Hawker Siddeley HS 121 Trident ( Trident , also known as DH121 ) is a British jet airliner for short and medium lines. Developed by De Haviland , mass-produced by Hoker-Sidley in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. The issue amounted to 117 aircraft in five versions. The aircraft was equipped with avionics, very advanced for its time, and became the first airliner capable of performing a fully automatic landing (since 1965 in evaluation mode, and since 1966 - on regular flights). The next airliner ( Lockheed Tristar ) was not allowed to land automatically until the mid-1970s.
| DH121 / HS 121 Trident | |
|---|---|
 Trident 1 G-ARPC at Farnborough Air Show, 1962 | |
| Type of | passenger plane |
| Developer |  de havilland |
| Manufacturer | Hawker siddeley |
| Chief Designer | S.T. Wilkins |
| The first flight | January 9, 1962 |
| Start of operation | March 11, 1964 |
| End of operation | 1990s |
| Operators | British airways  CAAC  Cyprus Airways |
| Units produced | 117 |
The main operators of the aircraft were British European Airways, British Airways, CAAC, Cyprus Airways.
The aircraft was decommissioned on British Airways lines in the early to mid-1980s. In China, Trident airplanes operated by Air China until the 1990s.
Content
- 1 Development
- 2 Aircraft Design
- 3 Operation
- 3.1 Civilian operators
- 3.2 Military operators
- 4 Main production series
- 5 Flight performance (modification 2E)
- 6 Accidents and disasters
- 7 Similar aircraft
- 8 Sources
- 9 References
Development
In July 1956, British European Airways announced a tender for the development of short- and medium-range second-generation jet passenger airliners. The following requirements were imposed on the aircraft: speed 975β990 km / h, passenger capacity 70 people with a range of about 1600 km and a mass of about 46 tons; the aircraft should have been able to operate with a 1800 m runway and had more than two engines.
The DH121 prototype proposed by de Havilland was selected by British European Airways as the winner of the competition in February 1958. The prototype had three engines (each with its own autonomous hydraulic system ), which met the requirements of the competition, passenger capacity 111β140 people, and a range of up to 3330 km.
Subsequently, however, for a number of reasons (mainly a marketing plan), the customer changed his requirements in the direction of reducing the required characteristics of the aircraft. The final version of the aircraft received a passenger capacity of 75β90 people, a range of up to 1,500 km, a mass of 48 tons. As such, on August 24, 1959, the 24 first copies of the machine were ordered by British European Airways. The name Trident ( trident ) was unveiled at the Farnborough Air Show in September 1960 and reflected the three-engine configuration of the aircraft and the triple redundant hydraulic system.
The enlargement and merger of leading British aircraft manufacturers in the late 1950s led, in particular, to the takeover of de Havilland by Hawker Siddeley. In serial production, the aircraft was assigned the designation "Hawker Siddeley HS 121 Trident" .
Aircraft Design
The Trident aircraft was designed according to the all - metal low - wing scheme with a swept (35 Β°) wing, and three Rolls-Royce Spey engines in the rear of the fuselage (two of them on the sides of the fuselage, the third in the tail section with air power from S- shaped duct with a keel intake). In one of the modifications, an additional fourth engine ( booster ) was installed with a separate air intake.
The plane was one of the fastest subsonic airliners, regularly flying at a cruising speed of 965 km / h. The permissible rate of decline in normal conditions was set at 23 m / s .; if emergency reduction was necessary, there was a rare opportunity for commercial aircraft to turn on the reverse thrust in the air (model 1C) - and use the reverse (at full power) until it touches and stops the aircraft completely in the runway, which significantly reduces mileage.
The instrumentation equipment of the aircraft was very perfect for its time and included an automatic ("blind") landing system . The system had the ability to automatically control the aircraft at all stages of landing (approach to the runway, alignment, touch, departure from the strip to the taxiway). The first landing in this mode was performed on June 10, 1965, and the first such landing in conditions of zero visibility on a regular passenger flight on November 4, 1966. The possibility of blind landing was especially important in the UK , where fogs are frequent at airports. With the advent of Trident aircraft, airports equipped with ILS were able to receive these aircraft regardless of visibility at the airport.
Among other innovations in instrumentation, a mobile map was installed on the plane (in the cockpit), which displayed the flight path and the current position of the aircraft (calculated from the data of the flight course and readings of the Doppler navigation system ).
