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Königsberg University

University of Königsberg (Albertina) ( Albertus-Universität Königsberg ) - the oldest university in Prussia , the first university in modern Russia. “The University of Königsberg was opened on August 17, 1544 by Duke Albrecht Hohenzollern and became the second highest academic institution of the future Prussian-Brandenburg state after the University in Frankfurt an der Oder (1506) [1] .

Königsberg University
( Albertina )
Siegel-Albertina-Koenigsber.png
Albertina.jpg
Year of foundation1544
Year of closure
RectorGeorg Sabinus (first rector)
LocationKonigsberg Prussia

Content

University history

Foundation

 
First Rector of the University - Georg Sabinus

The university was founded by Albrecht, the founder of the Duchy of Prussia in 1544. He was one of the oldest universities in Germany . Initially, the university was called “Academy” [1] , but since 1656, in memory of the founder, it received the name “Albertina”. The university enjoyed great privileges and freedoms, its teachers belonged to the higher strata of society, and the students united in corporations with their structure and traditions.

The Albertina Academy of Königsberg was modeled on other German universities and consisted of four faculties: three “higher” —theological (theological), legal and medical, and one “lower” —philosophy [1] . Natural sciences and mathematics were taught at the Faculty of Philosophy.

“The 36-year-old humanist poet Sabinus, Georg (1508–1560), son-in-law of one of the pillars of the Reformation, Philip Melanchthon , was invited to be the first rector of the university. The faculty corps headed by the rector consisted of ten professors , most of whom came from outside the duchy ” [1] . In the year of his discovery he had over three hundred students.

Initially, the university was focused by its founders on the spread of German culture and Lutheranism in the colonized Baltic lands, the university readily accepted professors born in Poland and Lithuania as members. This policy did not contradict the German strategic goals: through Polish and Lithuanian teachers, and then university graduates — teachers, pastors, officials who knew Polish, Lithuanian and Prussian languages ​​— Alrecht intended to introduce new dogma among the non-German population of the duchy and promote Lutheranism on the lands of its neighbors .

For the university administration (lectures on the then tradition were held at home by professors) in 1569 a new building was built in the northeastern part of the Kneiphof island on the bank of the New Pregel River , next to the Cathedral (the building was destroyed during World War II ).

Among the first Russians to graduate from the university are Ernst Gottlieb Gluck (1698 (?) - 1767), a Russian statesman, vice president of the Justits College of Livland and Estland affairs.

Gallery

  •  

    The old university building at the Kneiphof Cathedral

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    Albertina Old Building and Immanuel Kant's Grave

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    Facade of a new university building

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    Left wing of the new university building

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    University arcade

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    University aul

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    University corridors

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    University Sports Club (architect F. Heitman, 1896)

18th century university

In 1770-1801, a university professor was his graduate Immanuel Kant (in 1786 and 1788 he was the rector of the university).

The university was attended by Duke Biron , the future president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Count Kirill Razumovsky , Count Andrei Gudovich , Count Mikhail Miloradovich . In total, over a hundred Russian nationals studied at the university during the 18th century.

University graduates were classics of Lithuanian literature, Kristionas Donelaitis [1] and Ludvikas Reza (rector in 1830–1831).

University in the 19th Century

During the work of Bessel (1813–1846), the Koenigsberg Observatory became one of the leading research centers in the field of astronomy among European countries. [one]

On the day of the 300th anniversary of the university (August 31, 1844), King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV laid the foundation stone for the new Albertina building on Paradeplatz. The building, designed by architect Friedrich Stühler in the Neo-Renaissance style with a gallery, sculptures on the roof and bas-reliefs on the facade of yellow clinker brick , was opened on July 20, 1862 (after World War II, the building was retained as ruins, restored in 1960s " Khrushchev style "). In 1873 the building of the university surgical clinic was built, which has survived to the present.

By the 350th anniversary in 1894, 658 students were trained at the university, 98 assistant professors and professors taught. The largest was the medical faculty. [one]

University in the first half of the 20th century.

By the turn of the century, more than 1,000 students were studying at the university. There was no firm recruitment plan, so the number of students changed from year to year [1] .

Before liquidation, the university consisted of 6 faculties (faculty of natural sciences, agricultural, theological, legal and social and political sciences, medical, philosophical) [1] . The faculties consisted of 40 institutes, among which were, for example, institutes of experimental physics, mineralogical , geological and paleontological (had a large collection of amber ), botanical with a botanical garden , zoological with a zoological museum. The university owned an astronomical and geophysical observatory, 7 medical clinics, the sports club " ", several libraries (including the famous Silver Library .

