Jardine matheson

From the founding to the 1870s

The company Jardine, Matheson and Co was founded in Canton in 1832 by the Scots William Jardine (1784–1843) and James Matheson (1796–1878). Thus, it is one of the oldest trading houses (previously known as “ ”), preserved until the 21st century. In 1834 , after the British East India Company lost its monopoly on trade with China, Jardine, Matheson and Co was the first to begin supplying tea to Britain. In 1841, Jardine and Mathison purchased the first plots of land located at (modern Causeway Bay ) for £ 565. After Hong Kong under the Nanking Treaty (1842) withdrew to the UK, to which the founders of Jardine, Matheson and Co were directly related, the company's headquarters moved to this fast-growing British enclave. Jardine, Matheson and Co immediately built a large opium warehouse, shipyard and other buildings, starting to play a leading role in the business world of Hong Kong. In 1843, the company's fleet, consisting of six high-speed and well-armed clippers , dominated the opium trade off the coast of China, delivering drugs from British India on its own. In 1844, Jardine, Matheson and Co. opened its office in Shanghai , followed by Canton, Amoy and Fuzhou . The profits of the Jardine and Mathison families in the years 1827–1847 amounted to £ 3 million (most of this amount was received in the second half of this twentieth anniversary), and the average maintenance of the fleet and warehouses in the 1840s was 300 Thousands of dollars. ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} .

Initially engaged in trade in opium, tea, cotton, yarn, fabrics, coal, metals and equipment, soon Jardine, Matheson and Co diversified its interests through insurance, banking, shipping and railways (in 1855 the shipping line Calcutta - Dalny began to operate East ). By the 1860s, the company's drug smuggling activity began to decline, but despite this, after the Second Opium War, Jardine, Matheson and Co continued to lead in this business, which was actually legalized by the British (in 1860-1872, the company supplied narcotics to an average 300 thousand pounds per year). Over time, due to falling opium prices and the high position of the Jardine, Matheson and Co owners in Britain, drug smuggling became completely “indecent”, and, trying to change its image, the company even began to sponsor the publication of translations of Chinese classics made by James Legging . In addition, after 1865, the company’s representatives were part of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, and since the end of the 19th century, they also belonged to the Governing Body (even though in the second half of the 19th century Jardine, Matheson and Co also had an influential lobby in parliament and the UK government). In 1868, the company absorbed the Hong Kong Fire Insurance Co., which had insured against fires (earlier, the Union Insurance Canton of Canton and Canton Insurance Office, established in the mid-1830s) were under its control, in 1869 laying the first private telegraph in the colony, which connected its disparate offices, in 1876 founded the first sugar refinery, China Sugar Refining , in Hong Kong ^{[10] [17] [18] [19] [20]} .

From the 1870s to the mid-20th century.

In 1877, the junior partner of Jardine, Matheson and Co, became one of the directors of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation , which led to the convergence of the two largest business groups in Hong Kong and served as the beginning of their joint lending to the Qinsky yard and Chinese governors In addition, Jardine, Matheson and Co actively provided loans to the imperial court and independently). Another partner of Jardine, Matheson and Co - J. Wittal - headed largest Hong Kong shipbuilding company, which employed almost 4.5 thousand people by the end of the 19th century. In 1879, Jardine, Matheson and Co opened the first artificial ice factory in the colony, in 1881 united several of its shipping companies in the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company (“Ihe”), which by 1893 already had 22 vessels. In 1885, 37.45% of the company's investments accounted for shipping companies, 28.7% for shipbuilding and ship repair yards, berths and warehouses, 20.2% for The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, 10% for sugar factories, 3, 55% of insurance companies (in the mid-1880s, the total investment of Jardine, Matheson and Co in Hong Kong and China was 2.3 million lianov , and after 10 years it reached 5 million). In 1886, the company absorbed Hong Kong Wharf and Godown Co, which was established in 1884, which built berths and large warehouses in Jiulong , and in 1887 opened a cement plant in Hong Kong. During this period, the main comprador of Jardine, Matheson and Co was Robert Hothun . By the early 1890s, Jardine, Matheson and Co and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation represented the most influential force in the economy of the colony and occupied leading positions in China’s foreign trade (there was also a significant interweaving of capital between the companies, in particular, the bank owned shares of some shipping companies and insurance companies (Jardine, Matheson and Co) ^{[21] [22] [23]} .

