Morozov, Pavel Trofimovich

Pavlik Morozov was born on November 14, 1918 in the village of Gerasimovka of the Turin district of the Tobolsk province with Trofim Sergeyevich Morozov and Tatyana Semenovna Baydakova. My father was an ethnic Belarusian and came from Stolypin migrants who settled in Gerasimovka since 1910. Pavlik was the eldest of five children, he had four brothers: George (died in infancy), Fedor (about 1924 year of birth), Alexei (born in 1922) and Roman (born in 1928).

Pavlik's father, a former junior commander of the Civil War, until 1931 was chairman of the Gerasimov Village Council . According to the memoirs of the Gerasimovites, soon after taking up this post, Trofim Morozov began to use it for selfish purposes, which is mentioned in detail in the criminal case initiated later against him. According to the testimony of witnesses, Trofim began to appropriate the things confiscated from dispossessed. In addition, he speculated on certificates issued to special settlers .

Soon, Pavel’s father abandoned his family (wife with four children) and began to cohabit with a woman who lived in the neighborhood - Antonina Amosova. According to the recollections of the teacher Pavel, his father regularly beat his wife and children both before and after leaving the family. Pavlik’s grandfather also hated her daughter-in-law because she didn’t want to live with him on the same household, but insisted on sharing (in addition, Tatyana Morozova was a “stranger”, originally from a neighboring village). According to Alexei (brother Paul), the father “loved himself and vodka alone,” he did not spare his wife and sons, not like the strangers who had “skinned three skins for forms”. The parents of the father also belonged to the family abandoned by the father to their fate: “Grandfather and grandmother were also strangers to us for a long time. Never treated, welcomed. My grandfather did not let his grandson Danilka go to school, we only heard: “You will manage without a letter, you will be the master, and you have Tatyana’s puppies as farm laborers.” Pavlik’s grandfather, Sergei Morozov, had a difficult character, had a notorious reputation and a gloomy reputation in the village - before the revolution he was a gendarme (according to his fellow villagers, he worked as an overseer in prison), and his wife Ksenia was a horse thief.

In 1931, a father who was no longer in office was sentenced to 10 years for "being the chairman of the village council, friends with his fists, hiding their households from taxation, and upon leaving the village council, he facilitated the flight of special settlers by selling documents." He was charged with issuing fake certificates dispossessed of their belonging to the Gerasimov Village Council, which enabled them to leave the place of exile. Trofim Morozov, being in custody, participated in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal and, after working for three years, returned home with an order for striking labor, and then settled in Tyumen ^{[3] [4]} .

According to the teacher of Pavlik Morozov, L.P. Isakova (cited by Veronika Kononenko), Pavlik’s mother was “a pretty face and very kind” ^[5] . After the murder of her sons, Tatyana Morozova left the village and, afraid of meeting her ex-husband, for many years did not dare to visit her native places. In the end, after the Great Patriotic War, she settled in Alupka , where she lived on a life-long government pension. According to one version, Pavlik's younger brother Roman died at the front during the war, according to another - he survived, but became disabled and died shortly after its end. Alex became the only child of the Morozovs who married: from different marriages he had two sons - Denis and Pavel. Having divorced his first wife, he moved to his mother in Alupka, where he tried not to talk about his relationship with Pavlik, and talked about him only in the late 1980s, when in the midst of Perestroika the campaign of persecuting Pavlik began (see below his letter).

Tatyana Morozova died in 1983 in Alupka . Alexei died there in the mid-2000s. His son Paul, named after his uncle, died in 2006.

Teacher Pavel recalled poverty in the village of Gerasimovka:

The school, which was in charge, worked in two shifts. At that time, we had no idea about radio and electricity; in the evenings we sat at a torch, and kept kerosene. Ink and that was not, they wrote with school juice. Poverty was generally terrifying. When we, teachers, started to go home, enroll children in school, it turned out that many did not have any clothes. The children in the middle sat naked, hiding with some rags. The kids climbed into the oven and basked in ash there.

We organized a hut-reading room, but there were almost no books, local newspapers came very rarely. To some, now Pavlik seems like a kind of stuffed with slogans a boy in a neat pioneer uniform. And because of our poverty, he never saw this form in his eyes. ^[five]

Forced to provide for his family in such difficult conditions, Paul nonetheless invariably showed a desire to learn. According to his teacher L.P. Isakova:

He very much sought to study, took books from me, he had no time to read, he often missed lessons because of work in the field and in the household. Then he tried to catch up, managed well, and even taught his mother to read and write ... ^[5]

After his father left for another woman, Pavel fell down all the worries about the farm - he became the oldest man in the Morozov family.

Pavlik and his younger brother went to the forest for berries. They were found dead with stab wounds. From the indictment: ^[6]

Morozov Pavel, being a pioneer throughout the current year, waged a loyal, active struggle against the class enemy, the kulaks and their podkulakami, spoke at public meetings, exposed kulak tricks and repeatedly stated this ...

Paul had a very difficult relationship with his father's relatives. M.E. Chulkova describes such an episode ^[7] :

... Once, Danila hit Pa’s shafts on the arm so hard that she began to swell. Mother Tatyana Semyonovna stood between them, Danila and she was hit in the face so that blood came out of her mouth. The grandmother who came running screamed:

“Slaughter this snotty communist!”

