Belarusian surnames ( Belarusian. Belorussian prozvіshchy ) were formed in the context of the pan-European process. The oldest of them date from the end of the XIV - the beginning of the XV century , when the territory of Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - a multi - ethnic and multi-religious state. The result of a complex and long path of development of anthroponymy in various regions was the heterogeneity of Belarusian surnames [1] . The main body of Belarusian surnames appeared in the XVII - XVIII centuries , but they were not stable, mandatory. Strictly hereditary and legally fixed, they became only in the 1930s [2] [3] .
History of Origin
The Belarusian family system fully reflects the complex and rich political life of the country, and bears traces of numerous cultural influences. For this reason, the basics of Belarusian surnames may contain words related to the Lithuanian , Polish , Russian languages. Of the neighboring nations, only Latvians did not leave any noticeable imprint in the Belarusian family fund.
The first stable family names were adopted by the magnate clans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (ON) from the second half of the 15th century . These ancient generic names: Sapega ", Tyszkiewicz ", Patz , Khodkevich , Glebovich , Nemiro , Iodko , Ilyinich , Ermine , Gromyko - are widespread among Belarusians today.
However, the bulk of the representatives of the gentry estate in the first half of the 16th century continued to use moving names by their father, such as Gnevosh Tvoriyanovich or Bartosh Olehnovich , as well as the peasants. By the end of the 16th century, most gentry clans had already acquired permanent clan names. Although examples of changing the generic name were common, for example, the Doyno clan began to bear the nickname Sologuba , etc.
The names of the gentry could arise from patronymic or grandfatherhood (in -ovich / -evich ) - Voinilovich , Fedorovich , from the name of the estate or patrimony (in -sky / -tsky ) - Belyavsky , Borovsky [approx. 1] , or from the nickname of the progenitor - Wolf , Narbut . The family nomenclature that developed during this period in its main features continues to exist in Central and Western Belarus to this day. Almost 60-70% of the original Belarusian surnames from this area are found in Polish arms and bearers of the same name, and often descendants of glorious noble families with a rich history, rooted in the very roots of the GDL.
Surnames of peasants were fixed in the western and central parts of Belarus throughout the XVIII century . The foundations for peasant surnames were often derived from the same fund of gentry surnames, or could have originated from purely peasant nicknames - Burak, Kogut . For a long time, the surname of the peasant family was unstable. Often one peasant family wore two or even three simultaneously existing nicknames, for example, Maxim Nos , aka Maxim Bogdanovich . However, on the basis of inventories of estates of the late XVII , early XVIII centuries, it can be argued that the main part of peasant families continues to exist continuously in the areas of their fixation from the XVII - XVIII centuries to the present day.
On the lands of Eastern Belarus, which went to Russia as a result of the first division of the Commonwealth in 1772 , surnames were formed at least a hundred years later. In this territory, the family suffixes -ov / -ev, -in , characteristic of Russian anthroponymy , existed from ancient times, but under the rule of the Russian Empire it was this type of surname that became dominant east of the Dnieper and north of the Western Dvina . Due to its later emergence, family nests are smaller than in the western part of the country, and the number of surnames recorded in one locality is usually higher. Surnames such as Kozlov , Kovalev , Novikov are repeated from district to region, that is, there are many places of origin of unrelated family nests, and, accordingly, the number of carriers is high. This is clearly seen in the list of the most frequent Belarusian surnames, in which the universal eastern surnames at -ov / -ev dominate, although the number of carriers of surnames at -ov / -ev among the entire Belarusian population does not exceed 30%.
Unlike Russia, the surnames on -ov / -ev in Eastern Belarus are not completely monopolistic, but cover about 70% of the population. It is interesting that the original Belarusian surnames on- nyonok , here are not made out by the suffix -ov , but Ukrainianized. For example: Goncharenok - not Goncharenkov , but Goncharenko , Kurilenok - not Kurilenkov , but Kurylenko . Although for the Smolensk region surnames on -enkov are the most characteristic. In total, surnames on -enko are from 15 to 20% of the population of Eastern Belarus.
In Belarusian anthroponymy, numerous common nouns are used as surnames without the addition of special suffixes ( Zhuk , Moroz , Sheleg ). Similar surnames are common (often with the same foundations) in Ukrainian anthroponymy [4] .
Finally, the Belarusian family system took shape in the second half of the 19th century .
Forms of Belarusian surnames
Surnames on s
There is a strong opinion [ whose? ] that the surnames of this type are not originally Belarusian, and their presence in Belarus is due solely to the processes of Russian cultural and assimilation influence. This is only partially true. The surnames on -ov / -ev were expelled from the gentry family fund, but continued to be actively used among the peasantry on the eastern periphery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Polotsk and Mstislavskie voivodships). On the other hand, with the accession of Belarusian territories to the Russian Empire, the prevalence of this morphological form in the East became dominant, and today in the northeast of the Vitebsk region , as well as in the eastern parts of the Mogilev and Gomel regions, the surnames on -ov / -ev cover the majority of the population. At the same time, in the rest of the country, this type of family name is not original, and their carriers are from the eastern part of the country or ethnic Russian (names like Smirnov and Kuznetsov are not typical for Belarusians, but at the same time they are presented in the list of 100 most frequent surnames), or by descendants of people who Russified surnames (usually due to dissonance) in Soviet times.
Sometimes the causes of late Russification are generally not explainable. The motives for some examples of Russification are clear: Herovets - Khorov ( Borisovsky district ), and everywhere Baran - Baranov , Kozel - Kozlov , Kot - Kotov , etc.
Most of the surnames on -ov / -ev in the Russian-language record are completely identical to Russian: Ivanov ( Belorussian. Ivanoў ), Kozlov ( Kazloў ), Baranov ( Barana ), Alekseev ( Alyakseyў ), Romanov ( Ramanaў ).
Some surnames testify to the Belarusian origin by the presence of Belarusian phonetic signs at the base: Astapov (instead of Ostapov ), Kanankov (instead of Kononkov ), Rabkov (instead of Ryabkov ), Aleinikov (instead of Oleynikov ), etc.
Many surnames are derived from Belarusian words: Kovalev , Bondarev , Pranuzov , Yagomostev , Yezovitov , Masyanzov .
Others from personal names unknown in Russian anthroponymy: Samusev , Kostusev , Wojciechov , Kazimirov .