In 1890 Jardine, Matheson and Co invested in the energy company created by British entrepreneur of Armenian origin Paul Chater ; in 1897, Jardine, Matheson and Co, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Italian entrepreneur A. Lusatti created the “Beijing Syndicate” (“Fuguns”), which was engaged in the construction of railways and mining in the provinces of Henan and Shaanxi ; In the same year, the company opened a large weaving factory in Hong Kong. In 1898, Jardine, Matheson and Co and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation established the British and China Corporation (BCC), specializing in railway construction in China. In the same year, Jardine, Matheson and Co. co-founded , which operated a regular ferry service between Hong Kong and Jiulun. At the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, Jardine, Matheson and Co became the largest British trade conglomerate operating in the Far East and acquired branches in all important Chinese cities, as well as in Yokohama , Kobe and Nagasaki . In 1906, Jardine, Matheson and Co was transformed into a limited liability company (limited company), in 1907, a subsidiary of British and China Corporation signed an important contract for the construction of the Kowloon-Canton railway . In 1918, shipping companies owned by Jardine, Matheson and Co, carried out 21.4% of all traffic on the Yangtze (in 1928 - already 26.4%). In the first decades of the 20th century, the company built or upgraded cotton, spinning, worsted, silk-rearing and food factories, packaging and breweries, refrigerators and an artificial ice factory in Shanghai , which actually became the main center of the Jardine business empire, Matheson and Co (even earlier she seized the berths in the port of Shanghai and built a railway from Shanghai to Xuzhou ), and also expanded her interests in Africa, America and Australia. In 1923, a subsidiary engineering and service (or Ewo Engineering Co) was founded in Shanghai, which installed the first elevator in China and the first air conditioner in Hong Kong. By 1930, insurance companies controlled by Jardine, Matheson and Co increased their capital to 10 million yuan. But with the beginning of the large-scale Japanese invasion of China (1937), Jardine, Matheson and Co suffered heavy financial losses in the Asia-Pacific region ^{[10] [22] [24] [25] [26]} .

From the second half of the 20th century to the present day.

After the Japanese occupation of Shanghai and Hong Kong Jardine, Matheson and Co was forced to close all their enterprises and offices and evacuate European personnel, retaining only a small office in Chongqing . After the war, the company was one of the first to resume its activities in Hong Kong and Shanghai (including shipping), and by the summer of 1947 it even began operations in Japan. With the loss of the huge Chinese market after the communists came to power (1949) and the closure of the offices of all foreign companies (1954), Jardine Matheson began to look for other areas for its investments. In 1961, Jardine Matheson entered the stock exchange, becoming a public company , established a representative office in Australia in 1963 , and opened the first hotel in Hong Kong, which marked the beginning of a large hotel chain, and in 1967 established a representative office in Indonesia. first Asian merchant bank founded in 1970 , soon began its expansion into Hawaii and the Philippines . The 1970s Hong Kong construction boom pushed Jardine Matheson to buy largest colony construction company (1975), at the same time the group infiltrated the US and UK insurance markets, laying the foundation for Jardine Insurance Brokers. In 1977, Jardine Matheson had 11 branches in the Far East, in the USA, Great Britain and South Africa (61.9% of the company's capital was concentrated in Western Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand, 37% in Hong Kong). After starting economic reforms in China in 1979, Jardine Matheson was one of the first foreign companies to return to their usual market and opened a representative office in Beijing ^{[27] [28] [29]} .

From 1967 to 1980, Jardine Matheson increased its capital from 459 million to almost 7.5 billion races. dollars, she owned more than 50% of the shares in 230 companies and more than 20% of the shares - in 140 companies. The investment structure of Jardine Matheson looked like this: real estate - 40%, trade and light industry - 24%, banking and insurance - 19%, transport and logistics - 10%, development of natural resources - 7%. In the 1980s, 37,000 Jardine Matheson employees conducted operations in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Saudi Arabia and South Africa. In 1980, Jardine Schindler (installation of elevators and escalators) and Dairy Farm (delivery of food for passengers) were founded by their first joint ventures in China. In the run-up to the transition of Hong Kong to the sovereignty of China, the company registered in Bermuda as Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited in 1984, sold its shipping business in the same year, and in 1986 acquired the Dairy Farm and Mandarin Oriental Hong Kong Stock Exchange. the franchise of the brands Pizza Hut and IKEA , as well as the promotion of the Mercedes-Benz brand in South China ^{[27] [30]} . By the way, the future British Prime Minister David Cameron ^{[31] [32] [33]} worked for three months in 1984 in the Hong Kong office of Jardine Matheson.

In 1991, Jardine Insurance Brokers went public on the London Stock Exchange , and in the mid-1990s, Jardine Matheson Holdings and most of the public companies of the group followed its lead (the Singapore Stock Exchange became the Asian stock center of the conglomerate). In 1997, the Jardine Lloyd Thompson Insurance Corporation (JLT) was formed as a result of the merger of Jardine Insurance Brokers and Lloyd Thompson Group. In 2000, Jardine Matheson and Jardine Strategic sold the investment bank Jardine Fleming to the American group JPMorgan Chase , in 2005 Jardine Strategic acquired 20% of the shares of the British bank Rothschild Continuation, in 2006 Jardine Lloyd Thompson entered the mainland China market, in 2007 - into the market Vietnam (also in 2007, Jardine Strategic and Rothschild Continuation created a joint venture Jardine Rothschild Asia Capital to work in Asian markets). In 2008, a subsidiary construction company Gammon signed a large contract for the construction of an administrative complex for the UAR government in the center of Hong Kong. In 2009, the Jardine Restaurant Group acquired a franchise to promote the KFC network in Taiwan, and the Jardine Matheson group's profit exceeded $ 1 billion, which is 28% more than in the previous year. In May 2010, Jardine Pacific increased its share in from 25% to 42%. By the end of 2010, group companies received more than 40% of profits in mainland China ^{[30] [34] [35]} .