- We will remove the skin from them! - Danila yelled ...

On September 2, Pavel and Fedor went to the forest, intending to spend the night there (in the absence of a mother who had gone to Tavda to sell a calf). September 6, Dmitry Shatrakov found their corpses in the aspen.

The brothers' mother describes the events of these days in a conversation with the investigator as follows: ^[8]

On September 2, I left for Tavda, and on the 3rd, Pavel and Fedor went to the forest for berries. I returned on the 5th and found out that Pasha and Fedya did not return from the forest. I began to worry and turned to the policeman who gathered the people, and people went into the forest to look for my children. Soon they were found stabbed.

My middle son Alexei, he is 11 years old, said that on September 3rd he saw Danila walking very quickly from the forest, and our dog was running after him. Alexei asked if he had seen Pavel and Fedor, to which Danila did not answer anything and only laughed. He was dressed in self-woven trousers and a black shirt - this is what Alexei remembered well. It was these pants and shirt that were found by Sergei Sergeyevich Morozov during the search.

I cannot but note that on September 6, when my slaughtered children were brought from the forest, Grandma Aksinya met me on the street and said with a grin: “Tatyana, we’ve done some meat for you, and now you eat it!”

The first act of inspecting the bodies, drawn up by the local policeman Yakov Titov, in the presence of paramedic Gorodishchevsky medical center P. Makarov, witnesses Pyotr Yermakov, Abraham Kniga and Ivan Barkin, reports that ^[6] :

Morozov Pavel was lying on the road at a distance of 10 meters, his head to the east. A red bag is put on his head. Pavel was dealt a mortal blow in the belly. The second blow was delivered to the chest near the heart, under which were the scattered cranberries. Near Paul stood one basket, the other thrown to the side. His shirt was torn in two places, on his back there was a blood red spot. Hair color - light brown, white face, blue eyes, open, mouth closed. At the feet of two birches (...) The corpse of Fyodor Morozov was fifteen meters from Pavel in a swamp and shallow aspen. Fedor was hit in the left temple with a stick, his right cheek stained with blood. The knife inflicted a fatal blow in the belly above the navel, where the intestines went, and the hand was cut with a knife to the bone.

The second inspection report, made by the city paramedic Markov after washing the bodies, states that:

Pavel Morozov has one surface wound 4 centimeters in the chest from the right side in the 5-6 rib area, the second wound is superficial in the epigastric region, the third wound from the left side to the abdomen, the ribbed area is 3 centimeters in size, through which some of the intestines come out, and the fourth wound from the right side (from the pupartic ligament) 3 cm in size, through which part of the intestines came out, and death followed. In addition, a large wound 6 centimeters long was inflicted on the left hand, under the metacarpus of the thumb. ^[9]

Pavel and Fedor Morozov were buried in the cemetery of Gerasimovka . An obelisk with a red star was placed on a grave hill, and a cross was dug nearby with the inscription: “On September 3, two brothers Morozovs, Pavel Trofimovich, born in 1918, and Fedor Trofimovich, died from a man’s evil from a sharp knife” ^[9] .

Demonstration trial of the chairman of the village council Gerasimovki, Tavdinsky district, Morozov Trofim gathered hundreds of people.

Read the indictment. The interrogation of witnesses began. Suddenly, a loud, childish voice pierced the thickened silence of the measured course of the trial:

- Uncle, let me tell you!

Clutter rose in the hall. Spectators galloped from their seats, the back rows gushed out on the seated, there was a stampede at the door. The president of the court had difficulty restoring order ...

“I filed a lawsuit against my father.” As a pioneer, I refuse my father. He created a clear counter-revolution. My father is not a protector of October. He in every possible way helped the fist Kulukanov Arsenty. It was he who helped the fists escape. It was he who hid the kulak property so that the collective farmers would not get it ...

- I ask you to bring my father to severe responsibility, so as not to let others defend their fists.

12-year-old witness pioneer Pavel Morozov completed his testimony. Not. It was not a witness testimony. It was the ruthless indictment of the young defender of socialism at those who stood on the side of the frenzied enemies of the proletarian revolution.

Exposed by his pioneer son Trofim Morozov, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for liaising with local fists, fabricating fake documents for them, and sheltering kulak property.

Pioneer Pavel Morozov after the trial came to the family of Sergei Morozov’s grandfather. Surly, they met a fearless whistle in the family. A blank wall of hidden hostility surrounded the boy. The native was a pioneer squad. Pasha ran there as if in his own family, where he shared joys and sorrows. They taught him passionate intolerance for the fists and their singing.

And when Pasha’s grandfather, Sergey Morozov, hid his kulak property, Pasha ran to the village council and exposed his grandfather.

In winter winter 1932 , Pasha brought Silin Arseniy’s fist to fresh water, who did not complete a hard task, and sold carts of potatoes to his fists. In autumn, the dispossessed Kulukanov stole 16 pounds of rye from the village Soviet field and again hid them from his father-in-law , Sergey Morozov. Paul again exposed Kulukanov’s grandfather and fist.