Last Names -in
The variant of the family suffix -ov / -ev is used in Russian when creating surnames whose basis ends in -a / -i . Therefore, everything that is written about the family names in -ov / -ev fully refers to the names in -in . A feature of this suffix among Belarusians is its significantly lower prevalence compared to Russians. In Russian populations, the average ratio of surnames on -ov / -ev to surnames on -in can be defined as 70% to 30%. In some places in Russia, especially in the Volga region , in-surnames cover more than 50% of the population. In Belarus, the ratio of suffixes -s / -ev and -in is completely different, 90% to 10%. This is due to the fact that the basis of surnames was perceived not in the original Russian diminutive form of names -a , but with the Belarusian form on -o ( Ivashkov , Fedkov , Geraskov - from Ivashko, Fedko, Gerasko, instead of Ivashkin , Fedkin , Geraskin ).
Most surnames in -in are identical to Russian: Ilyin , Nikitin . Some have a pronounced Belarusian character: Yanochkin .
There are surnames that are decorated with the same suffix -in , but have a different origin from ethnonyms and other words of the Belarusian language: Zemyanin , Polyanin , Litvin , Turchin . Surnames of this origin should not give the female form of Zemlyanin, Lytvyn , etc. Although this rule is often violated. The surname Zemyanin is often subjected to even greater Russification and occurs in the form of Zimyanin (from the Russian “winter”), although the original meaning of “zemyanin” is the owner of the land, a nobleman.
Surnames on -ovic / -evich
The most characteristic Belarusian surnames include surnames on -ovich / -evich [5] [6] [7] [8] . Such surnames cover up to 17% (approx. 1,700,000 people) of the Belarusian population, and Belarusians are second only to Croats and Serbs in terms of the prevalence of -ovich / -evich names among Slavs (in the latter the suffix -ich is almost monopolistic, up to 90%) [approx. . 2] .
The suffix -ovich / -evich because of its widespread use in personal names of the gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, along with the suffix -sky / -sky , began to be considered as a noble and being Belarusian in origin [approx. 3] , firmly entered the Polish anthroponymic tradition, completely displacing the original Polish-language analogue -owitz / -ewicz ( Polish. -Owic / -ewic ) [9] [10] [11] (compare Polish. Grzegorzewic → Grzegorzewicz ) In turn, this type of surname, under the influence of the Polish language, replaced the old Russian stress , as in the Russian patronymic, with the penultimate syllable [10] (cf. Maximovich and Maximovich ). Many surnames of -ovich / -evich , figures of Polish culture, are certainly Belarusian in origin, as they are derived from Orthodox names : Henrik Senkevich (on behalf of Senka (← Semyon ), with the Catholic analogue Shimkevich “Shimko” ), Yaroslav Ivashkevich (from the diminutive name Ivashka (← Ivan ), with the Catholic form Yanushkevich ), Adam Mickiewicz ( Mitka is a diminutive of Dmitry , there is no such name in the Catholic tradition).
Since initially the surnames in -ovich / -evich were essentially middle names, most of their foundations (up to 80%) originate from baptismal names in full or diminutive forms. Only the fund of these names is somewhat more archaic, in comparison with the surnames of other types, which indicates their more ancient origin.
Among the 100 most frequent Belarusian surnames for -ovich / -evich from Orthodox and Catholic baptismal names, 88 names start: Klimovich, Makarevich, Karpovich, Stankevich (from Stanislav ), Osipovich, Tarasevich, Levkovich, Bogdanovich (a pagan name included in the Christian tradition ), Borissevich, Yushkevich (mind. from Yuri ), Pavlovich, Pashkevich, Petrovich, Matskevich (d. from Matvey ), Gurinovich, Adamovich, Dashkevich (d. from Danil ), Matusevich (d. from Matvey ), Sakovich (d. from Isaac ), Gerasimovich, Ignatovich, Vashkevich (d. From Vasily ), Yaroshevich (d. From Yaroslav ), Romanovich, Nesterovich, Prokopovich, Yurkovich, Vasilevich, Kasperovich, Fedorovich, Davidovich, Mitskevich, Demidovich, Kostyukovich (d. From Konstantin ), Grinkevich (d. From Grigory ), Shinkevich (claim from Shimko “Semyon”), Urbanovich, Yaskevich ( Yas um. Form from Yakov ), Yakimovich, Radkevich (from Rodion ), Leonovich, Sinkevich (distorted Senka ← Semyon ), Grinevich (from Grigory ), Martinovich, Maksimovich, Mikhalevich, Aleksandrovich, Yanushkevich, Antonovich, Filipovich, Yakubovich, Levkovich, Ermakovich, Yatskevich (from Yakov ), Tikhonovich, Kononovich, Stasevich (from Stanislav ), Kondratovich, from Mikhail ), Tishkevich (from Timofey ), Ivashkevich, Zakharevich, Naumovich, Stefanovich, Ermolovich, Lavrinovich, Gritskevich (from Grigory ), Yurevich, Aleshkevich, Parkhimovich (from Parfyon ), Petkevich (from Peter ), Yanovich, Kurlovich ( , Protasevich, Sinkevich (from Semyon ), Zinkevich (from Zinovy ), Radevich (from Rodion ), Grigorovich, Grishkevich, Lashkevich (from Galaktion ), Danilovich, Denisevich, Danilevich, Mankevich (from Emmanuel ), Filippovich.
And only 12 come from other foundations: Zhdanovich ( Zhdan - a pagan name), Korotkevich (nicknamed Korotky ), Kovalevich ( koval - a blacksmith), Kuntsevich ( Kunets - a pagan name), Kazakevich, Gulevich ( ghoul - Belarusian “ball”, maybe nickname of a complete person), Voronovich, Khatskevich (from Khotko - “want, desire”), Nekrashevich ( Nekrash “ugly” - a pagan name-amulet), Voitovich ( voit - village headman), Karankevich (from the nickname Korenko ), Skuratovich ( skurat - Belor. Would have wiped the scout “faded like a piece of skin”, possibly the nickname of a plain-looking person but).
Surnames on -ovich / -evich are distributed unevenly across the territory of Belarus. Their main range covers the Minsk and Grodno regions , the northeast of Brest , the southwest of Vitebsk, the region around Osipovich in Mogilev, and the territory west of Mozyr in Gomel. Here, up to 40% of the population belongs to surnames of this type, with a maximum concentration of carriers at the junction of the Minsk, Brest and Grodno regions.
Surnames in -ich / -its, -ich
To the stems ending in a vowel , the patronymic suffix -ovich / -evich is often added in abbreviated form to -ich . The most common surnames of this type: Akulich , Kuzmich , Khomich , Savich , Babich , Mikulich , Borodich , Ananich , Verenich , Minich .