The leading role in the holding's leadership is played by the descendants of William Jardine and William Keswick - brothers Henry, Simon and John (Chips) Keswick , sons of Sir William Johnston Keswick, and also Ben Keswick (son of Simon) and Adam Keswick (son of Chips). In this case, Henry Keswick is among the most influential businessmen in Asia and the UK ^{[12] [40] [41] [42] [43]} . As of 2012, the board of directors of Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited included ^{[44] [45]} :

The top management of the management company Jardine Matheson Limited consists of chairman and managing director Henry Keswick, deputy chairman and deputy managing director Adam Keswick, strategic director of the group Mark Greenberg, chairman of Jardine Matheson (China) David Xu, head of Hongkong Land and director of Jardine Matheson (China) Phan Yukai, Group Financial Director James Riley, Group General Counsel Giles White, Head of Group Personnel Services Richie Bent, Head of Tax Group Betty Chan, Group Treasurer Adrian Than, Financial Controller Wilson Group University, legal manager of Stephen Hopkins, group corporate secretary and director Neil McNamara, chief auditor and risk manager Trevor Fitssaymmons group ^[46] .

The largest shareholder of Jardine Matheson (through Jardine Strategic) is , but the ownership structure is not disclosed in more detail. The Dzhardinov family also exists today, it bears the inherited title of baronets (in 1885, it was received by the politician and businessman ) and still controls the share in Jardine Matheson ^{[47] [48]} . As of October 2012, about 21.5% of Jardine Matheson Holdings shares were in free float ^[49] . The Keswick family is related to many of the most influential names in the UK. Sir John Keswick married Sarah Ramsey (her family included the Counts of Delhousie and the Ancasters, the Barons of Lovat, and the Lairds of Stirling). Sir Henry Keswick married Annabelle Fraser (in her family were the barons Lovat and Ribblestoun, baronets Broutony). Simon Keswick married Emma Chetwood (in her family were the counts of Minto and the baronets of Chetwood) ^[50] .

The main business units of the conglomerate are Jardine Matheson Limited (Hong Kong), Matheson & Co (London), Jardine Strategic Holdings (Hong Kong), Jardine Lloyd Thompson Group (London), Jardine Pacific (Hong Kong), Dairy Farm International Holdings (Hong Kong), Jardine Cycle & Carriage (Singapore), Astra International (Jakarta), Jardine Motors Group (Hong Kong), Hongkong Land (Hong Kong) and Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group (Hong Kong). As of 2012, the group controlled 100% Jardine Pacific and Jardine Motors, 82% Jardine Strategic, 78% Dairy Farm, 74% Mandarin Oriental, 72% Jardine Cycle & Carriage, 50% Hongkong Land and 42% Jardine Lloyd Thompson (also , Jardine Cycle & Carriage controlled more than 50% of Astra International Corporation ^{[51] [12] [52] [53] [54]} .

Jardine Strategic Holdings

Founded in 1986, is the financial center of a conglomerate through which the Keswick family owns controlling stakes in both the entire Jardine Matheson holding (55%) and individual companies of the group (Dairy Farm, Hongkong Land , Mandarin Oriental, Jardine Cycle & Carriage and others). Jardine Strategic Holdings also controls the Swiss company Jardine Strategic Investment Holdings, various stakes in the British insurance corporation , the British Rothschild Continuation Holdings Bank, the Cambodian ACLEDA Bank , the Vietnamese , the Bermuda Bank , the Indian energy group and other companies ^{[30] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]} . In 2013–2014, Jardine Strategic Holdings became a shareholder in the largest Chinese car dealer Zhongsheng Group , specializing in expensive cars ^{[60] [61]} .

• Jardine Lloyd Thompson Group (JLT) is a large insurance broker and financial company specializing in insurance risks, consulting, outsourcing, reinsurance, general insurance, various products and services (pension services, medical insurance, investments, employee benefits, risk management). JLT has about 7.1 thousand employees and more than 100 offices in 33 countries and territories of the world. The group was formed in 1997 by the merger of Jardine Insurance Brokers and Lloyd Thompson Group (Lloyd Thompson, founded in 1981 and listed on the London Stock Exchange since 1987, had a strong presence in the UK, and Jardine Insurance Brokers, founded in 1972, was widely represented in the Asia-Pacific region) ^{[62] [63] [64] [65]} . In general, the Jardine Matheson group began to engage in the insurance business as early as 1836 , when Canton Insurance was founded in China (Jardine Matheson entered the UK retail insurance market only in 1908) ^[66] .