At meetings during the sowing, at the time of procurement, everywhere the pioneer activist Pasha Morozov exposed the intricate machinations of fists and podkulaknik ...

And gradually, thoughtfully, they began preparations for a terrible and bloody reprisal against the pioneer activist. First, Danila Morozov, a cousin of Pavel, was pulled into the criminal conspiracy, and then his grandfather, Sergei. For a fee of 30 rubles, Danila Morozov undertook with the help of his grandfather to finish off his hated relative. Fist Kulukanov skillfully fueled hostility towards Pavel Danila and grandfather. Pavel was increasingly met with brutal beatings and unambiguous threats.

“If you don’t get out of the squad, I’ll kill you anyway, damned pioneer,” Danila wheezed, beating Paul until he lost consciousness ...

On August 26, Pavel filed a threat statement with the district policeman . Either because of political myopia, or for other reasons, the local policeman did not have time to intervene in the matter. On September 3, on a clear autumn day, Pavel, together with his 9-year-old brother Fedya, ran into the forest for berries ...

In the evening, calmly in front of everyone, Danil Morozov and his grandfather Sergey finished the harrowing and sat down and headed home.

Dear, imperceptibly turned into the forest. We met Fedya and Pasha very close ...

The violence was short. The knife stopped the rebellious heart of a young pioneer. Then just as quickly ended the unnecessary witness - nine-year-old Feday. Danila and grandfather calmly returned home and sat down to dinner. Grandma Ksenia also calmly and busily began to soak her bloodied clothes. A knife was hidden in the dark corner behind the holy images ...

The other day, the murder of pioneer activist Pavel Morozov and his nine-year-old brother will be heard on the spot by a show trial.

Active inspirers of the murder are sitting on the dock - fists of Kulukanov, Silin, murderers Sergey and Danil Morozov, their accomplice Ksenia Morozova ...

Pavel Morozov is not alone. Such as he are legions. They expose the bread clamps, the robbers of public property, they, if necessary, bring their father-podkulaks to the dock ... ^[10]

Trofim Morozov's Early Trial

During the investigation into the murder, his close relationship with the previous case against Pavlik’s father Trofim Morozov became clear.

Pavel testified at the preliminary investigation, confirming the mother’s words that the father beat his mother and brought things to the house that were received as payment for issuing false documents (one of the researchers, Yuri Druzhnikov, suggested that Pavel could not see this because his father had not lived with his family) ^[6] . According to Druzhnikov’s version, in the murder case it is noted that “on November 25, 1931 Pavel Morozov filed a statement with the investigating authorities that his father Morozov Trofim Sergeevich, being the chairman of the village council and being connected with local fists, was engaged in forging documents and selling them to fists - special migrants ” ^[6] . The statement was related to the investigation in the case of a false certificate issued by the Gerasimov village council to a special resettlement; he allowed Trofim to be involved in the case. Trofim Morozov was arrested and convicted in February of the following year.

The indictment in the case of the murder of Morozov by investigator Yelizar Shepelev stated that "Pavel Morozov filed an application with the investigating authorities on November 25, 1931." In an interview with journalist Veronika Kononenko and senior adviser to justice Igor Titov, Shepelev said:

I can’t understand why on earth I wrote all this, in the case there is no evidence that the boy contacted the investigating authorities and that it was for this that he was killed. I guess I meant that Pavel testified to the judge when Trofim was tried ... It turns out that because of my inaccurate words, the boy is now accused of informing ?! But is it a crime to help the investigation or to witness in court? And is it possible, because of one phrase, to blame a person for something? ^[9]

Trofim Morozov and other village council chairmen were arrested on November 26 and 27, the day after the “denunciation”. According to the results of a journalistic investigation by Evgenia Medyakova, published in the Ural magazine in 1982, it was found that Pavel Morozov was not involved in the arrest of his father. On November 22, 1931, someone Zvorykin was detained at Tavda station. Two blank forms with stamps of the Gerasimov village council were discovered from him, for which, according to him, he gave 105 rubles. The certificate attached to the case said that before the arrest, Trofim was no longer the chairman of the village council, but "clerk of the Gorodishchensky village general administration". Medyakova also writes that, "Tavda and Gerasimovka repeatedly received requests from the construction of Magnitogorsk, from many factories, factories and collective farms about whether citizens (a number of names) are really residents of Gerasimovka." Consequently, the verification of the owners of fake certificates began. “And most importantly - Medyakova did not find the boy’s testimony in the investigation case!” Tatyana Semenovna’s testimony is there, but Pavlik’s not! For he didn’t make any “statements to the investigating authorities!” ^[9]

Pavel followed his mother and appeared in court, but in the end he was stopped by a judge due to his infancy. In the case of Morozov’s murder it is said: “During the trial, son Pavel outlined all the details to his father, his tricks.” ^{[6] The} speech delivered by Pavlik is known in 12 versions, mainly dating back to the book of journalist Pyotr Solomein. In the record from the archive of Solomein himself, this accusatory speech is transmitted as follows ^[6] :

Uncles, my father made a clear counter-revolution, I as a pioneer must say this, my father is not a defender of the interests of October, but he tries to help his fist in every possible way, he stood behind him, and not as a son, but as a pioneer I ask you to bring my father to justice because in the future I will not allow others to hide their fist and obviously violate the party line, and I’ll add that my father will now appropriate kulak property, took Kulukanov’s fist’s bed Arseny (husband of T. Morozov’s sister and Pavel’s godfather) and wanted to take from him haystack but fist culucano I gave him hay, and said, let the better will take you ...