This suffix is sometimes found in an archaic expanded form in the original : Savinich, Ilinich, Kuzminich, Babinic, Petrinich. The expanded archaic form of surnames can be easily confused with the truncated one added to female names in- in : Arinich , Kulinich, Marinich, Katerinich.
Sometimes, especially if the basis of the surname ends in -ka , the suffix -ich in the Belarusian tradition is replaced by -itz . Examples: Konchits, Kazyuchits, Savchits, Vodchits, Mamchits, Steshits, Aksyuchits, Kamchits, Akinchits , Golovchits.
Belarusians with surnames in -i are about 145,000 people, the suffix -its is much more rare and covers only about 30,000 carriers.
Surnames in Russian
This type of surname covers up to 10% of Belarusians and is spread throughout the country, with the highest concentration in the Grodno region (up to 25%) with a gradual decrease to the east. But in the minimum number of 5-7% of the inhabitants, such names are represented in Belarus in any settlement.
Surnames of this type are original for a wide cultural area, they are typical for Ukrainian , Belorussian and Polish languages [12] . The suffix -sk- ( -skiy / -skiy ) is Slavic in origin [approx. 4] . However, such surnames were originally from the Polish aristocracy, and usually formed from the name of the estates. Such an origin gave surnames social prestige, as a result of which this suffix spread to other social strata, having established itself as a predominantly Polish suffix. As a result, first in Poland, then in Ukraine , Belarus and Lithuania , which were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the suffix -sky / -sky also spread to the lower social strata and different ethnic groups. [10] [13] . The prestige of surnames in -skiy, which were considered Polish and gentry, was so high that this word-formation type spread to patronymic surnames. For example, someone Milko became Milkovsky , Kernog - Kernozhitsky , and Skorubo - Skorubsky [13] . In Belarus and Ukraine, the tycoons of the Vishnevetsky and Pototsky part of their former peasants received the names of their owners - Vishnevetsky, Pototsky [11] . A considerable part of surnames in-/ / in in Belarus does not have a toponymic basis; ordinary suffixes of peasant names are often formed with these suffixes.
However, it can be seen with the naked eye that the foundations of surnames in -skiy / -skiy are different from those of other types of surnames. So out of the 100 most common surnames in -sky / -tsky baptismal names underlie 13; 36 objects of flora and fauna are based on ; at the heart of 25 features of the relief .
The most common Belarusian surnames in Russian / Russian : Kozlovsky, Savitsky, Vasilevsky, Baranovsky, Zhukovsky, Novitsky, Sokolovsky, Kovalevsky, Petrovsky, Chernyavsky, Romanovsky, Malinovsky, Sadovsky, Pavlovsky, Dubrovsky, Vysotsky, Krasovsky, Belsky, Lisovsky , Шпаковский, Каминский, Янковский, Белявский, Соболевский, Лапицкий, Русецкий, Островский, Михайловский, Вишневский, Вербицкий, Журавский, Якубовский, Шидловский, Врублевский, Завадский, Шумский (так в ВКЛ исказилась фамилия бояр Шуйских ), Сосновский, Орловский, Ду овский, Липский, Гурский, Калиновский, Смольский, Ивановский, Пашковский, Масловский, Лазовский, Барковский, Дробышевский, Боровский, Метельский, Зарецкий, Шиманский, Цыбульский, Кривицкий, Жилинский, Куницкий, Витковский, Липницкий, Марковский, Чайковский, Бычковский, Селицкий, Синявский, Глинский, Хмелевский, Рудковский, Маковский, Маевский, Кузьмицкий, Добровольский, Закревский, Лещинский, Левицкий, Березовский, Осмоловский, Куликовский, Езерский, Зубрицкий, Горбачевский, Бабицкий, Шпилевский, Яблонский, Колосовский, Камаровский, Грибовс ий, Рутковский, Загорский, Хмельницкий, Пекарский, Поплавский, Крупский, Рудницкий, Сикорский, Быковский, Шабловский, Альшевский, Полянский, Синицкий.
Почти все фамилии на -ский/-цкий числятся в гербовниках Речи Посполитой. История многих семей берёт начало в глубокой древности, например Бельские ведут род от Гедимина , а Глинские от Мамая и т. д. Остальные семьи хоть и менее знатные и древние, но тоже оставили свой след в истории. Например, было пять шляхетских семейств с фамилией Козловский , различного происхождения с гербами Ястребец , Лис , Вежи , Слеповрон и Подкова . Практически то же самое можно сказать о знатности фамилий на -ович/-евич . Например, известны два дворянских рода Климовичей гербов Ясеньчик и Костеша , и два рода Макаревичей гербов Лис и Самсон . Однако ближе к началу XX века фамилии в значительной степени утратили свою сословную окраску.
Стереотипы о происхождении фамилий описаны классиком белорусской литературы Якубом Коласом [14] :
Пан подловчий был родом откуда-то из Гродненщины и происходил, как он сам говорил, из старого дворянского рода. Местное население считало его поляком, сам же пан подловчий с этим не соглашался. «Я — литвин » , — с какой-то гордостью заявлял пан подловчий, и свою принадлежность к литвинам доказывал, между прочим, и тем, что его фамилия — Баранкевич — имела окончание на «ич» , тогда как чисто польские фамилии оканчиваются на «ский» : Жулавский, Домбровский, Галонский.
Оригинальный текст (белор.)Пан падлоўчы быў родам дзесь з Гродзеншчыны і паходзіў, як ён казаў сам, са старога дваранскага роду. Тутэйшае жыхарства лічыла яго палякам, сам жа падлоўчы з гэтым не згаджаўся. «Я — ліцвін», — з нейкай гордасцю зазначаў пан падлоўчы, і сваю належнасць да ліцвінаў даводзіў, паміж іншым, і тым, што яго прозвішча — Баранкевіч — мела канчатак на «іч», тады як чыста польскія прозвішчы канчаюцца на «скі»: Жулаўскі, Дамброўскі, Галонскі.
Фамилии на -енко
Фамилии на -енко ( белор. -енка ) в первую очередь, справедливо считаются украинскими . Однако значительное число белорусов — 10 %, носят такие фамилии (ок. 1 000 000 человек). В документах XVII — XVIII веков присутствия данного типа фамилий в Белоруссии не отмечалось. Это свидетельствует об их более позднем возникновении.
В Белоруссии есть относительно небольшая территория (Мозырьско-Речицкое Полесье ), где фамилии на -енко являются доминирующими и охватывают от 40 до 50 % населения. Эта территория лежит за пределами ареала распространения фамилий на -ов/-ев , и исключительное положение тут фамилий на -енко является несомненным последствием культурного влияния соседней Украины .