Jardine Pacific

Jardine Pacific holding, founded in 1988 (until 1997 was known as Jardine Pacific Management Ltd), is controlled by Asian non-public companies (installation and maintenance of equipment, technical expertise), (leading construction Hong Kong contractor with extensive interests in China and Southeast Asia), Jardine Shipping Services, and (transportation and logistics services at the port and airport of Hong Kong), Jardine Schindler (installation elevators and escalators), Jardine OneSolution (information technology), Jardine Prope rty Investment (real estate investment), Jardine Restaurant Group (a chain of restaurants, including Pizza Hut in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam) and Jardine Travel Group (tourism) ^{[30] [67] [68]} .

• Jardine Restaurant Group (JRG), wholly owned by Jardine Pacific and having more than 13,000 employees, is one of the largest restaurant chains in Asia (operates almost 390 restaurants, including Pizza Hut in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam, and KFC in Taiwan) . In addition, the company has one of the largest food delivery systems in offices and apartments. The first restaurant, Pizza Hut, opened in Hong Kong in 1981, in 1987 the network development franchise in Hong Kong was acquired by Jardine Matheson, and in 1989 the network entered the Macao market ^{[69] [70] [71]} .
• Gammon Construction , which has an annual turnover of more than $ 1.5 billion and more than 5 thousand employees, is a large Hong Kong-based design and construction corporation owned by Jardine Matheson and the British group on a parity basis. Gammon was founded in British India in 1919, began operating in Hong Kong in 1955, and in 1958 founded a subsidiary of Gammon Construction Limited in the colony. In 1969, Jardine Matheson became a minority shareholder of Gammon Construction, in 1975 bought out the remaining shares of the company, and in 1985 sold 50% of the shares of Gammon to the British group in 1996, it became part of the Norwegian group , which in 2000 sold its construction business to the Swedish group Skanska , and that in turn sold its stake in the Gammon group to Balfour Beatty in 2004). In the 1980s, Gammon went beyond Hong Kong, entrenched in China, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines. The corporation specializes in the construction of tunnels, bridges, highways, subway lines, berths, airports, alluvial areas, wastewater treatment plants, industrial, residential, commercial and office buildings ^{[72] [73] [74]} .
• Jardine Engineering Corporation (JEC), founded in Shanghai in 1923 , specializes in assembly and technical works and equipment maintenance (electrical, mechanical and construction technologies, safety, water purification and conditioning), management of various projects, supply of agricultural and building chemicals (including including through subsidiary Jardine Distribution), conducting technical examinations and evaluating contracts. JEC, wholly owned by Jardine Pacific, is active in the Philippines, in Thailand, Singapore, China and Macau (in 2012, the company acquired the large Singapore-based company Thermal Private Ltd) ^{[26] [75] [76] [77] [78]} .
• The Jardine Schindler Group was founded in 1974 on a parity basis as a joint venture of Jardine Matheson and the Swiss corporation Schindler (their collaboration began in 1929, when the Jardine Engineering Corporation was appointed as the main distributor of Schindler products in Shanghai). The company has about 3,000 employees and specializes in installing, maintaining and upgrading elevators, escalators and moving passages in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Cambodia and Myanmar ^{[79] [80 ] [81]} .
• Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals (Hactl) is the leading air cargo handling operator at Hong Kong International Airport and manages the world's largest (in 2011, the company handled over 2.7 million tons of cargo, which was 70% of Hong Kong's airport). Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals customers are about 100 international airlines and about 1 thousand freight forwarders from around the world. Jardine Matheson owns almost 42% of the company, the remaining shares are distributed between The Wharf (Holdings) , Hutchison Port Holdings and . Hactl was founded in 1971 and by the time of its closure, Kaitak Airport in 1998 handled about 1.5 million tons of cargo there annually. Since 1998, all cargo flows of the company were transferred to Superterminal No. 1, the construction and commissioning of which cost $ 1 billion. Also, through its subsidiary Hong Kong Air Cargo Industry Services (Hacis), the company delivers cargo from Hong Kong to mainland China ^{[82] [ 83] [84] [85] [86]} .
• Jardine Aviation Services Group (JASG) is a leading service company at the Hong Kong International Airport, serving more than 10 million passengers and 100 thousand air travels annually, as well as handling more than 340 thousand tons of cargo (over 60 international and Chinese regional airlines are among JASG customers). Jardine Aviation Services Group specializes in providing services to passengers (checking and checking in tickets, boarding and disembarking, loading and unloading luggage, meeting and information services), airlines (food delivery and aircraft refueling, crew service, documentary support of cargo) and airport ( maintenance of equipment and telephone calls). In addition, JASG's interests include travel services in Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as passenger and bus services at Kunming International Airport. Jardine Pacific owns 50% of the shares of the Jardine Aviation Services Group (the second half of the shares is concentrated in the hands of China National Aviation Corporation). The company was founded in 1988 by reorganizing the former Jardine Airways, which has operated in Hong Kong since 1946 ^{[87] [88] [89]} .
• Jardine Shipping Services (JSS), wholly owned by Jardine Pacific, specializes in servicing ships (legal and customs support, control of loading and unloading operations and calculations, logistics services, safety of ships and crews, communication with port authorities, recruitment of crews and pilots). With 1.3 thousand employees and more than 50 offices in Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and the Philippines, JSS provides services to its customers in 200 ports in Asia, serving about 1,000 ships a month. In fact, shipping services are the oldest business line of the entire Jardine Matheson group ^{[90] [91] [92]} .
• Jardine OneSolution (JOS), wholly owned by Jardine Pacific and having over 3,000 employees, is a large information technology company active in Hong Kong, Macao, China, Singapore and Malaysia (over 20,000 transnational corporations among JOS customers present in Asia, as well as government structures). Jardine OneSolution began in the 1960s as a distributor of Canon products in Hong Kong, after taking over a number of Hong Kong firms in 1995, it settled in the Chinese market, and in 1998 in the Singapore and Malaysia markets. She specializes in the supply and maintenance of computer equipment, office equipment, consumables and office supplies, software ^{[93] [94] [95] [96]} . In January 2011, JOS bought SiS International Holdings information business in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia ^[97] .
• Jardine Travel Group , founded in 1973 , is one of the leading agents of British Airways and a major operator of corporate tourism in Hong Kong. Jardine Pacific owns 55% of the shares of Jardine Travel Group ^{[98] [99] [100]} .
• Jardine Property Investment , wholly owned by Jardine Pacific, specializes in investment in residential real estate (by July 2012, its assets were estimated at $ 388 million) ^[101] .