Charge Version

The prosecution and trial version was as follows. On September 3, a fist Arseny Kulukanov, learning about the boys leaving for the berries, conspired with Danila Morozov who came to his house to kill Pavel, giving him 5 rubles and asking him to invite Sergei Morozov for the murder, "with whom Kulukanov used to have a conspiracy." Returning from Kulukanov and finishing the harrowing (that is, harrowing, loosening the soil), Danila went home and conveyed the conversation to his grandfather Sergey. The latter, seeing that Danila was taking a knife, without saying a word left the house and went along with Danila, telling him: “We’re going to kill, look do not be afraid.” Finding the children, Danila without saying a word, took out a knife and hit Paul; Fedya rushed to run, but was detained by Sergey and also stabbed by Danila. “After making sure that Fedya was dead, Danila returned to Pavel and stabbed him several times.”

The murder of Morozov was widely publicized as a manifestation of kulak terror (against a member of a pioneer organization) and served as an occasion for widespread repression on an all-Union scale; in Gerasimovka itself, it finally gave the opportunity to organize a collective farm (before that all attempts were thwarted by the peasants). In Tavda, at the Stalin club, a show trial of the alleged killers took place. At the trial, Danila Morozov confirmed all the allegations, Sergey Morozov kept himself controversial, now admitting, then denying guilt. All other accused denied guilt. The main evidence was the household knife found by Sergei Morozov and the bloodied clothes of Danila, soaked but not washed by Ksenia (supposedly before that, Danila had killed a calf for Tatyana Morozova).

The correspondent of the “ Ural Worker ” V. Mor presented the version of the charge as generally accepted ^[11] . In addition, a similar version was put forward in an article by Vitaliy Gubarev in Pioneer Truth ^[12] .

Sentence of the Ural Regional Court

By the decision of the Ural Regional Court, their own grandfather Sergey (Trofim Morozov’s father) and 19-year-old cousin Danil, as well as Ksenia’s grandmother (as an accomplice) and Pavel’s godfather, Arseny Kulukanov, who was his uncle, were found guilty of the murder of Pavel Morozov and his brother Fedor. (as a village fist - as the initiator and organizer of the murder). After the trial, Arseny Kulukanov and Danila Morozov were shot, eighty-year-old Sergei and Ksenia Morozov died in prison. Another uncle of Pavlik, Arseniy Silin, was accused of complicity in the murder, however, during the trial he was acquitted.

Druzhnikov Version

According to the writer Yu. I. Druzhnikov , who published in 1987 in Great Britain the book “The Scammer 001, or Ascension of Pavlik Morozov”, many of the circumstances surrounding Pavel Morozov’s life are distorted by propaganda and are controversial ^{[6] [13]} .

In particular, Druzhnikov questions the fact that Pavlik Morozov was a pioneer. According to Druzhnikov, he was declared a pioneer almost immediately after his death (the latter, according to Druzhnikov, was important for the investigation, as he led his murder under an article on political terror) - with a pioneer tie, Pavel is depicted only in propaganda portraits, but on the only surviving photographs of his tie are not visible ^[6] . He also questions the fact that Pavel strove to study - he quotes the words of his teacher Z. A. Kabina that Pavel entered the school only on the third attempt and only a year before his death, but he did not learn to read and write (with of her words, he even spoke in a mixed Belarusian-Russian dialect and as a whole was very pedagogically neglected).

Druzhnikov claims that by testifying against his father, Pavlik earned "universal hatred" in the village; he began to call "Pashka-Kumanist" (communist). Druzhnikov considers exaggerated the official allegations that Pavel actively helped identify “bread clamps”, those who conceal weapons, plot crimes against the Soviet government, etc. According to the author, according to fellow villagers, Pavel was not a “serious scammer,” since "informing is, you know, a serious job, and he was like that, nits, petty dirty trick." According to Druzhnikov, in the murder case only two such "denunciations" were documented ^[6] .

The author suggests that at the trial, Pavlik’s mother testified in order to take revenge on her husband who left her and, intimidating, return him to the family ^[6] .

He considers the behavior of the alleged killers, who did not take any measures to hide the traces of the crime, to be illogical (they didn’t drown the corpses in the swamp, throwing them off the road; they didn’t remove the bloodied clothes in time; they didn’t clean the knife from the blood, putting it in the place where look first at the search). All this is especially strange, given that in the past, Morozov’s grandfather was a gendarme and his grandmother was a professional horse-breeding ^[14] .

