be formed.

On December 9, the chief of logistics, General Nadarov, by telegram fired “all ranks of the postal and telegraph district on the basis of Art. 135 provisions of command and control of the troops ” ^[8] . The connection of Verkhneudinsk with the outside world has practically ceased. Newspapers and letters were delivered to the city by random fellow travelers.

In mid-December, due to rumors of impending Jewish pogroms , a squad was organized to protect the property and identity of the citizens of the city. The squad consisted of three groups: workers depot, clerks and the Jewish population.

On December 14, Upper Udean teachers decided to join the All-Russian Teacher Union. One of the main tasks of the union was "the struggle for the political freedom of Russia and for the transfer of power into the hands of the people." The bureau of the Verkhneudinsky branch of the teacher's union was elected ^[9] .

On December 18, at a rally at Verkhneudinsk station, it was decided to boycott the Verkhneudinskiy Constitutional Newspaper, established by the City Duma, as well as all those involved in its publication and cooperation.

On December 19, members of the Social Democratic Labor Party organized a demonstration to protest against the celebration of the Tsar’s name day and against the “patriotic” manifestation expected on December 6 ^[10] .

On December 28, officers from the Verkhneudinsk station announced a boycott to the gendarme railway captain Kleif and asked him to "get out of Verkhneudinsk in two weeks." The boycott was caused by the arbitrariness of Cleif ^[11] .

On January 1, depositors of the Verkhneudinsky savings bank began to withdraw their deposits, “doubting the creditworthiness of the government” ^[12] .

On January 2, at a city rally of citizens of Verkhneudinsk, it was decided to resume the work of the post office and telegraph, subject to boycotting government telegrams and correspondence ^[13] .

On January 9 - 13, a teacher’s congress takes place in the building of a real school, in which up to 60 delegates participated ^[14] .

On January 12, by order of the administration, telegraph workers of the Transbaikal Railway were suspended from duty ^[6] .

In mid-January, in the chronicle of Verkhneudinsk, it was stated that “the city is as if in martial law; in the evenings there is a desperate shooting. Even military patrols shoot. Residents are afraid to leave their homes in the evenings ” ^[15] .

On January 19, Verkhneudinsky Constitutional Newspaper, the organ of the “interim liberal constitutional party,” began to be published in Verkhneudinsk ^[16] .

January 22 was the anniversary of Bloody Sunday in 1905 . Railway workers after a meeting at the station held a demonstration in the city with red and black flags . During the procession, taking advantage of the absence of workers at the station, gendarme captain Cleif captured 250 rifles at the station intended for arming workers ^[17] .

On January 23, a special Committee opened on the Trans-Baikal Railway, formed on the basis of a decree on December 14 on emergency protection of railways. The committee consisted of the chief of the road, the head of the troop movement, and the head of the gendarme department. The tasks of the Committee are “to protect the external order, continuity and correctness of the road, as well as to monitor the proper performance by all employees of their duties”.

January 27th. The city is undergoing searches . A detachment of gendarmes and soldiers led by gendarme captain Kleif searched the railway depot of Verkhneudinsk station.

In order to arrest part of the teaching staff by the police and gendarmes, an invasion of a real school and a female gymnasium were carried out during the lessons, while apartments of people who were not subject to arrest were searched. The owner of the newspaper Verkhneudinsky Listok Reifovich and the newspaper’s employees: Okuntsov, Shinkman, Mirsky were arrested ^[18] .

On January 30, the newspaper Verkhneudinsky List published an order from General P.K. Rennenkampf to stop the strike. A message was received about sending the punitive expedition of General Rennenkampf ^[19] .

On January 31, at a meeting of a special meeting of officials of the Trans-Baikal Region, the telegram of Minister of Internal Affairs P.N. Durnovo was reported: “In view of the martial law declared in the region, all rallies, gatherings and processions should be banned. Newspapers of a revolutionary nature are subject to prohibition. With violators of peace and order to cope with the force of arms, resolutely and without any hesitation. Guilty of resistance to the authorities and violence to bring to military court. "

On February 1, General Nadarov, the chief of logistics of the Manchurian armies, ordered the cases of “unrest” to be examined by a military court for “judging by the laws of the war”.

On February 2, on the basis of the order of General A.N. Meller-Zakomelsky, the Verkhneudinsky district chief ordered: "to immediately search the politically unreliable Jews for the purpose of tracing weapons."

On February 6, arrests take place at the station of Verkhneudinsk station and searches along the railway line. Wanted rifles. On the way to the east, all oncoming trains were delayed. Passengers were searched, weapons were confiscated, after interrogation, some passengers were arrested ^[20] . In total, at the beginning of 1906, about 400 people were arrested ^[21] .

On February 16, the punitive detachment of Meller-Zakomelsky at the Mogzon station was shot by the telegraph workers of the Khilok station: Alexei Tsekhmister, Innokenty Leontyev, Ivan Trimazov and Nikolai Belovitsky.