Dairy Farm International Holdings

is one of the largest trading groups in Asia (more than 90 thousand employees), it is registered in Bermuda, managed from Hong Kong through Dairy Farm Management Services, listed on the London , Singapore and Bermuda exchanges (78% of the company’s shares) Jardine Strategic). Dairy Farm controls supermarket chains (Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam), (Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan), (Singapore and Malaysia), (Malaysia , Indonesia and Brunei), Shop N Save (Singapore), Hero (Indonesia), (India), (Hong Kong), Oliver's The Delicatessen (Hong Kong), Lucky (Cambodia), (Philippines) and Shopwise (Philippines), Giant hypermarket chains (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Vietnam) and Shopwise (Philippines), health and beauty stores Hong Kong, Macao and China), Guardian (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Vietnam ) and Health and Glow (India), grocery stores 7-Eleven (Hong Kong, Macao, China and Singapore) and Starmart (Indonesia), furniture stores IKEA (Hong Kong and Taiwan). Dairy Farm also owns a 50 percent stake in , which operates a large chain of restaurants, cafes, pastry shops, snack bars and bakeries (including the Starbucks chain of coffee houses in Hong Kong and Macau, the chain of restaurants in Hong Kong and China, the bakery chain in Hong Kong) ^{[51] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108]} .

The farm, initially numbering 80 head of cattle, was founded in 1886 on the territory of the modern South District of Hong Kong by the eminent Scottish doctor Patrick Manson and five Hong Kong entrepreneurs. In 1892, the company opened a warehouse with a freezer for storing milk in the city center, whose consumers were mainly European colony residents, in 1899 began to import butter from Australia, in 1904 opened its first store in the center and started importing frozen meat, in 1916 opened a meat workshop in 1918, an artificial ice factory. In 1928, Dairy Farm already had six stores in Hong Kong and served customers through its branches in Macau and Guangdong, and in 1964 acquired several Wellcome grocery stores in the colony, eventually transforming them into a leading supermarket chain. In 1972, Hongkong Land, which was part of the Jardine Matheson group , bought the company, and in 1976 Dairy Farm already managed 19 supermarkets in Hong Kong and Jiulun, and in 1979, it acquired the Australian merchant network. In 1980, the company established a joint venture in Beijing to provide food to air passengers, and the first 7-Eleven store was opened in Hong Kong in 1981 by a franchise . In 1986, Dairy Farm, which had already managed 300 stores, separated from Hongkong Land, independently entered the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and bought a 50% stake in Maxim's restaurant chain, and in 1987 acquired a 25% stake in the sixth largest British grocery chain and entered the Taiwan supermarket market, bought the Hong Kong 7-Eleven chain from Jardine Matheson in 1989 ^{[22] [29] [30] [109] [110] [111]} .