According to Druzhnikov, the murder was the result of a provocation by the OGPU , organized with the participation of the assistant to the authorized representative of the OGPU, Spiridon Kartashov, and a cousin of Pavel, an informant Ivan Potupchik. In this regard, the author describes a document that, according to him, he found in the case file No. 374 (on the murder of the Morozov brothers). This paper was compiled by Kartashov and represents the protocol of the interrogation of Potupchik as a witness in the murder case of Pavel and Fedor. The document is dated September 4, that is, according to the date, compiled two days before the discovery of the corpses ^[15] .

According to Yuri Druzhnikov ^[16] :

There was no investigation. The bodies were ordered to be buried before the arrival of the investigator without examination. Journalists also spoke on the stage as accusers, talking about the political importance of shooting fists. The lawyer accused the defendants of the murder and withdrew to applause. Different sources report different methods of murder, the prosecutor and the judge were confused in the facts. The murder weapon was found to be a knife found in the house with traces of blood, but on that day Danila cut a calf - no one checked whose blood. The accused grandfather, grandmother, uncle and cousin of Pavlik Danil tried to say that they were beaten, tortured. The shooting of innocents in November 1932 was a signal of massacre of peasants throughout the country.

Criticism and rebuttal of Druzhnikov’s statements

The outrage of the brother and teacher

After the publication of the book by Yu. Druzhnikov, Veronika Kononenko appeared in the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya and the journal Man and Law with harsh criticism of this literary investigation, evaluating Druzhnikov's book as slanderous and full of fraudulent information collected by fraud. In support of this, she quoted a letter from Alexei Morozov, the brother of the late Pavel Morozov, according to which Pavel Z. A. Kabina’s teacher wanted to file an international court against Druzhnikov with distortion of her memories ^{[17] [18]} .

From a letter published by Veronika Kononenko by Alexei Morozov, Paul’s brother:

What kind of trial was arranged over my brother? It's a shame and scary. My brother was called a scammer in a magazine. This is a lie! Paul always fought openly. Why do they insult him? Did our family suffer a little? Who is being bullied? Two of my brothers were killed. The third, Roman, came from the front with a disability, died young. During the war I was slandered as an enemy of the people. He spent ten years in the camp. And then rehabilitated. And now slander Pavlik. How to withstand all this? They condemned me to torture worse than in the camps. It’s good that my mother did not live up to these days ... I am writing, but tears are stifling. So it seems that Pashka is again defenseless on the road. ... The editor of "Spark" Korotich on the radio station "Freedom" said that my brother is a son of a bitch, so my mother ... Yuri Izrailevich Alperovich-Druzhnikov fell into our family, drank tea with his mother, sympathized with us, and then published in London is a vile book - a bunch of such disgusting lies and slander that, having read it, I got a second heart attack. Z.A. Kabina was also ill, she wanted to sue the author in an international court, but where is she - Alperovich lives in Texas and chuckles - try to get him, there won't be enough teacher's pension. The chapters from the book “Ascension of Pavlik Morozov” of this scribbler circulated many newspapers and magazines, no one takes my protests into account, the truth about my brother doesn’t need anyone ... It’s clear that I have only one thing left - to douse myself with gasoline, and it's over! ^{[17] [18]}

Criticism of the author and his books

Druzhnikov’s words contradict the memoirs of the first teacher of Pavel - Larisa Pavlovna Isakova:

I did not have time to organize a pioneer detachment in Gerasimovka, Zoya Kabin <...> created it after me. Once she brought a red tie from Tavda, tied it to Pavel, and he joyfully ran home. And at home, his father tore off his tie and terribly beat him. [...] The commune fell apart, and my husband was beaten half to death by my fists. Ustinia Potupchik saved me, warned that they were going to kill Kulakanov with the company. [...] Here, probably, since then Pavlik Kulakanova hated it and was the first to join the pioneers when the detachment was organized ^{[19] [20]} .

Journalist V. P. Kononenko , citing teacher Pavel Morozov, Zoya Kabin, confirms that "it was she who created the first pioneer detachment in the village, which was led by Pavel Morozov" ^[18] .

According to an article by V. S. Bushin , the version of Druzhnikov that the killers were “someone Kartashov and Potupchik”, the first of which was the “operative officer of the OGPU”, is slanderous ^[21] . Bushin refers to Veronika Kononenko, who found “Spiridon Nikitich Kartashov himself” and his brother Pavel Morozov, Alexei. Pointing out that Druzhnikov’s real surname is Alperovich, Bushin claims that in addition to using “the beautiful Russian pseudonym Druzhnikov,” he “rubbed his trust” in the former teacher of Pavel Morozov, Larisa Pavlovna Isakova, using another name - her editorial colleague I. M. Achildieva. Along with the assertion of Kartashov’s non-involvement in the OGPU, Bushin accuses Alperovich-Druzhnikov of intentionally distorting and juggling the facts to please his views and beliefs ^[21] .

In 2005, Oxford University professor Katriona Kelly published the book Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of a Soviet Boy Hero (Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Hero Boy) ^[22] Kelly argued in the controversy that “although there are traces of silence and concealment of secondary facts by the OGPU employees; there is no reason to believe that the murder itself was provoked by them ” ^[23] .