Operation
Civilian operators
- United Kingdom
- BKS / Northeast Airlines (UK)
- British airways
- British european airways
- Channel airways
- China
- Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)
- China united airlines
- Cyprus
- Cyprus Airways
- Iraq
- Iraqi Airways
- Kuwait
- Kuwait Airways
- Pakistan
- Pakistan International Airlines
- Sri Lanka ( Ceylon )
- Air ceylon
- Zaire
- Air Charter Service of Zaire
Military Operators
- China
- People's Liberation Army Air Force
- Pakistan
- Pakistan Air Force
Major Production Series
Trident 1C - the first series for British European Airways, built 24 pcs.
Trident 1E - a model with increased passenger capacity, improved engines, slats were installed. Built 15 pcs.
Trident 2E - similar to Model 1E, with the Triplex automatic landing system installed, 50 units were built.
Trident 3B - an extended version of 2E, with increased passenger capacity up to 180 passengers, with an additional engine 1 RB.162, 26 units were built.
Super Trident 3B - with an increased range of 692 km, 2 units were built.
Flight performance (modification 2E)
- Crew: 3 people
- Passenger Capacity: 115 people
- Length: 35 m
- Wingspan 28.9 m
- Height: 8.3 m
- Empty weight: 33 475 kg
- Maximum take-off weight: 64,636 kg
- Powerplant: 3 Γ Rolls-Royce RB.163-25 Spey 512, traction 53.1 kn each
- Cruising speed: 959 km / h
- Range: 4345 km
- Practical ceiling: up to 11,000 m
Accidents and disasters
| date of | Board number | Disaster site | The victims | Short description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 06/03/1966 | G-arpy | Felthorp | 4/4 | Test flight. Fell into a flat corkscrew due to crew errors. |
| 06/30/1966 | 9K-ACG | Kuwait | 0/83 | Due to crew errors, it landed 5 kilometers from the runway. Decommissioned. |
| 09/13/1971 | B-256 | Underhaan | 9/9 | Crashed to the ground for an unknown reason. On board were the Minister of Defense of China Lin Biao and his family, who were trying to escape to the USSR . According to other sources, the plane crashed due to depletion of jet fuel. |
| 06/18/1972 | G-arpi | Staines | 118/118 | Fell off the train due to crew errors. |
| 09/10/1976 | Gwzt | Zagreb | 113 + 1 + 63/63 | Due to air traffic controller errors, I ran into DC-9 . |
| 03/14/1979 | B-274 | Beijing | 32 + 12/12 | Test flight. Crashed into a factory building. The cause of the disaster was the poor qualification of the crew commander. |
| 04/26/1982 | B-266 | Yangshuo | 112/112 | Crashed into a mountain in bad weather conditions. |
| 08/31/1988 | B-2218 | Hong Kong | 7/89 | Rollout out of runway due to crew errors. |
Similar aircraft
- Boeing 727
- Yak-42
- Tu-154
Sources
- Green, William. The Observer's Book of Aircraft . London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1976. ISBN 0-7232-1553-7 .
- Jackson, AJ British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 2 . London: Putnam, 1973. ISBN 0-370-10010-7 .
- Jerram, Michael and Cliff Barnet. Illustrated International Aircraft Guide 6: General Aviation. London: Phoebus Publishing Co., 1981. No ISBN.
- Munson, Kenneth. Civil Airliners since 1946. London: Blandford Press, 1967.
- Taylor, Michael JH, ed. Janes's Encyclopedia of Aviation, Vol. 2. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Educational Corporation, 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0710-5 .
- Varley, Helen, ed. The Air Traveler's Handbook: The Complete Guide to Air Travel, Airplanes and Airports . London: Fireside Book, 1998. ISBN 0-671-24393-8 .
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Hawker Siddeley Trident." Civil Aircraft . Kent, UK: The Grange, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-642-1 .
Links
- Hawker Siddeley Trident IE Operators' reference drawing [1] , [2] , [3] . // Flight International . - London: Iliffe Transport Publications Ltd, 26 November 1966. - No. 2907 - Vol. 86 - P. 903, 920-921. (detailed schematic diagram of the aircraft)
- Hawker Siddeley Trident on airwar.ru
- The Trident Preservation Society