Почти все наиболее частые белорусские фамилии на -енко в русифицированной записи абсолютно не отличимы от украинских: Кравченко, Коваленко, Бондаренко, Марченко, Сидоренко, Савченко, Стельмашенко, Шевченко, Борисенко, Макаренко, Гавриленко, Юрченко, Тимошенко, Романенко, Василенко, Прокопенко, Науменко, Кондратенко, Тарасенко, Моисеенко, Ермоленко, Захаренко, Игнатенко, Никитенко, Карпенко, Терещенко, Максименко, Алексеенко, Потапенко, Денисенко, Грищенко, Власенко, Астапенко (на Украине Остапенко ), Руденко, Антоненко, Даниленко, Ткаченко, Прохоренко, Давыденко, Степаненко, Назаренко, Герасименко, Федоренко, Нестеренко, Осипенко, Клименко, Пархоменко, Кузьменко, Петренко, Мартыненко, Радченко, Авраменко, Лещенко, Павлюченко, Лысенко, Кухаренко, Демиденко, Артеменко, Исаченко, Ефименко, Костюченко, Николаенко, Афанасенко, Павленко, Анищенко (на Украине Онищенко ), Малашенко, Леоненко, Хомченко, Пилипенко, Левченко, Матвеенко, Сергеенко, Мищенко, Филипенко, Гончаренко, Евсеенко, Свириденко (исключительно белорусская фамилия), Семченко, Иваненко, Янченко (тоже белорусская), Лазаренко, Гапоненко, Тищенко, Лукьяненко, Солдатенко, Яковенко, Казаченко, Кириленко, Ларченко, Ященко, Антипенко, Исаенко, Дорошенко, Федосенко, Якименко, Мельниченко, Атрощенко, Демченко, Савенко, Москаленко, Азаренко.
Как видно из списка, основами для подавляющей массы фамилий на -енко , послужили крестильные имена и прозвания от профессий .
Фамилии на -ёнок/-онок
Данная форма фамилий распространена не только среди белорусов, но и среди русских.
Самые частые фамилии на -ёнок/-онок : Ковалёнок, Борисёнок, Савенок/Савёнок, Казачёнок, Клименок/Климёнок, Клещёнок, Руденок/Рудёнок, Лаптёнок, Кузьменок, Лобанок, Королёнок, Василёнок, Асташонок, Асташёнок, Голенок, Лученок, Герасимёнок, Зуёнок, Михалёнок, Кухаронок, Кухарёнок («русифицированный» Кухаронок), Крученок, Курилёнок, Павленок, Кравчёнок, Гончарёнок, Фоменок, Хоменок, Зубченок, Храменок, Заборонок, Стрельчёнок, Терешонок. В частности, такие фамилии как Клименок, Терешонок, Михалёнок, Герасимёнок, Голенок, Казачёнок, Асташёнок среди русских встречаются также часто, как и среди белорусов.
Фамилии на -ко
Такие фамилии встречаются повсюду в Белоруссии, с наибольшей концентрацией в Гродненской области . Общее число носителей фамилий данного типа около 800 000 человек. По сути, суффикс -ко — это полонизированный вариант древнерусского общераспространённого уменьшительного суффикса -ка . Данный суффикс может добавляться фактически к любой основе, имени [ Василь — Василько ( белор. Васілька )], особенности человека ( Глухой — Глушко ), профессии ( Коваль — Ковалько ), названию животных и предметов ( волк — Волчко , дежа — Дежко ), от прилагательного «зелёный» — Зеленко ( белор. Зеленка ), от глагола «приходить» — Приходько ( белор. Прыходзька ) и т. д.
Наиболее распространённые фамилии на -ко : Мурашко, Бойко, Громыко, Приходько, Мелешко, Лойко, Сенько, Сушко, Величко, Володько, Дудко, Семашко, Дайнеко, Цвирко, Терешко, Савко, Манько, Ломако, Шишко, Будько, Санько, Сороко, Бобко, Бутько, Ладутько, Горошко, Зеленко, Белько, Зенько, Рудько, Головко, Божко, Цалко, Можейко, Лапко, Ивашко, Наливайко, Сечко, Химко, Шарко, Хотько, Змушко, Гринько, Борейко, Попко, Дорошко, Астрейко, Скрипко, Алешко, Зайко, Воронько, Сытько, Буйко, Детко, Ромашко, Чайко, Цыбулько, Редько, Васько, Гридюшко, Сасько, Шейко, Малявко, Гунько, Минько, Шешко, Шибко, Зубко, Молочко, Бусько, Клочко, Кучко, Климко, Шимко, Рожко, Шевко, Лепешко, Занько, Жилко, Бурко, Шамко, Малышко, Куделко, Толочко, Галушко, Щурко, Черепко, Крутько, Снитко, Сливко, Булавко, Турко, Нарейко, Серко, Юшко, Ширко, Орешко, Латушко, Чуйко, Гришко, Шкурко, Владыко, Шибеко.
Некоторые фамилии этого типа сами по себе представляют отдельные слова — Мурашко («муравей»), Цвирко («сверчок»), Сороко и т. д.
Часть фамилий, оканчивающихся на -ейко ( лит. -eika ), являются литовскими по происхождению: Можейко ( лит. Mažeika ← mãžas «малый, маленький»), Нарейко ( лит. Nareikà ← norėti, nóras «хотеть, желать»), Борейко ( лит. Bareikà ← barejas «упрекать, ругать») и т. д.
Суффикс -ко — находится под ударением в многосложных фамилиях; в остальных случаях он безударный и в белорусской орфографии пишется тогда как -ка. Многие фамилии на -ко в русифицированной записи невозможно отличить от украинских фамилий с таким же суффиксом [15] .
Фамилии на -ок
Ещё один характерный тип фамилий, встречается как среди белорусов, так и среди русских и украинцев. Самые частые фамилии на -ок : Волчок, Попок, Божок, Шашок, Цыганок, Зубок, Жолток, Бабок/Бобок, Титок, Петушок, Снопок, Турок, Жданок, Шрубок, Пожиток.
Фамилии на -еня
Фамилии на -еня свойственны только белорусам (хотя этот суффикс встречается в украинском, но типичен он именно для белорусских фамилий) [15] . Фамилии этого типа не часты, хотя в центре своего распространения (юго-запад Минской области ) охватывают до 10 % жителей. Интересно, что на север и восток от своего ареала фамилии на -еня не распространялись, но на севере Брестской и в Гродненской областях данные фамилии отмечаются в единичных случаях. Всего в Белоруссии 381 фамилия данного типа с общим числом носителей 68 984 человек.