Yuri Druzhnikov said that Kelly used his work not only in permissible links, but also repeating the composition of the book, the selection of details, descriptions. In addition, Kelly, according to Druzhnikov, came to the exact opposite conclusion about the role of the OGPU-NKVD in the murder of Pavlik ^[24] . According to Kelly, Druzhnikov considered Soviet official materials unreliable, but used them when it was beneficial to reinforce his version. According to Kelly, Druzhnikov published instead of a scientific account of criticism of her book "denunciation" with the assumption that Kelly is connected with "organs". Kelly did not find a big difference between the conclusions of the books and attributed some points of criticism of Druzhnikov to his insufficient knowledge of English and English culture ^[23] .

Soviet lawyer Alexander Alekseevich Liskin (September 2, 1919 - June 21, 2001) took part in an additional investigation of the case in 1967 and requested the murder case No. Н-7825 from the archives of the KGB of the USSR. ^[25] Liskin pointed to “scuffle” and “falsification” by Inspector Titov, revealed during the investigation. In 1995, Liskin requested official information about the alleged conviction of Father Pavlik, but the internal affairs bodies of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions did not find such information. Liskin suggested checking the “secret corners of dusty archives” to find the real killers of the Morozov brothers.

Liskin agreed with the arguments of Veronika Kononenko ^{[17] [26] the} editor of the department of the journal “Man and the Law” about the witness character of Pavlik’s speech at the court of his father and the absence of secret denunciations.

Decision of the Supreme Court of Russia

In the spring of 1999, the co-chair of the Kurgan Memorial Society Innokenty Khlebnikov sent on behalf of the daughter of Arseniy Kulukanov Matryona Shatrakova a petition to the Prosecutor General’s Office to review the decision of the Ural Regional Court, which sentenced the teenager’s relatives to be shot ^{[8] [27]} . The Prosecutor General of Russia has come to the following conclusion :

The verdict of the Ural Regional Court of November 28, 1932 and the determination of the judicial cassation collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of February 28, 1933 in relation to Kulukanov Arseniy Ignatievich and Morozova Ksenia Ilinichna change: retrain their actions from Art. 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the USSR at Art. 17 and 58-8 of the Criminal Code of the USSR, leaving the previous measure of punishment.

Recognize Sergey Sergeyevich Morozov and Daniil Ivanovich Morozov justifiably convicted in the present case for committing a counter-revolutionary crime and not subject to rehabilitation.

The General Prosecutor's Office, which is engaged in the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, concluded that the murder of Pavlik Morozov is purely criminal in nature and that killers cannot be rehabilitated for political reasons ^[28] . This conclusion, together with materials from an additional audit of case No. 374, was sent to the Supreme Court of Russia , which decided to refuse rehabilitation to the alleged killers Pavlik Morozov and his brother Fedor.

Opinions on Supreme Court decision

According to Boris Sopelnyak, “in the midst of perestroika hysteria [...] the most tried [to beat out the love of the motherland from youth] the so-called ideologists, admitted to the dollar feeder” ^[8] . According to Sopelnyak, the prosecutor general’s office carefully examined the case.

Согласно Мауре Рейнолдс, Матрёна Шатракова умерла за три месяца до прибытия решения Верховного суда в 2001 году, и почтальон отказался передать решение её дочери ^[27] .

• 2 июля 1936 года принято постановление Совнаркома СССР о сооружении памятника Павлику Морозову в Москве при въезде на Красную площадь.
• Павлику Морозову были установлены памятники: в Москве (19 декабря 1948, в детском парке его имени на Красной Пресне; снесён в 1991), селе Герасимовка (1954), в Свердловске (1957), посёлке Русский Акташ Альметьевского района ( Республика Татарстан , демонтирован в 2016), в городе Остров , в городе Глазов, в городе Ухта (республика Коми), в Калининграде, в Детском парке г. Симферополь.
• Имя Павлика Морозова было присвоено герасимовскому и другим колхозам, школам, пионерским дружинам.
• Нововаганьковский переулок в Москве был в 1939 году переименован в улицу Павлика Морозова, а в Храме святителя Николая на Трёх горах был организован клуб его имени.
• Имя Павлика Морозова носил Ивано-Франковский областной театр кукол.
• В 1935 году кинорежиссёр Сергей Эйзенштейн начал работать над сценарием Александра Ржешевского « Бежин луг » о Павлике Морозове. Работу не удалось завершить, так как на основании чернового варианта фильма Эйзенштейн был обвинён в «сознательном преуменьшении идеологического содержания» и «упражнениях в формализме» ^[29] .
• Максим Горький называл Павлика «одним из маленьких чудес нашей эпохи».
• В 1954 году композитор Юрий Балкашин сочинил музыкальную поэму «Павлик Морозов» ^[30] .
• В 1955 году он под № 1 был занесён в Книгу почёта Всесоюзной пионерской организации имени В. И. Ленина. Под № 2 в ту же книгу был занесён Коля Мяготин .
• В Екатеринбурге есть парк имени Павлика Морозова. В парке располагался памятник, изображавший Павлика. В 1990-е годы памятник был сорван с пьедестала, некоторое время пролежал в кустах и исчез.
• В Туринске Свердловской области был сквер Павлика Морозова, в центре сквера располагался памятник, изображавший Павлика во весь рост и с пионерским галстуком. В 1990-е годы памятник был похищен неустановленными лицами. Ныне сквер переименован в «Исторический сквер».
• В Челябинске на Малой Южно-Уральской железной дороге есть станция имени Павлика Морозова.
• В детском парке Симферополя есть бюст П. Морозова на аллее героев-пионеров (с ошибочной датой смерти — 1933 г.).
• В детском парке города Ухты (Республика Коми) памятник П. Морозову был открыт 20 июня 1968 года (по другим сведениям, в 1972 г.). Автор — скульптор А. К. Амбрулявиус.