On August 17, 1944, the university celebrated its 400th anniversary. Two weeks later, at the end of August, the center of Königsberg was subjected to massive bombardments by the British air force , as a result of which more than 80% of the university buildings were destroyed [1] .

On January 28, 1945, it was decided to evacuate the university in Greifewald [1] (near Flensburg ), and then to Gottingen . At the end of his story.

Albertina Traditions

 
Flags and monograms of some student fraternities
  • Prominent professors of Albertina were awarded medallions on the facade of the university building: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel , Karl Friedrich Burdach , Karl Gottfried Hagen , Johann Friedrich Herbart , Karl Gustav Jacobi , Christian Jacob Kraus , Karl Lachmann , Simon Dach Johann George , Simon Dach , Johann Geohrist , Christian God Jacob Kraus , Karl Gachfried Hagen , Johann Friedrich Herbart Immanuel Kant , Johann Gottfried Herder .
  • University students have come up with a pin on clothes, which later led to the tradition of issuing a distinctive badge to graduates.
  • Students held traditional rowing competitions on the Zamkovoy pond .
  • The university had student fraternities (often former compatriots), which had their emblems , flags , premises, for example, the fraternities of Mazovia , the Baltics , the Hansa (Corps Hansea), Lithuania (Corps Littuania), and Norman (Corps Normannia).

Albertina Today

At the moment, Kant associates “Albertina” with itself.

In accordance with the program of reconstruction of the center of Kaliningrad, it is planned to reconstruct the university building at Kneiphof , which will become one of the buildings of the Kant Baltic Federal University.

University Rectors

  • Georg Sabinus - rector (in 1544 - 1547 ), 1552, 1553, German philologist and poet.
  • Matthias Menius - Rector (in 1587 , 1593 and 1599 ), a mathematician.
  • Jacob Kraus - rector (in 1792, 1798), philosopher and economist.
  • Ludwikas Reza - rector (in 1830/31), poet, critic, philologist, translator, Protestant pastor.
  • Friedrich Burdach - rector (in 1841/42, 1844/45), anatomist and physiologist.
  • Kronprinz Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia (the future King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV ) (rector in 1807/08 - 1829 ).
  • Karl Lindeman - Rector ( 1892 - 1893 ), mathematician.
  • Johann Gref - Rector (in 1800/01, 1806/07), Vice-Rector (1801, 1810/11, 1812/13, 1818/19), a Protestant theologian.
  • Karl Erich Andre - Rector (1930–1931), geologist, paleontologist.
  • Hans Bernhard von Grünberg - last rector of the University of Königsberg ( 1937 - 1945 ), economist .

Outstanding Educators and Graduates

Personal list
  • Auerswald, Hans Jacob von (1757–1833) - General, Chief President, and then Landmaster of Prussia ; graduate and later curator of the university.
  • Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried ( 1694 - 1738 ) - historian, philologist.
  • Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm ( 1784 - 1846 ) - astronomer, mathematician.
  • Biron, Ernst Johann ( 1690 - 1772 ) - Duke of Courland , Regent of Ivan VI (did not graduate from the university).
  • Baer, ​​Karl Ernst von ( 1792 - 1876 ) - embryologist.
  • Hermann Wagner ( 1878 - 1880 ) - geographer.
  • Vin, Wilhelm ( 1864 - 1928 ) - physicist.
  • Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand ( 1821 - 1894 ) - physiologist and psychologist.
  • Herder, Johann Gottfried ( 1744 - 1803 ) - cultural historian.
  • Gerike, Johann Christopher (1696-1759) - pastor and religious writer.
  • Hesse, Ludwig Otto ( 1811 - 1874 ) - mathematician.
  • Hilbert, David ( 1862 - 1943 ) - mathematician.
  • Goldbach, Christian ( 1690 - 1764 ) - mathematician.
  • Goldstucker, Theodore (1821–1872) - Prussian Sanskritologist, translator and teacher
  • Gottshed, Johann Christoph - German writer and critic , literary historian .
  • Hoffman, Ernst Theodor Amadeus ( 1776 - 1822 ) - writer, composer, artist.
  • Hurwitz, Adolf ( 1859 - 1919 ) - mathematician.
  • Druman, Wilhelm ( 1786 - 1861 ) - historian and archaeologist.
  • Zamen, Ioann Yakov (1700-1769) - the burgomaster of Dorpat (St. George, now Tartu).
  • Zand, John David (1748–1834) - astronomer.
  • Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm ( 1868 - 1951 ) - mathematician, physicist.
  • Kaluza, Theodore - a mathematician, a theoretical physicist.
  • Kant, Immanuel ( 1724 - 1804 ) - the philosopher.
  • Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert ( 1824 - 1887 ) - mathematician, physicist.
  • Clebsch, Rudolf Friedrich Alfred ( 1833 - 1872 ) - mathematician.
  • Lilienthal, Michael ( 1636 - 1750 ) - theologian and historian, author of works on the history of Prussia and Königsberg.
  • Minkovsky, Herman ( 1864 - 1909 ) - mathematician.
  • Neumann, Karl Gottfried ( 1832 - 1925 ) - mathematician.
  • Martin Noth ( 1902 - 1968 ) is a biblical scholar.
  • Retovsky, Otto Ferdinandovich ( 1829 - 1925 ) - entomologist and numismatist.
  • Ruehl, Franz ( 1845 - 1916 ) - historian.
  • Tilo, Alvin Kurt Theodore (1874-1911) - German writer and poet.
  • Tilo, Valentine ( 1607 - 1662 ) - the poet.
  • Tornqvist, Alexander ( 1868 - 1944 ) - geologist and paleontologist.
  • Voigt, Waldemar ( 1850 - 1919 ) - physicist.
  • Schade, Oscar ( 1826 - 1906 ) - philologist, Germanist.
  • von Schön, Heinrich Theodore ( 1773 - 1856 ) - Prussian statesman, chief president of East and West Prussia.
  • Schipper, Jacob (1842-1915) - philologist, rector of the University of Vienna.
  • Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob ( 1804 - 1851 ) - mathematician, founder of the Koenigsberg Mathematical School.