In the early 1990s, Dairy Farm through the acquisition of a number of chains entered the markets of supermarkets in Spain (in 1990 - 108 Simago stores), New Zealand (in 1990 - 61 Woolworth stores ) and Singapore (in 1993 - 142 Cold Storage stores) , but was later forced to sell its European assets. In 1992, Dairy Farm opened the first 7-Eleven stores in Guangdong and set up a joint venture with Nestle for the production of dairy products in China. In 1994, the company started a business in Malaysia, in 1995 - in Japan, Indonesia and India, in 1998 sold the Simago network and its stake in Kwik Save, withdrew from the joint venture with Nestle and closed Wellsave stores in Japan, but entered the capital The largest Indonesian supermarket group, Hero, and invested in expanding its assets in Malaysia, Singapore and India. In 1999, Dairy Farm bought the Malaysian Giant chain, in 2000 opened the first Giant hypermarket in Singapore, and Maxim`s Caterers established a joint venture with the American Starbucks corporation to promote similar coffee houses in Hong Kong. In 2001, Dairy Farm sold its Australian division (Franklins), in 2002 - the New Zealand network Woolworth, fully focusing on the fast-growing Asian market. In the same 2002, the company acquired from Jardine Pacific a network of furniture stores IKEA in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and also started a business in South Korea. In 2003, Dairy Farm bought the Taiwanese chain Kayo, the Singapore chain Shop N Save, Indonesian and Malaysian supermarkets Ahold , in 2004 - the Hong Kong network , in 2005 entered the market of Thailand, in 2006 - the market of Vietnam, and also founded the ThreeSixty network. In 2007, Dairy Farm bought the Chinese Quik network and founded the Jasons MarketPlace chain, but left Thailand, in 2008 it left Korea and entered the Brunei market. By the end of 2009, the total number of Dairy Farm stores exceeded 5 thousand, by the end of 2011 - 5.4 thousand (the group's turnover in 2011 exceeded $ 10 billion), by the middle of 2012 - 5.5 thousand. ^{[34] [102] [103] [112] [113] [114] [115]} .

Jardine Cycle & Carriage

is listed on the Singapore Exchange (as of 2012, its market capitalization exceeded $ 17 billion), it sells and services cars and motorcycles in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam (represents the Mercedes-Benz and BMW brands). , Toyota , Honda , Mitsubishi , Daihatsu , Kia , Hyundai , Citroën , Peugeot and Foton). Also Jardine Cycle & Carriage controls 50.1% of Indonesian multi-holding Astra International holdings (sales of cars, motorcycles, construction and mining equipment, financial services, automotive components production, agribusiness, infrastructure, logistics and information technology), 100% of Singapore Motors, 59% Cycle & Carriage Bintang, 44% Tunas Ridean and 32% Truong Hai Auto. Taking into account all subsidiaries, Jardine Cycle & Carriage has more than 180,000 employees, 72% of the company's shares belong to Jardine Strategic ^{[116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123]} .

Jardine Cycle & Carriage was founded in Kuala Lumpur in 1899 as a small trading company, moved to Singapore in 1926, and was listed on the stock exchange in 1969. In 1992, Jardine Matheson bought a 16% stake in Cycle & Carriage, marking the beginning of a takeover of a Singapore company. In 2000, Cycle & Carriage bought the first 31% stake in the Indonesian holding Astra International. In 2002, after Jardine Strategic increased its share in Cycle & Carriage from 30% to more than 50%, the Singapore company joined the Jardine Matheson group and in 2004 changed its name to Jardine Cycle & Carriage (in the same year became a shareholder of a large Indonesian car dealer Tunas Ridean). In 2005, after purchasing an additional stake, Astra International became a subsidiary of Jardine Cycle & Carriage, in 2008 Jardine Cycle & Carriage acquired a 20% stake in the leading Vietnamese automobile company Truong Hai Automotive Corporation (in 2009 it increased its share to 29%) ^{[ 22] [30] [34] [124] [125] [126]} .

• Astra International (officially - PT Astra International Tbk) sells and services cars and motorcycles (represents the brands Toyota , Lexus , Daihatsu , Isuzu , Peugeot , BMW and Honda ), insurance, sales lending and leasing of automotive, construction and mining equipment (Astra Insurance , Astra Credit Companies, Astra Finance, Astra Daihatsu Motor Vehicles, Astra Honda Motor Vehicles, Astra Daihatsu Motor Vehicles, Astra Daihatsu Motor Vehicles, Astra Honda Motor Vehicles Motor), infrastructure projects, in particular toll motorways, water purification, transshipment Ruzov (Astratel Nusantara and Intertel Nusaperdana), logistics, sea and passenger transport, car rental (Serasi Autoraya), mining (Pamapersada Nusantara), and also controls 96% of Astra Otoparts (production of automotive components), 80% of Astra Agro Lestari (plantation and palm oil production), 77% Astra Graphia (information technology and distribution of office equipment Fuji Xerox), 60% (sale and service of heavy equipment Komatsu , BOMAG , UD Trucks , Scania , Valmet and , coal and ore equipment) and 45% banking . Astra International, founded in 1957 as a small trading company, is listed on the (since 1990), as of the end of 2011, more than 169 thousand people worked in 158 divisions, subsidiaries and branches of the group ^{[119] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]} .