В честь Павлика Морозова названо много улиц в городах и сёлах бывшего Советского Союза, многие улицы носят это название и сейчас: во Владикавказе, Перми и Краснокамске (улицы), в Уфе (улица и переулок), Туле (улица и проезд), Аше — районный центр Челябинской области, Владимире , Волгограде , Ишимбае , Йошкар-Оле , Калининграде , Михайловке , Мурманске , Новороссийске , Ульяновске , Красноярске , Якутске , Саранске , Омске , Оренбурге , Пензе (с 1978), Смоленске , Твери , Ярославле , Адлере , переулок в Санкт-Петербурге , в Евпатории , Керчи , Хабаровске (переулок), улицы ряда населенных пунктов Московской области (г. Лобне , г. Подольске ), в Москве (посёлок Липки, район Южное Бутово), в Северодвинске на острове Ягры , в Шарье — административном центре Шарьинского района Костромской области . Также его имя носили улицы ряда городов Украины , которые были переименованы после 2015 года: Киева , Винницы , Кривого Рога , Каменского , Запорожья , Кропивницкого , Полтавы , Харькова , Херсона , Черкасс и Чернигова .

Согласно Йохану Дитчу, культ Павлика Морозова в СССР, как и убитого несколькими месяцами ранее Герберта Норкуса в Третьем рейхе , был образцом характерным для тоталитаризма политической религии. Он также носил признаки современного кровавого навета , служа оправданием для действий репрессивного аппарата. Кроме того, пропаганда и педагогика обоих режимов была направлена на возведение юношей в ранг образцов для подражания, для которых политическая сознательность и готовность идти на жертвы стоит превыше всего ^[29] .

• О Павлике Морозове слагали стихи и песни, была написана одноимённая опера.

• Павел Соломеин, бывший уполномоченным райкома по раскулачиванию, прибыл в Герасимовку через месяц после убийства по заданию Уральского обкома для написания книги о Павлике, согласно его автобиографии в изложении Дружникова ^{[6] [31]} .

• Член редколлегии «Пионерской правды», общественный обвинитель Елизар Смирнов опубликовал книгу «Павлик Морозов» (М., 1961).

• В 1934 году была создана «Песнь о Павлике Морозове» (слова Сергея Михалкова, музыка Франца Сабо).

• Виталий Губарев написал повесть «Павлик Морозов» для младшего школьного возраста (М.: «Молодая гвардия», 1976) ^[32] .

• М. Вагина записала песню хора девушек села Ново-Московское Октябрьского района Челябинской области в 1948 году ^[33] .

• В послевоенные годы поэт Степан Щипачёв написал поэму о Павле Морозове ^[34] .

• Также поэму об «отважном уральском орлёнке» написала поэтесса Е. Е. Хоринская .

• Лесь Подеревянский написал одноимённую пьесу, где Павлик Морозов представлен эпическим героем, изобличающим атеистов, предателей-власовцев и всю псевдонаучную коммунистическую философию.

• В одноимённой песне рок-группы « Крематорий » Павлик Морозов (альбом: Клубника со льдом или Любовь до гроба ) представлен как неистребимое зло, переходящее из одной эпохи в другую. ^[35]

• В полушуточной песне перестроечного периода «Лысый колобок», исполняемой В. Цыгановой, упоминается в уничижительном контексте.

• В 2002 году режиссер документалист Александр Белобоков снял фильм « Семейная тайна Павлика Морозова» ^[36] , с использованием уникальных интервью, взятых в конце 80-х годов, у очевидцев и непосредственных участников тех событий. А также воспользовавшись небольшим историческим окном для получения реального дела об убийстве Павла Трофимовича Морозова из архива КГБ . Картина проливает свет на многие загадки советского мифа.

• Пьеса и спектакль Нины Беленицкой « Павлик — мой Бог » (2009) ссылается на историю Павла Морозова.

• Писатель Герман Садулаев написал рассказ «Морозовы» (2010), в котором Павлик Морозов отождествляется с ветхозаветным Исааком ^[37] .

• В постапокалиптической компьютерной игре Metro: Last Light один из персонажей — «красный» (член банды, использующей для руководства людьми утрированную коммунистическую идеологию) майор разведки Павел Морозов предаёт главного героя, которому не раз был обязан жизнью и спасал сам, поит его снотворным и сдаёт в руки дознавателей на пытки, ради получения информации. В конце игры у игрока будет возможность решить судьбу Павла — убить, или дать шанс выжить.