See also

  • Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
  • Königsberg Observatory

Literature

  • Karl Erich Andrée: Die Albertus-Universität. Schicksal und Leistung, in: Fritz Gause (Hrsg.): Ostpreußen. Leistung und Schicksal. Burkhard-Verlag, Essen 1958, S. 239–257 (Deutsche Landschaft 4)
  • Sabine Bamberger-Stemmann: Königsberg und seine Universität. Eine Stätte ostmitteleuropäischen Geisteslebens. Nordost Archiv. Zeitschrift für Regionalgeschichte, NF 3, H. 2, 1994, ISSN 0029-1595, S. 281-694.
  • Ludwig Biewer: Student University Leben an der Universität Königsberg von der Wende zum 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Nationalsozialismus, in: Udo Arnold (Hrsg.): Preußen als Hochschullandschaft im 19./20. Jahrhundert. Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk, Lüneburg 1992, S. 45-86.
  • Klaus Bürger: Die Studenten der Universität Königsberg 1817–1844, in: Udo Arnold (Hrsg.): Preußen als Hochschullandschaft im 19./20. Jahrhundert. Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk, Lüneburg 1992, S. 13-44.
  • Walter Daugsch (Red.): Die Albertina. Universität in Königsberg, 1544–1994, hg. von der Stiftung Gerhart-Hauptmann-Haus Düsseldorf. Westkreuz-Verlag, Bad Münstereifel 1994, ISBN 3-922131-98-0 (Schriften der Stiftung Gerhart-Hauptmann-Haus, Deutsch-Osteuropäisches Forum Düsseldorf), (Ausstellungskatalog, Kaliningrad, Museum für Geschichte und Kstuchsthe bis 7. Oktober 1994, deutsch / russisch)
  • Georg Erler (Hrsg.): Die Matrikel (und die Promotionsverzeichnisse) der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg in Preußen. 1544-1829, 3 Bde. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1910-1917 (Publikation des Vereins für die Geschichte von Ost-und Westpreussen 16, ZDB-ID 568220-4), (Nachdruck: Kraus Reprint, Nendeln / Liechtenstein 1976)
  • Walter Hubatsch: Die Albertus Universität zu Königsberg in Preußen in der Deutschen Geistesgeschichte 1544-1944. In: Walther Hubatsch: Deutsche Universitäten und Hochschulen im Osten. Westdeutscher Verlag, Köln ua 1964, p. 9-39 (Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 30, ISSN 0570-5665).
  • Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 450 Jahre Universität Königsberg. Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Preußenlandes. Mit Beiträgen von Hartmut Boockmann (ua). Marburg 2001, ISBN 3-7708-1207-7 (Tagungsberichte der Historischen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreußische Landesforschung 14)
  • Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg / Preußen. Berlin / Freiburg im Breisgau / Frankfurt am Main: 1951 bis 1994, ISSN 0075-2177.
  • Manfred Komorowski: Promotion an der Universität Königsberg, 1548–1799: Bibliographie der pro-graduation-Discrimination in the obelren Verzénnis der Magisterpromotionen in the philosophischen Fakultät, Saur, Munich / New York, NY 1988, ISBN 3-598-10-10 9 Inhaltsverzeichnis
  • Kasimir Lawrynowicz: Albertina. Zur Geschichte der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg in Preußen (Abhandlungen des Göttinger Arbeitskreises, Band 13: Veröffentlichung). Herausgegeben von Dietrich Rauschning. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-10016-6 Göttinger Arbeitskreis 495
  • Hanspeter Marti, Manfred Komorowski (Hrsg.): Die Universität Königsberg in der Frühen Neuzeit. Böhlau, Wien / Köln / Weimar 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-20171-5
  • KF Merleker: Die Universität zu Königsberg in Preußen. 1541–1836. In: Preußische Provinzial-Blätter. Band 16, Königsberg 1836, S. 24-39.
  • Dietrich Rauschning, Donata von Nerée (Hrsg.): Die Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg und ihre Professoren. Aus Anlass der Gründung der Albertus-Universität vor 450 Jahren (= Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg, Band 29: Göttinger Arbeitskreis. Veröffentlichung 451), Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-428-08546-9 .