Jardine Motors Group

The company is engaged in the sale and maintenance of cars in Hong Kong, Macau, China and the UK (the British branch has about 3 thousand employees). In 1975, Jardine Matheson bought a controlling stake in Zung Fu, a Hong Kong-based distributor of Mercedes-Benz cars, which later became the basis of Jardine Motors. In 1981, Jardine Matheson acquired 76% of the British car dealer Lancaster, founded in 1969 by Ronald and Nicholas Lancaster (in 1992, the group concentrated 100% of Lancaster). In 1990, all of the group's automotive assets were merged into Jardine International Motors (in 2000 it ceased to be listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and was renamed Jardine Motors) ^{[29] [30] [34] [136] [137] [138]} .

Jardine Motors sells Aston Martin , Jaguar , Land Rover , Bentley , McLaren , Audi , Volkswagen , SEAT , Škoda , BMW , MINI , Mercedes-Benz , Smart , Porsche , Volvo , Jeep , Ferrari , Maserati , Lamborghini cars in the UK Honda , Toyota and Lexus , as well as Harley-Davidson motorcycles . The Zung Fu Company Limited division controls sales of Mercedes-Benz , Smart and Hyundai cars in Hong Kong, Macau and South China (cooperation with Mercedes-Benz started in 1954 ) ^{[136] [139]} .

Hongkong Land

is one of the largest real estate operators, founded in 1889 by Khachik Paul Chater and William Keswick (the company owns and operates large office, retail and residential assets in Hong Kong, Singapore, Macau, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Malaysia and Cambodia). Hongkong Land is registered in Bermuda, listed on the London, Singapore and Bermuda exchanges, 50% of the company's shares are controlled by Jardine Strategic. In 1963, Hongkong Land opened the first Mandarin hotel in Hong Kong, began optimizing assets in Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam and the Philippines in 1998, entered the Chongqing market in 2004, creating a joint venture with Chongqing Longhu Real Estate Development, in 2006 bought 77% of the shares of the MCL Land residential real estate operator listed on the Singapore Exchange ^{[22] [29] [30] [34] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145]} .

In Hong Kong , Hongkong Land manages about 450 thousand square meters of commercial real estate in the heart of the business district. The company's major assets include shopping and office complexes , Exchange Square , Jardine House , Chater House , , Alexandra House, Edinburgh Tower, Gloucester Tower and York House, residential complexes Serenade and The Sail at Victoria, as well as the Tradeport Hong Kong logistics complex (a joint venture with the and Fraport ) ^{[140] [146] [147] [148]} .

In Singapore , Hongkong Land assets are concentrated in the new business district of Marina Bay . Among the largest are shopping and office and residential complex , shopping and office complexes and , shopping center ^{[140] [149] [150 ] [151]} .

In other Asian countries, Hongkong Land fully or partially controls the following assets - the One Central hotel complex, residential and shopping complex ( Macau ), Central Park and Maple Place at Beijing Riviera ( Beijing ) residential complexes, Yorkville, Bamboo Grove and Landmark Riverside residential complexes ( Chongqing ), shopping and office complexes Jakarta Land ( Jakarta ), Central Building and 63 Ly Thai To ( Hanoi ), Shopping Center ( Bangkok ), residential and office complexes Colonial Mansions ( Phnom Penh ), residential complexes Roxas Triangle Tower ( Makati ), Greenwoods ( Cavite ), Forest Ridge ( Antipolo ), South Hampton ( Lagoon ) and Lexington ( Pasig ) ^{[149] [150]} .

Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group

The parent company Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group is registered in Bermuda, listed on the London, Singapore and Bermuda exchanges (74% of Mandarin Oriental shares are controlled by Jardine Strategic). The hotel chain is present in Hong Kong (Mandarin Oriental, Excelsior and Landmark), Macau (Mandarin Oriental and Grand Lapa), China ( Sanya , Guangzhou , Shanghai and Chengdu ), Taiwan ( Taipei ), Thailand ( Bangkok and Chiang Mai ), Indonesia ( Jakarta ) , Singapore, Malaysia ( Kuala Lumpur ), Philippines ( Manila ), Japan ( Tokyo ), Maldives, USA ( Boston , New York , Washington , Atlanta , Miami , Las Vegas and San Francisco ), Bermuda, Caymanach, Turks and Caicos, St. Kitts and Nevis, Costa Rica, the United Kingdom ( London ), France ( Paris ), Germany ( Munich ), Switzerland ( Geneva ), Spain ( Barcelona and Marbella ), Ita AI ( Milano ), Czech Republic ( Prague ), Russia ( Moscow ), Turkey ( Bodrum ), the UAE ( Abu Dhabi ), Qatar ( Doha ) and Morocco ( Marrakech ). As of 2012, Mandarin Oriental operated 45 hotels (more than 11 thousand rooms) in 28 countries (19 hotels in Asia, 13 in America, 13 in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East), including those that were in the process of development, and its assets were estimated at 2.7 billion dollars. In addition, under the brand Mandarin Oriental, there are 14 luxury residential complexes. More than 10,500 employees worked in various departments of the company ^{[152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157]} .