Встречаются случаи трансформации фамилий на -еня , с заменой суффикса -еня на -енко : Денисеня — Денисенко , Максименя — Максименко и т. д.
Белорусские фамилии на -еня : Горощеня, Протасеня, Руденя, Кравченя, Серченя, Кондратеня, Ясюченя, Сергиеня, Михаленя, Стрельченя, Сущеня, Герасименя, Киеня, Дещеня, Прокопеня, Щербаченя, Коваленя, Варвашеня, Филипеня, Юреня, Ярошеня, Николаеня, Кругленя, Арцыменя, Амельченя, Ханеня, Шупеня, Юрченя, Осташеня, Купченя, Перденя, Иванисеня, Игнатеня, Ильеня, Исаеня, Драбеня, Таненя, Карпеня, Гавриленя, Мякеня, Парфеня, Павленя, Ахраменя, Авхименя, Автименя, Крывеня, Леваненя, Бятеня, Катеня, Кульгавеня, Селеня, Хвесеня, Крупеня, Лименя, Жданеня, Савеня, Евсеня, Сарапеня, Краменя, Кураленя, Кеня, Адаменя, Бороденя, Хаменя, Хваленя, Попеня, Клименя, Мазуленя, Савастеня, Ханеня, Шавгеня, Микеня, Феденя, Якубеня, Кириеня, Гегеня, Зеленя, Козленя, Курленя, Кухтеня, Кивеня, Матвееня, Мацвееня, Сивеня, Цаменя, Цеменя, Руденя, Остапеня, Бабеня, Давиденя, Зубеня, Копеленя, Карпиеня, Леоненя, Майсеня, Максименя, Макутеня, Николаеня, Руденя, Страленя, Удавеня, Федосеня, Мисеня, Уласеня и т.д.
Фамилии на -ук/-юк, -чук
Самый продуктивный западно-украинский ( волынский ) фамильный суффикс. В Белоруссии охватывает около 600 000 человек. В западной части Брестской области фамилии на -ук/-юк, -чук являются доминирующими, и эта территория несомненно является органическим продолжением украинского (волынского) ареала.
Кроме того, -укас/-юкас ( лит. -ùkas ) — самый продуктивный уменьшительный суффикс в литовском языке , контакты с которым привели к появлению в белорусском фонде широкого перечня уменьшительных личных имён на -ук/-юк . Примеры: Янук (Ян), Костюк (Константин), Петрук (Пётр), Павлюк (Павел), Ясюк (Яков), Стасюк (Станислав), Мацук (Матвей), Васюк (Василий), Мисюк (Михаил), Радюк (Родион), Масюк (Матвей), Ильюк (Илья), Валюк (Валентин), Сацук (Исаак), Пасюк (Павел), Пацук (Ипатий), Пашук (Павел), Авсюк (Евсей), Матюк (Матвей), Балтрук (Варфоломей), Арцук (Артемий), Валентюк (Валентин). Wed Янук и лит. Jonùkas , Петрук и лит. Petrùkas , Балтрук и лит. Baltrùkas . Эти уменьшительные имена вовсю используются как самостоятельные фамилии, и именно такие фамилии в основном представлены за пределами юго-запада Брестской области. Их отличительным признаком является возможность дальнейшего оформления суффиксом -ович/-евич : Янукович/Янукевич, Стасюкевич, Сацукевич, Арцукевич и т. д.
Некоторые фамилии на -ук/-юк происходят непосредственно из литовского языка, например: Бернюк ( лит. berniukas «парень»), Пирштук ( лит. pirštas «пёрст, палец»), Гирдюк ( лит. girdi «слышать»).
Всего в Белоруссии отмечено 3406 фамилий данного типа. Наиболее распространённые фамилии на -ук/-юк, -чук : Ковальчук, Пинчук, Гайдук, Полещук, Шевчук, Романюк, Савчук, Костюк, Кравчук, Косенчук, Радюк, Радчук, Романчук, Панасюк, Семенюк, Марчук, Тарасюк, Ткачук, Левчук, Кондратюк, Карпук, Грицук, Бондарчук, Кучук, Дмитрук, Семенчук, Литвинчук, Данилюк, Севрук, Василюк, Демчук, Масюк, Борисюк, Лашук, Близнюк, Полищук, Климук, Гончарук, Гаврилюк, Денисюк, Мельничук, Степанюк, Михальчук, Мартынюк, Матюк, Абрамчук, Иванюк, Гринюк, Сидорчук, Васюк, Яцук, Нестерук, Стасюк, Федорук, Игнатюк, Мисюк, Макарчук, Ярошук, Михнюк, Борсук, Захарчук, Антонюк, Кухарчук, Сахарчук, Климчук, Прокопчук, Бирюк, Пасюк, Янчук, Герасимчук, Грищук, Павлюк, Назарчук, Кирилюк, Боярчук, Камлюк, Михадюк, Сидорук, Барсук, Баранчук, Сачук, Дашук, Андреюк, Пашук, Михалюк, Тихончук, Кохнюк, Валюк, Пилипчук, Ничипорук, Никитюк, Остапчук, Лозюк, Сердюк, Конончук, Корнейчук, Адамчук, Майсюк, Волосюк, Сенчук, Власюк, Онищук.
Фамилии на -ик, -чик
Суффикс -чик взаимозаменяем с суффиксом -чук . Многие фамилии существуют в параллельных формах: Матвейчук — Матвейчик , Адамчук — Адамчик и т. д. Этим суффиксом широко пользуется только белорусская и польская антропонимическая традиция, поэтому фамилии на -чик , выглядят более белорусскими, чем фамилии на -чук . Однако фамилии на -ик продуктивны также среди украинцев. Фамилиями с окончаниями на -ик, -чик , в Белоруссии пользуется около 540 000 человек.