On February 23, in Verkhneudinsk, in the building of the railway school, a trial was held at the Rennenkampf detachment, which examined the case of thirteen employees of the Verkhneudinsk station. Accused:

1. Fuel Warehouse Manager Alexander Apollosovich Goldsobel;
2. Head of the draft section Meer Donovich Medvednikov;
3. locksmith Alexey Anisimovich Gordeev;
4. locksmith Ilya Grigorievich Schulz;
5. driver Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutinsky;
6. Assistant Station Manager Ivan Borisovich Mikeshin;
7. Conductor Victor Tsesarevich Ingilevich;
8. turner Ivan Antonovich Sedletsky;
9. driver Ivan Pakhomovich Nosov;
10. station head Anton G. Nashinsky;
11. assistant to the driver Vladimir Fedorovich Efimov;
12. locksmith Petr Maksimovich Limorenko - organizer of the fighting squad;
13. hereditary honorary citizen Konstantin Iosifovich Dmitriev.

Goldsobel, Medvednikov, Gordeev, Shultz, Milyutinsky, Nosov, Mikeshin, Limorenko and Nashinsky were sentenced to death. Ingilevich, Sedletsky and Dmitriev were sentenced to hard labor.

Then, the following final sentence was approved by the Rennenkampf: the defendants Goldsobel, Medvednikov, Gordeev, Schulz and Milyutinsky were sentenced to death by hanging, and the rest were sent to hard labor: Nashinsky, Limorenko, Mikeshin, Nosov, Ingilevich and Sedletsky for 8 years, and Dmitri of the year.

On February 25, near the station Verkhneudinsk, Goldsobel, Medvednikov, Gordeev, Schulz and Milyutinsky sentenced to death by the court were hanged. By order of Rennenkampf, the families of the executed were immediately expelled from the Trans-Baikal region.

On March 11, in Chita, before the military court, which was part of the detachment of General Rennenkampf, appeared:

1. doctor Isai Aronovich Shinkman - organizer of the armed police, led the publication of the revolutionary newspaper Verkhneudinsky Listok,
2. inspector of public schools, college adviser Ivan Kuzmich Okuntsov - was the actual editor, chief employee and member of the editorial committee of the revolutionary newspaper Verkhneudinsky Listok,
3. Lev Filippovich Mirsky , a peasant from Verkhneudinsky district, from exiles, collaborated in the revolutionary newspaper Verkhneudinsky List, "organized anti-government demonstrations, made public speeches at rallies, urging him to forcibly deprive the monarch of his supreme authority."

Shinkman, Mirsky and Okuntsov were sentenced to death. However, protests began in the capital press regarding the verdict. Against the verdict was made by the St. Petersburg Writers Union. As a result, the death penalty of all three was replaced by indefinite penal servitude.

Altogether, 31 people were executed by generals Meller-Zakomelsky and Rennenkampf, 13 of them Meller-Zakomelsky - without trial.

In addition, 63 people were sent to hard labor by Rennenkampf: 36 people without a term, one for 20 years, three for 15 years, one for 12 years, two for 10 years, 16 for 8 years and three for 4 years. Three were sent to a settlement with the deprivation of all rights of state, four were sentenced to arrest companies, one was imprisoned for 8 years, two were imprisoned in a fortress, and one officer was sentenced to expulsion from service with deprivation of military rank ^[22] .

The Verkhneudinsk organization of the RSDLP in 1906 published in the city the newspapers Pribaikalye, Baikalskaya Volna, and Zabaykalets. Circulations of newspapers ranged from 500 to 2000 copies.

The owner of the newspaper Pribaikalye, the Verkhneudinsky merchant Nodelman, was arrested in Irkutsk. The publication was closed. After leaving the prison on bail, Nodelman agreed to publish a new newspaper, the Baikal Wave. The newspaper Zabaykalets was owned by Reifovich. The newspaper was published in his house on Naberezhnaya Street. The publication was closed in October 1906.

Actual newspaper editors were Anton Fomich Sukhorukov and Boris Shumyatsky . After the closure of the Zabaikalets newspaper, the publication of the RSDLP newspapers in Verkhneudinsk ceased. Shumyatsky fled to Chita on October 18 or 20, 1906 ^[23]

• By Decree No. 1 of the Verkhneudinsky City Council of Workers' and Red Army Deputies of February 4, 1926, several streets in the village of railway workers received the names of Goldsobel, Milyutinsky, Gordeev, Schulz, Medvednikov ^[24] .
• By Decree No. 1 of the Verkhneudinsky City Council of Workers' and Red Army Deputies of February 4, 1926, the area between Amurskaya, Vladivostokskaya and Mezhdunarodskaya Streets was named 1905 Square. The area has not been preserved.

The list of historical monuments includes:

• The building of the old train depot;
• The house of Reifovich, which housed the editorial board and printing house of the newspaper Verkhneudinsky Listok. Naberezhnaya Street , house number 26;
• The building of the former railway school, which housed the strike committee and the headquarters of the working fighting squad. St. Revolution of 1905, house number 25;
• The building in which the Oriental Institute was located. St. Sukhe Bator, house number 16;
• Mass grave of Goldsobel, Medvednikov, Gordeev, Schulz and Milyutinsky. St. Gagarin .

• The revolutionary movement of 1905 in Buryatia // Life of Buryatia. Verkhneudinsk. No. 7-8 July – August 1925, pp. 17–39.
• Vl. Girchenko Highlights of the 1905 revolutionary movement in Buryatia // Life of Buryatia. Verkhneudinsk. No. 7 - No. 8 July - August 1925.
• F. A. Kudryavtsev 1905 in Buryat-Mongolia; Buryat Mong. state Institute of Culture. Sector of history. - Ulan-Ude: Burgosizdat, 1936
• A. Plavinsky Burning Hearts // Baikal, No. 4, July-August 1966, pp. 114–122