The Hotel was opened in Hong Kong in 1963, the Hotel was opened in 1972, in 1973, 1976 and 1978 the Oriental hotels opened in Bangkok, Manila and Jakarta, respectively. In 1974, the management company Mandarin International Hotels Limited was founded, which in the same year acquired a 49 percent stake in Bangkok Oriental Hotel (since 1985, the company became known as the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, combining both leading brands in its name). In 1987, the Singapore Mandarin Oriental opened, in 2000, the company swallowed the hotel chain The Rafael group, which included six luxury hotels, opened the reconstructed London Mandarin Oriental, hotels in Miami and Munich, in 2003 - the hotel in New York and Hong Kong The Landmark Mandarin Oriental Hotel, in 2005 - a hotel in Tokyo, in 2006, after a large-scale reconstruction, the Hong Kong Mandarin Oriental was opened, in 2008 - Mandarin Oriental in Atlanta. In 2009, the group sold a 50 percent stake in the Mandarin Oriental Hotel (Macau) and opened new hotels in Sanya , Barcelona and Las Vegas, after which the total number of hotels in the chain reached 25. In 2011, the Mandarin Oriental opened in Paris ^{[29] [30 ] [34] [158] [159]} .

In 1845, under the auspices of Jardine, Matheson and Co in Hong Kong began to publish the weekly newspaper China Mail, in the second half of the XIX century, together with the Indian businessman J. Rastomji, the company established a hospital for sailors in the colony ^[160] . In 1982 , when the Jardine, Matheson and Co celebrated the 150th anniversary of its foundation, the Jardine Foundation was established to provide scholarships for students to study at Oxford and Cambridge universities. In 2002, Jardine Matheson founded the social organization MINDSET, which coordinates mental health care activities, contributes to the adaptation of the mentally ill into society, and also funds programs to change the attitude of ordinary people to the mentally ill in Hong Kong and Singapore (on October 8, 2010, the organization opened a psychiatric rehabilitation center MINDSET Place) ^{[30] [34] [161] [162] [163]} . In 2003, the subsidiary building corporation Gammon opened its educational academy ^[164] . In addition, individual companies of the group donate significant amounts to charity (for example, in 2011 only the Jardine Lloyd Thompson Group donated more than 400 thousand pounds sterling), and also oversees social programs in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam (education, defense environment, poverty alleviation, preferential lending to peasants) ^{[161] [165] [166] [167] [168]} .

According to the trade union organizations, in some structural units of Jardine Matheson, there is over-exploitation of staff without additional overtime pay, and wage growth is constrained despite inflation, a long working day is imposed and weekends are reduced (which, however, is typical of many Asian companies) ^{[169] [ 170]} . In Indonesia, Jardine Matheson subsidiaries are often criticized for cutting down tropical forests and draining wetlands (which also leads to the disappearance of the fauna, in particular, orangutans ) in favor of expanding palm plantations. At the same time to lobby their interests Jardine Matheson attracts influential British politicians and businessmen with connections in the highest echelons of power ^{[171] [172] [173] [174] [175]} .

In Hong Kong, there are many places and buildings that owe their names to either Jardine, Matheson and Co, or its founders and partners, William Jardin, James Mathison and Hachik Paul Cheater - Street , Jardine's Crescent, Matheson Street, , Catchick Street and (Cantonese version of Ewo), Chater Garden Park, a prestigious residential area on the eponymous mountain , Jardine Bridge, Jardine Gate, skyscrapers Jardin House and Chater House , as well as the midday gun ^[176] .

A visit to the office and shipyard of Jardine Matheson was described in his book The Frigate Pallada by Russian writer Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ^[177] . The images of the protagonists of the “Tai-Pen” novel written by James Clavell in 1966 are based on elements of the biography of William Jardine and James Mathison (some moments in the history of Jardine Matheson are guessed in the following novels of this writer and , and in the American mini-series , filmed in 1988, the headquarters of Struans is the real Hong Kong skyscraper Jardine House) ^[51] . Both the Jardine Matheson company itself and representatives of the Keswick family are repeatedly mentioned in the scandalous book of the American publicist John Coleman “ Committee 300. Secrets of World Government ” ^[178] .

• Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited (eng.) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived December 16, 2012.
• Corporate video Jardine Matheson Group (English) (inaccessible link) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived April 12, 2011.
• Dairy Farm International (eng.) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived December 16, 2012.
• Jardine Motors Group (Eng.) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived December 16, 2012.
• Hongkong Land (eng.) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived December 16, 2012.
• Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group (Eng.) . The appeal date is December 13, 2012. Archived December 16, 2012.