Самые частые фамилии на -ик, -чик : Новик, Дубовик, Кулик, Боровик, Прокопчик, Гончарик, Иванейчик, Мирончик, Шевчик, Бобрик, Влащик, Каленик, Чижик, Толстик, Веремейчик, Царик, Круглик, Герасимчик, Наумчик, Мазаник, Филипчик, Горелик, Кухарчик, Мандрик, Сергейчик, Делендик, Юрчик, Леончик, Силивончик, Нехайчик, Савчик, Данильчик, Альховик, Алексейчик, Лущик, Гордейчик, Ефимчик, Цедрик, Романчик, Гаврильчик, Вергейчик, Курильчик, Овсяник, Демидчик, Харитончик, Войтик, Бондарик, Агейчик, Долбик, Пищик, Прохорчик, Лукьянчик, Лосик, Лукашик, Кирильчик, Емельянчик, Абрамчик, Купрейчик, Пивоварчик, Осипчик, Максимчик, Макейчик, Бондарчик, Борисик, Аврамчик, Марчик, Симончик, Бибик, Козик, Астапчик, Ахремчик, Сахончик, Корнейчик, Голик, Ольховик, Писарик, Лазарчик, Иванчик, Булойчик, Аврамчик, Андрейчик, Антончик, Якубчик, Самуйлик, Рослик, Филончик, Якимчик, Артемчик, Дубик, Тарасик, Денищик, Кирик, Селивончик, Вакульчик, Левчик, Баранчик, Матвейчик, Сидорик, Юнчик, Чепик, Андрончик, Куприянчик, Курашик.
Фамилии на -ец, -инец, -овец
Фамилии с уменьшительным суффиксом -ец встречаются довольно редко. Примеры: Ярец, Малец, Базылец, Карпец, Иванец, Уласовец, Степанец [16] . Часто они образуются от названий жителей каких-либо мест: Павловец (← Павлово ), Михновец (← Михново ), Борисовец (← Борисов ), Брагинец (← Брагин ), Быховец (← Быхов ), Корневец (← Корени ) и т. д. Суффикс -ец имеет такой же характер в украинской антропонимии [17] .
Фамилии балтийского происхождения
Среди фамилий современного белорусского ареала выделяется пласт балтизмов , который обусловлен глубокими и длительными контактами белорусов с балтийскими народами , прежде всего литовским . Балтийские по происхождению отпрозвищные фамилии отмечены в основном на территории балто-славянского пограничья, однако фиксируются и далеко за её пределами, в частности, в центральной и восточной частях Белоруссии [18] . Подобные фамилии встречаются также в Польше , России и на Украине .
Примеры: Довнар ( лит. Daũ-nor-as ← Daũg-nor-as ), Довнарович, Эйсмонт ( лит. Eĩs-mantas ), Эйсмонтович, Нарбут ( лит. Nár-butas ), Нарбутович, Корбут ( лит. Kãr-i-butas, Kõr-butas ), Сурвило ( лит. Sùrvilas ; ср. др.-прусск. Sur-wille ), Рымша ( лит. Rìmšas ← Rìm-vydas ), Скирмонт и т. д. Фамилии от этнонимов : Латыш, Латышович, Латышкевич и др.
Частотность
The most common surnames among residents of Belarus in 2007 :
| p / p | Belarus | Number | Brest | Vitebsk | Gomel | Grodno | Minsk | Mogilev | Minsk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | Ivanov | 57,200 | Kovalchuk | Mikhailov | Kovalev | beetle | Novik | Kovalev | Ivanov |
| 2 | Kovalev | 44,900 | beetle | Kozlov | Kozlov | Ivanov | Ivanov | Ivanov | Kozlov |
| 3 | Kozlov | 40 500 | Savchuk | Volkov | Novikov | Urbanovich | beetle | Novikov | Kovalev |
| four | Novikov | 35,200 | Panasyuk | Novikov | Melnikov | Kozlovsky | Frost | Kozlov | Novikov |
| five | Zaitsev | 27,000 | Ivanov | Kovalev | Ivanov | Zhukovsky | Kozlovsky | Zaitsev | Kozlovsky |
| 6 | beetle | 25,400 | Novik | Zaitsev | Bondarenko | Borisevich | Petrovich | Melnikov | beetle |
| 7 | Morozov | 23 100 | Goat | Morozov | Kravchenko | Karpovich | Baranovsky | Volkov | Vasilevsky |
| eight | Novik | 22 800 | Kovalevich | Solovyov | Zaitsev | Frost | Gurinovich | Goncharov | Zaitsev |
| 9 | Melnikov | 22 500 | Khomich | Vasiliev | Morozov | Lukashevich | Protasenya | Morozov | Kuznetsov |
| ten | Kozlovsky | 22,000 | Kravchuk | Petrov | Goncharov | Savitsky | Smartly | Vorobyov | Novik |
| eleven | Frost | 20 500 | Romanyuk | Lebedev | Kovalenko | Kissel | Kozlov | Semenov | Smirnov |
| 12 | Kuznetsov | 20 300 | Semenyuk | Bogdanov | Rams | Novik | Karpovich | Starovoitov | Zhukovsky |
| 13 | Volkov | 20 300 | Levchuk | Kovalenko | Gromyko | Markevich | Delendik | Rams | Morozov |
| 14 | Rams | 19 500 | Karpovich | Sokolov | Shevtsov | Baranovsky | Kovalev | Kravchenko | Klimovich |
| 15 | Vasiliev | 19 500 | Kuzmich | Rams | Tymoshenko | Novitsky | Khatskevich | Sidorenko | Makarevich |
| sixteen | Kravchenko | 19 100 | Marchuk | Golubev | Zhukov | Vashkevich | Tarasevich | Kiselev | Savitsky |
| 17 | Savitsky | 19,000 | Gritsuk | Mikhailov | Lapitsky | Yakimovich | Prokopovich | Vasiliev | Vasiliev |
| 18 | Goncharov | 18,700 | Tarasyuk | Goncharov | Pinchuk | Kovalchuk | Ermakovich | Savitsky | Tarasevich |
| nineteen | Smirnov | 18,400 | Makarevich | Kuznetsov | Drobyshevsky | Goat | Kostyukevich | Drozdov | Volkov |
| 20 | Kovalenko | 18,200 | Kozak | Vorobyov | Vorobyov | Zanevsky | Khamitsevich | Marchenko | Rams |
| 21 | Vorobyov | 17 800 | Shpakovsky | Smirnov | Marchenko | Makarevich | Novitsky | Cossacks | Frost |
| 22 | Petrov | 17 300 | Thrush | Pavlov | Kuznetsov | Pavlovsky | Kuznetsov | Kravtsov | Goosebumps |
| 23 | Vasilevsky | 16 800 | Frost | Fedorov | Gavrilenko | Romanchuk | Stankevich | Miholap | Dubovik |