• В компьютерной игре STALKER: Тень Чернобыля на локации «Армейские склады» находится персонаж по имени «Павлик», а в игре его папка в игровых файлах называется «pavlik_morozov», что является отсылкой.

• Почтовые марки СССР
•  

  1950 год , номинал 40 коп.

•  

  1950 год , номинал 1 руб.

Отзывы и мнения

Г. П. Вишневская писала: ^[38]

И появляется достойнейший образец для подражания — двенадцатилетний предатель Павлик Морозов, «геройски павший в классовой борьбе», удостоенный за своё предательство памятников, портретов, прославленный в песнях и стихах, на которых будут воспитываться следующие поколения. Павлик Морозов, которого и сегодня миллионы советских детей славят за то, что он донёс на собственного отца и деда. Как в гитлеровской Германии учили немецких детей доносить на своих родителей, так и у нас в России начали сознательно воспитывать поколение стукачей, уже начиная со школы.

Историк и публицист Олег Максимович Хлобустов считает ^[39] , что:

Павел Морозов, будучи допрошенным в феврале 1932 года в качестве свидетеля, подтвердил, что — да, он видел, как в сентябре предыдущего года его отец с каким-то незнакомым мужчиной, не жителем села Герасимовка, выдавал такие справки, взамен получая подношения. Что там было — он не знает, поскольку это было в корзинке. Ну, ясно — присутствовал какой-то корыстный мотив. Вот и все его преступление, что он выступил, как свидетель, как гражданин, который исполнил свой долг. Были заданы конкретные вопросы, он дал на них ответы. Но никакого доносительства, никакого предательства здесь не было, поскольку было подтверждение реального факта. Вот в Москве был пионерский парк и там стоял памятник Павлику Морозову. Естественно он был снесен. А может быть, сегодня как раз пришло время его восстановить, водрузить на место, сказать правду, историческую правду об этом невинно пострадавшем человеке, по сути дела мальчике и воздать ему историческое должное, освободив его от тех наветов, от той клеветы, которая преследует его на протяжении многих лет?

Директор музея Павлика Морозова в Герасимовке Нина Купрацевич оправдывает имя своего земляка ^[40] :

… он просто жертва сурового времени. А особо суеверные и сегодня обращаются к мальчику, он продолжает жить уже в новом, мистическом образе. Школьники со всей округи, местные жители и гости — Герасимовка вспоминает своего односельчанина. Раньше к нему приходили с горнами и барабанами. Теперь — с кадилом и молитвами. Этот мальчик умер в 13. Но продолжает жить после смерти. 80 лет не могут забыть имя Павлика Морозова. Жестокая расправа над ним и его братом в лесу тревожит умы историков, и не дает покоя односельчанам. Сегодня ясно — он не герой, и не предатель. И уж точно не пионер. Детская организация появилась в Герасимовке через несколько лет после гибели братьев. Мы исказили историю до неузнаваемости. И мы встали на защиту ребёнка. Для нас Павлик Морозов — наш земляк, наш родственник.

• Норкус, Герберт
• Лэй Фэн

• За что вы Павлика Морозова, ведь он ни в чём не виноват…
• Федоров Р. Ю., Фишер А. Н. Павлик Морозов — без вины виноватый? // Родина (журнал) № 3, 2016. — С. 117—120.
• Чулкова М. Е. Если что надо рушить, так это миф о Павлике!
• Виноградова И. На Урале Павлика Морозова чтут как святого
• Кононенко В. П. Убит, но ещё опасен // Диалог, 1999, № 5. — С. 84-91.
• Кононенко В. П. Правда о Павлике Морозове (хроника расследования) // Советская педагогика , 1990, № 2. — С. 65—75.
• Кононенко В. П. Павлик Морозов: правда и вымысел // Комсомольская правда , 5 апреля 1989
• «Кто был Павликом Морозовым? К 88-летию пионера-героя»
• Идолова Т. Жительница г. Красноуфимска видела убийц Павлика Морозова (недоступная ссылка) , перепечатка 2004 года (недоступная ссылка) газеты «Городок».
• Павлик Морозов — оболганный герой

Публикации на основе книги Ю. И. Дружникова

• Щуплов А. Уроки Павлика Морозова
• И Павлики кровавые в глазах…
• Лебедев В. Темная аура Павлика Морозова
• Калинина Т. Павлик Морозов пал жертвой жестоких взрослых // www.utro.ru, 4 сентября 2007
• Поздняев М. За что ж вы Павлика Морозова? Земляки пионера-героя попросили у него прощения // www.newizv.ru, 4 сентября 2007
• Рейнольдс М. Бессмертная легенда о Павлике Морозове // www.inosmi.ru, со ссылкой на Los Angeles Times (2002)
• Авдеев С. Павлик Морозов

• Хронос. Павлик Морозов
• Павлик Морозов — без вины виноватый? // Российская газета от 17.03.2016
• А. Шорин. Загадочное убийство пионера Павлика Морозова из уральского села Герасимовка (неопр.) . oblgazeta.ru (03.09.2012). Дата обращения 21 октября 2012. Архивировано 23 октября 2012 года.
• Судьба детей-доносчикиков, которые повторили «подвиг» Павлика Морозова