Ido

At first, Ido caused significant damage to the Esperanto movement - up to 10% of all Esperantists switched to Ido ^[5] . However, the first years of the spread and use of the ido were marked by continuous changes in language. Disputes arose among the Idists between the “conservatives” and those who advocated further reforms. Ido textbooks and dictionaries quickly became obsolete, and in this he lost his quality as a means of communication, and caused displeasure from his followers. Some prominent reformers even created new projects of the international language: Esperantido , Novial and others, which did not receive a noticeable number of supporters. The ido movement began to decline and by the middle of the 20th century it had decreased to scanty volumes.

At the beginning of the XXI century, however, there has been a slight increase in the number of supporters of the ido language, mainly in Western Europe. Objectively, ido far advanced Esperantology , expanded the experience of linguistic design and enriched Esperanto. Some successful suffixes , words, and expressions passed from Ido to Esperanto.

Compared to Esperanto, many changes were made to ido at all levels of the language: phonetics and spelling , morphology , vocabulary, and syntax . However, the most noticeable are phonetic-spelling and morphological changes, to a lesser extent lexical.

In the field of phonetics , a spelling correction was made: in order to "fit" into the Novolatian alphabet without diacritics and additional letters, the phoneme / x / was deleted from the Esperanto phonetic system (in the Esperanto graphic , the letter график ), but in the proper names / x / either replaced by / k /, or stored and denoted by the digraph kh . Also introduced is the optional pronunciation of the phoneme / j / (letter j ) as affricates [ʤ] (in Esperanto these are different phonemes: / ʒ / ĵ and / ʤ / ĝ ), but in their own names, to avoid ambiguity, / ʤ / is denoted by the combination dj .

The place of emphasis when reading the recorded text in ido is more difficult to establish than in Esperanto, although the general statement of the setting on the penultimate syllable has not changed much, cf. esp. l í ngvo ~ ido linguo (from the recorded it is not clear, / língwo / or / lingúo /, cf. ido arborgl ú o ), esp. famil í o ~ ido familio (from the recorded it is not clear, / famíljo / or / familío /, cf. ido desp í a ). Also in the ido in the stress rule, an exception was introduced regarding infinitives , where stress should be put on the last syllable of the word: lekt á r .

In the field of graphics and spelling, the creators of ido made an attempt to come closer to some spelling standards traditional for Western European (primarily Romance ) languages. However, this led to the loss of an unambiguous correspondence between the phoneme and the letter: phonemes / ʃ / and / ʧ / began to be denoted by letter combinations ( sh and ch, respectively; moreover, if the letters belong to different morphemes , then they are read separately as / sh / and / ʦh /); on the contrary, the sound combination / ks / began to be denoted by a single letter x (in addition, if / k / and / s / refer to different morphemes, then ks is written). The phonemes / w / and / j / (in Esperanto, the letters ŭ and j, respectively) began to be denoted in two ways: / w / by the letters w and u (in combination / CwV /), and / j / by the letters y and i (in combination / CjV /), with the addition of the digraph qu , read as / kw / (with / gw / being written gu ).

In morphology , the following changes have been made compared to Esperanto:

• Change of plural form of names from agglutinative formant -oj to inflective -i ;
• The optional use of the direct- add formant -n (“ accusative case ”), as well as the termination of its use in the meaning of the directive ;
• The definitions denoted by the formant -a became unchanged and do not agree with the designated name in the number (in Esperanto, the article la , collective numeral ambaŭ “both” and the pronoun mem itself were unchanged);
• The infinitive began to be denoted by the agglutinative formants -ar , -ir , -or (where -a- , -i- , -o- are time indicators, as in the indicative mood );
• And also some. other changes.

In the field of vocabulary , a significant part of the words was corrected, and there were two principles of corrections, with the opposite bias: on the one hand, the words were brought into a more “natural” form (often just graphically), on the other, the words, on the contrary, were simplified so that “ facilitate "pronunciation (for example: absceso > abceso , scienco > cienco ), which sometimes made them unrecognizable and contrary to the principle of" naturalness "of the word form.

However, the main work of the creators of Ido was aimed at correcting the Esperanto word system. In Esperanto, the root is usually attached to a certain part of speech , which affects the methods and forms of word formation from a given root. In ido, the root itself does not apply to any part of speech, which theoretically was to free the student from remembering how to derive derived words from which root. However, at the same time, the Ido system introduced the Romanesque system of the formation of action names and the names of the actor, as a result of which the binding of roots to parts of speech was practically preserved, cf. in Esperanto adj - granda “large” → the name of the action grando “magnitude”, the name of the activist grandulo “giant” and the verb bati “beat” → the name of the action bato “beating”, the name of the activist batisto “beater”. In ido, from adjectives and from verbs, the names of actions and figures are formed in different ways: granda → grandeso “magnitude”, grando “giant”, batar → bato “beating”, batisto “beater”. Here you can see that the name of the action from the verb has the same form as the name of the figure from the adjective, for this reason you need to know exactly whether the root is a verb or an adjective.

In addition to this, the practice of using affixes as independent words was canceled, and a large number of additional affixes were introduced to more accurately express certain semantic nuances (cf. esp. Legisto “reader” ~ ido lektisto “professional reader” and lektero “reader -lover "and under.). In Esperanto, only animate names denoting females (with the exception of suffixes of familiar circulation) have a special designation, as well as males and females, while the absence of a suffix indicates relevance to both sexes immediately, cf. esp. frato “brother”, frat in o “sister” ~ ido frato “brother / sister”, frat ul o “brother”, frat in o “sister”.

In the syntax area, the following changes can be noted:

• Although in both Esperanto and Ido the position of the adjective with respect to the defined word is not fixed, in Esperanto it is customary to put adjectives in front of the defined word (influence of Slavic and Germanic languages), and in ido after (influence of Romance languages).
• In Esperanto, the phrase “accusative with the infinitive” does not express time, but in ido, because of the infinitive's variability over time, it expresses: cf. esp mi vidas lin legi “I see that he reads / read / will read (in practice, almost always the present)” ~ ido me vidas il lektar “I see that he reads” / me vidas il lektir “I see that he read "/ me vidas il lektor " I see that he will read. "
• An infinitive in Esperanto as a nominal part of a predicate requires an adverb , in ido an infinitive requires an adjective, cf. esp vivi estas bone “living is good” ~ ido vivar esas bona .

The combination and even some confrontation of two principles - approaching the natural (primarily Romance, especially French) languages ​​and the principle of a priori give the ido a peculiar look.

Phonology

Spelling

Ido uses the same 26 letters of the Latin alphabet as English, although the meanings of some letters are different. Ido does not use diacritics .

In addition, there are three digraphs in ido:

Grammar

Pronouns

Our Father

• Artificial language
• Esperanto
• Interlingua
• Novial
• Esperantido

• Official site of ido (ido)
• IDO International Language
• Forum on and about Ido (ido)
• Ido textbooks in Russian, Dyer’s ido-English dictionary
• International Support Language IDO (PDF)
• En la rubriko “ Euyasik ” l´administranto deziras kolektar kontributuri a la temi “komunikado” e “linguo”. La baricentro dil afero esez ye to la promoco di projetlingui , qui future povus servar kom linguo di komunikado.