| 24 | Klimovich | 16,700 | Shevchuk | Stepanov | Medvedev | Kozlov | Sokolovsky | Titov | Popov |
| 25 | Makarevich | 16 100 | Kondratyuk | Orlov | Kravtsov | Kuchinsky | Cossack | Sokolov | Petrov |
| 26 | Kiselev | 15,700 | Vasilyuk | Korolev | Borisenko | Smirnov | Vasilevsky | Shevtsov | Novitsky |
| 27 | Solovyov | 15 600 | Karpuk | Semenov | Gulevich | Yushkevich | Goat | Romanov | Karpovich |
| 28 | Semenov | 15 600 | Kolesnikovich | Yakovlev | Korotkevich | Kuznetsov | Babitsky | Nikitin | Melnikov |
| 29th | Bondarenko | 15,200 | Smartly | Nikitin | Shevchenko | Stankevich | Ladik | Zhukov | Kravchenko |
| thirty | Sokolov | 15,200 | Kozlov | Kiselev | Bondarev | Savko | Klimkovich | Kovalenko | Kovalenko |
| 31 | Pavlov | 15 100 | Dmitruk | Savchenko | Prikhodko | Klimovich | Dubovsky | Fedorov | Goncharov |
| 32 | Baranovsky | 14 900 | Lemeshevsky | Medvedev | Smirnov | Lisovsky | Dubovik | Petrov | Sokolovsky |
| 33 | Karpovich | 14 900 | Litvinchuk | Grigoryev | Volkov | Petrov | Hare | Kuznetsov | Sokolov |
| 34 | Popov | 14,700 | Borisyuk | Kovalevsky | Novik | Semashko | Smirnov | Stepanov | Vorobyov |
| 35 | Zhukov | 14 100 | Danilyuk | Savitsky | Starovoitov | Vasilevsky | Hajduk | Polyakov | Borisevich |
| 36 | Kovalchuk | 14 100 | Demchuk | Zhukov | Naumenko | Pavlyukevich | Klishevich | Pavlov | Pavlov |
| 37 | Zhukovsky | 13 800 | Kozlovsky | Andreev | Sidorenko | Zhilinsky | Kissel | Solovyov | Gurinovich |
| 38 | Novitsky | 13,700 | Klimuk | Titov | Ermakov | Sokolovsky | Ignatovich | Bondarev | Kiselev |
| 39 | Kravtsov | 13,700 | Klimovich | Alekseev | Vasiliev | Senkevich | Novikov | Korotkevich | Lukashevich |
| 40 | Mikhailov | 13,600 | Lukashevich | Drozdov | Kiselev | Gerasimchik | Savitsky | Korolev | Matusevich |
| 41 | Tarasevich | 13,600 | Verenich | Kozlovsky | Savchenko | Vasiliev | Bozhko | Gaishun | Semenov |
| 42 | Stankevich | 13,600 | Kissel | Matveev | Gorbachev | Obukhovsky | Morozov | Kozlovsky | Baranovsky |
| 43 | Lebedev | 13,200 | Polkhovsky | Romanov | Klimovich | Cossack | Hare | Alekseev | Stankevich |
| 44 | Fedorov | 13 100 | Tarasevich | Kravchenko | Solovyov | Kovalev | Pavlovets | Yushkevich | Solovyov |
| 45 | Romanov | 13,000 | Andreiuk | Popov | White | Novikov | Zhukovsky | Andreev | Lebedev |
| 46 | Nikitin | 12,700 | Ignatyuk | Marchenko | Makarenko | Ignatovich | Vasiliev | Frost | Kovalevsky |
| 47 | Marchenko | 12 500 | Sholomitsky | Prudnikov | Prokopenko | Yaroshevich | Makarevich | Yakovlev | Romanovsky |
| 48 | Lukashevich | 12,400 | Voitovich | Vinogradov | Polyakov | Sakovich | Popov | Tkachev | Mikhailov |
| 49 | Andreev | 12,400 | Denisyuk | Kuzmin | Konovalov | Zdanovich | Samusevich | Popov | Petrovich |
| 50 | Pinchuk | 12,200 | Litskevich | Pashkevich | Zhuravlev | Kovalevsky | Mikhnovets | Yurchenko | Fedorov |
| 51 | Starovoitov | 12,200 | Kovalev | Zuev | Kovalchuk | Cat | Chernuho | Lebedev | Nikitin |
| 52 | Medvedev | 12,200 | Flasks | Frost | Romanov | Bogdan | Petrov | Pinchuk | Gerasimovich |
| 53 | Polyakov | 12 100 | King | Nikolaev | Savitsky | Vasilevich | Cat | Kuleshov | Petrovsky |
| 54 | Korolev | 12,000 | Smirnov | Seleznev | Pavlov | Tarasevich | Sushko | Baranovsky | Antonovich |
| 55 | Bogdanovich | 11 900 | Borichevsky | Chernyavsky | Frolov | Goncharuk | Khomich | Bobkov | Adamovich |
| 56 | Kovalevsky | 11 800 | Romanovich | Shcherbakov | Astapenko | Magpie | Romanovsky | Gavrilenko | Zhukov |
| 57 | Stepanov | 11,700 | Bobko | Starovoitov | Drozdov | Kuzmitsky | Abramovich | Grigoryev | Dovnar |
| 58 | Drozdov | 11,700 | Linkevich | Zakharov | Frost | Kulesh | Belko | Smirnov | Poznyak |
| 59 | Sokolovsky | 11,700 | Pashkevich | Frolov | Korolev | Popov | Vasilevich | Tarasov | Pavlovich |
| 60 | Sidorenko | 11 500 | Stepanyuk | Fishermen | Mikhailov | Miscavige | Blizzard | Makarenko | Thrush |
| 61 | Titov | 11,400 | Novikov | Ravens | Nikitenko | Wheel | Solovyov | Maximov | Krasovsky |
| 62 | Shevtsov | 11,400 | Rebkovec | Polyakov | Ermolenko | Humpback | Zaitsev | Malakhov | Chernyavsky |
| 63 | Savchenko | 11,200 | Petrov | Sorokin | Petrov | Chernyak | Mikulich | Kotov | Korzun |
| 64 | Frolov | 11,200 | Kuznetsov | Cossacks | Tkachev | Volkov | Lukashevich | Kuzmenkov | Vashkevich |
| 65 | Goat | 11,200 | Martynyuk | Vasilevsky | Parkhomenko | Matskevich | Kuchinsky | Stankevich | Zhdanovich |
| 66 | Orlov | 11,200 | Fedoruk | Makarov | Sokolov | Mikhailov | Rzheutsky | Mironov | Cossack |
| 67 | Pashkevich | 11 100 | Petrovsky | Egorov | Shcherbakov | Radevich | Pashkevich | Borisenko | Bondarenko |
| 68 | Borisevich | 11,000 | Yaroshuk | Antonov | Karpenko | Fedorovich | Coleda | Mikhailov | Malinovsky |
| 69 | Shevchenko | 11,000 | Vasiliev | Baranovsky | Popov | Baby | Bulls | Kapustin | Andreev |