  • Rektoratsreden im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert / Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg. Online-Bibliographie. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften [17]
  • Siegfried Schindelmeiser: Die Albertina und ihre Studenten 1544 bis WS 1850/51 und Die Geschichte des Corps Baltia II zu Königsberg i. Pr. (1970-1985). Erstmals vollständige, bebilderte und kommentierte Neuausgabe in zwei Bänden mit einem Anhang, zwei Registern und einem Vorwort von Franz-Friedrich Prinz von Preussen, hg. von Rüdiger Döhler und Georg von Klitzing, Munich 2010. ISBN 978-3-00-028704-6
  • Götz von Selle: Geschichte der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg in Preußen. Kanter-Verlag, Königsberg 1944 (2. durchgesehene und vermehrte Auflage). Holzner, Würzburg 1956 (Göttinger Arbeitskreis. Veröffentlichung 145, ZDB-ID 134036-0)
  • Christian Tilitzki: Aspekte der Königsberger Universitätsgeschichte im Dritten Reich. Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 46 (2000), S. 233-269
  • Christian Tilitzki: Professoren und Politik - Die Hochschullehrer der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg / Pr. in der Weimarer Republik (1918–1933), in: Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 450 Jahre Universität Königsberg. Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Preußenlandes. Elwert, Marburg 2001, S. 131—178
  • Christian Tilitzki: Die Königsberger Albertus-Universität im Umbruch der Jahre 1932 bis 1934, in: Christian Pletzing (Hrsg.): Vorposten des Reichs? Ostpreußen 1933-1945. Meidenbauer, München 2006
  • Christian Tilitzki: Die Albertus-Universität Königsberg. Die Geschichte von der Reichsgründung bis zum Untergang der Provinz Ostpreußen, Band 1, 1871-1918. Akademie Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-05-004312-8 .
  • Matthias Stickler: Königsberger Universitätsgeschichte 1805 bis 1870. Anmerkungen zu einem wenig erforschten Thema, in: Hans Peter Hümmer, Michaela Neubert: "Wilhelm Schmiedebergs Blätter der Erinnerung (1835—1839). hg. vom Verein für corpsstudentische Geschichtsforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit Institut für Hochschulkunde an der Universität Würzburg und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hochschulkunde. Würzburg und Neustadt an der Aisch 2013—364 S., ca. 200 meist farbige Abbildungen, Graphiken und Tabellen ISBN 978-3-87707-872-3 .
  • Peter Wörster: Hochschulen im nördlichen Ostpreußen nach 1945, in: Udo Arnold (Hrsg.): Preußen als Hochschullandschaft im 19./20. Jahrhundert. Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk, Lüneburg 1992, S. 105–122.
  • Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt: Zusätze zu meiner Historie der Königsberger Universität, nebst einigen Verbesserungen derselben, und zweyhundert und fünfzig Lebensbeschreibungen Preußischer Gelehrten. Königsberg i. Pr. 1756 (Volltext)
  • Кретинин Г. В., Брюшинкин В. Н., Гальцов В. И. и др. Очерки истории Восточной Пруссии — Калининград: Янтарный сказ, 2004. 536 с. ISBN 5-7406-0502-4
  • Лавринович К. К. Альбертина: Очерки истории Кёнигсбергского университета: К 450-летию со времени основания — Калининград: Калининградское книжное издательство, 1995. 416 с. ISBN 5-85500-417-1

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Лавринович. История Кёнигсбергск. ун-та .

Links

  • Лавринович К. К. История Кёнигсбергского университета (неопр.) . keneman.com . Дата обращения 9 января 2013. Архивировано 30 января 2013 года.
  • История Кёнигсбергского университета (неопр.) . BaltPortal.ru . Дата обращения 9 января 2013. Архивировано 30 января 2013 года.
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Кёнигсбергский_университет&oldid=100688828


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