Kleinods or sticky notes (from German. Kleinod “treasure”, “jewel”)
- in its original meaning: a small thing, a guest’s gift, later a filigree thing, a small jewel and, generally, in the literal and figurative sense, everything is precious; sign of a monastic order , often in the shape of a cross.
- For some time now, the main meaning has been the heraldic element ( heraldic clenode ), decoration on a knight's helmet ( German Helmkleinod ), in the particular case - the same thing that is often referred to as the crest put on the top of the coat of arms, as a distinction - clenode ( Polish. Klejnot herbowy );
- precious attributes (signs) of power in the Holy Roman Empire ( imperial kleinoda ), as well as in the Cossack army ( Cossack kleinoda ) - see below.
- having belonging to religious symbolism, can be interpreted as a symbol associated with the concept of "gift of God."
Content
Heraldic Kleinoda
Heraldic kleinoda are divided into personal, non-hereditary, corporate. As kleinods, images of awards, regalia, official signs of the arms holder were used: swords, maces, banners, bunchukas , marshals' wands .
Russian heraldry had a tradition to place images of orders and even insignia of immaculate service in a kleinode, but it was customary to place orders in a unit under the shield, and order ribbons, chains and other similar kleinods usually surrounded the shield. Different types of order crosses or stars were placed behind the shield, moreover, it was a compositional technique, in which such an element acted because of any part of the nesser (shield). All kinds of regalia, flags, banners, pennants were placed behind shields or in the hands of shield holders .
Female coat of arms as a kleinod often contained plant, floral elements, palm branches; widows used mourning verve (mourning ribbons) in the form of kleinod.
Imperial Kleinoda
Imperial kleinoda ( German Reichskleinodien ) - these are attributes of imperial power of the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire . The most important of them are the imperial crown , the holy spear and the imperial sword. Today they are stored in the treasury chamber of the Vienna Palace and are divided into two parts: the Nuremberg Kleinoda, stored from 1424 to 1796 in Nuremberg , and the Aachen Kleinoda, stored in Aachen until 1794.
Cossack Kleinoda
In different Cossack troops there were some differences in the purpose and composition of the Kleynods.
In the XVII century. it became customary to call the hetman’s dignity and generally the symbols of Zaporizhzhya’s army, primarily a mace, a bunchuk, a banner and a seal, as well as timpani and armatures (guns).
Literature
- Arsenyev Yu. V. Heraldry: Lectures given at the Moscow Archaeological Institute in 1907-1908. - M .: TERRA — Book Club, 2001. - ISBN 5-275-00257-2 .
- Antonov V.A. Kleinoty hetman and the troops of Zaporozhye according to the news of the XVI-XVIII centuries. // Electronic scientific and educational journal "History". 2017. T. 8. Issue 1 (55) [Electronic resource]. http://history.jes.su/s207987840001693-1-1 . DOI: 10.18254 / S0001693-1-1
- Lakier Alexander. Russian Heraldry - St. Petersburg. , 1855 .; M .: Book, 1990. - (Historical and Literary Archive) - ISBN 5-212-00281-8 .
- Evarnitsky D. І. History of Zaporizhzhya Kozakov: in 3 t. - St. Petersburg. : 1892−1897 .;
Yavornitsky D. І. Іstoriya zaporіzkih kozakіv: at 3 t. / З rosіyskі pereklav Ivan Svarnik. - Lviv: “Svit”, 1990; K .: “Naukova Dumka”, 1991. (Ukrainian) ;
Yavornitsky D. I. History of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks: in 3 vols. - M .; K .: “Naukova Dumka” , 1990. (Russian) . - T. I. - Yavornitsky D. I. Where did the Zaporizhzhya military kleinoda go // Historical Bulletin, 1889. - Prince. eleven.
- Lazarevsky A. Hetman's kleinoda 1758 // "Kiev Old", 1882. - Prince. five.