| 70 | Petrovsky | 10 800 | Matskevich | Tikhonov | Semenov | Bogdevich | Volkov | Prudnikov | Korolev |
| 71 | Yakovlev | 10 800 | Sidoruk | Zhuravlev | Gaponenko | Fedorov | Tsybulko | Medvedev | Medvedev |
| 72 | Chernyavsky | 10 800 | Zavadsky | Litvinov | Shapoval | Bump | Shilovich | Makarov | Sergeev |
| 73 | Romanovsky | 10 800 | Goreglyad | Shevchenko | Titov | Zaitsev | Vashkevich | Golubev | Polyakov |
| 74 | Goosebumps | 10 600 | Sandpiper | Kravtsov | Litvinov | Romanovich | Meleshko | Lukyanov | Romanov |
| 75 | Malinovsky | 10 600 | Nevar | Yurchenko | Kolesnikov | Salei | Kovalevsky | Markov | Volchek |
| 76 | Alekseev | 10 500 | Hare | Bondarenko | Martinovich | Asmont | Kulesh | Frolov | Pavlovsky |
| 77 | Cossack | 10 400 | Dikovitsky | Matskevich | Nikitin | King | Potter | Borisov | Grinkevich |
| 78 | Makarov | 10 400 | Bulyga | Romanovsky | Yurchenko | Antonovich | Miller | Golub | Yaroshevich |
| 79 | Thrush | 10 300 | Poleschuk | Tkachev | Lebedev | Matusevich | Melnikov | Bychkov | Makarov |
| 80 | Cossacks | 10,200 | Petruchik | Osipov | Kuzmenko | Hare | Goosebumps | Solonovich | Yurkevich |
| 81 | Borisenko | 10 100 | Shepelevich | Belyaev | Tereshchenko | Gursky | Pavlovich | Sagittarius | Orlov |
| 82 | Yushkevich | 10,000 | Yurchik | Bulls | Vasilenko | Zayko | Shishlo | Orlov | Belsky |
| 83 | Bondarev | 10,000 | Miller | Kotov | Kondratenko | Bartashevich | Beetroot | Kondratyev | Akulich |
| 84 | Hare | 9900 | Savitsky | Sergeev | Beaver | Ruff | Kovalenko | Moiseenko | Shevchenko |
| 85 | Tkachev | 9900 | Seredich | Beavers | Davydenko | Sinkevich | Senko | Kuzmin | Yushkevich |
| 86 | Bogdanov | 9800 | Ivanyuk | Gerasimov | Yarets | Vorobiev | Verbitsky | Prokopenko | Sadovsky |
| 87 | Grigoryev | 9800 | Kirilyuk | Melnikov | Maksimenko | Budko | Osipovich | Digger | Matskevich |
| 88 | Pavlovich | 9800 | Popov | Tarasov | Grishchenko | Sidorovich | Magpie | Kovalevsky | Davidovich |
| 89 | Dubovik | 9700 | Gavrilyuk | Ovchinnikov | Denisenko | Pavlov | Chernyavsky | Bondarenko | Hare |
| 90 | Zhuravlev | 9700 | Krivetsky | Dmitriev | Zakharenko | Semenov | Cooper | Sidorov | Sheleg |
| 91 | White | 9600 | Bogdanovich | Danilov | Kushnerov | Radyuk | Golub | Fishermen | King |
| 92 | Smartly | 9600 | Nesteruk | Petrovsky | Dubrovsky | Romanovsky | Pavlov | Osipov | Yakovlev |
| 93 | Miller | 9600 | Borisevich | Petukhov | Hare | Makarov | Romanovich | Romanenko | Hare |
| 94 | Sorokin | 9600 | Vasilevich | Mironov | Kuzmenkov | Semenchuk | Nightingale | Ryabtsev | Crook |
| 95 | Sadovsky | 9500 | Polyukhovich | Sidorenko | Sychev | Full | Gerasimovich | Bogdanov | Kovalchuk |
| 96 | Pavlovsky | 9500 | Saharchuk | Gavrilov | Tolkachev | Borisik | Leshchenko | Tarasenko | Stepanov |
| 97 | Petrovich | 9500 | Potocki | Alexandrov | Antonenko | Solovyov | Aleshko | Gorbachev | Kudin |
| 98 | Sergeev | 9400 | Demidyuk | Emelyanov | Cooper | Stasyukevich | Polyakov | Klimov | Grigoryev |
| 99 | Kotov | 9400 | Guzarevich | Leonov | Gerasimenko | Malec | Scalaban | Kolesnikov | Frolov |
| 100 | Kissel | 9300 | Lozuk | Pugachev | Orlov | Sadovsky | Sechko | Wide | Nesterovich |
See also
- Russian surnames
- Ukrainian name
- Lithuanian names
- Polish name
Notes
- ↑ According to the “Census of the troops of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania” in 1528, the names for -ovich / -evich amounted to 83.46%. This led to the widespread use of the forms of -ovich / -evich in the formation of Belarusian surnames. Surnames in -skiy / -skiy , formed from the names of the locality, prevailed in the south-west (approx. 80%), due to the influence of the Polish anthroponymic system. In different territories, the formant -ich covered from 80% to 97% of naming conventions. The absence of social restrictions in its use ensured the high productivity of this suffix throughout the entire period of the XV — XVIII centuries. Anthroponymic materials of Belarusian Polissya of the 16th century demonstrate the totality, monolithicity in its use, which combines them with the anthroponymy of Ukrainian Polissya, as well as with Serbian and Croatian. In the X-XIII centuries, naming in -sky was strictly regulated by the social belonging of the named and formed from the name of the inheritance or property of the prince. In ancient Russian monuments, naming in n covered 5%. Gradually, their specific gravity grew. This limitation persisted in the Russian language and in the XVI-XVII centuries. At the same time, since the 17th century, their number in Belarusian sources has been increasing sharply due to a decrease in patronymic names for -ich , due to the influence of the Polish language.
- ↑ Surnames in -ich are also in Ukrainian anthroponymy. Such surnames are prevalent mainly in the north-west of Ukraine, as well as in a special ethnographic region - Transcarpathia , in which they make up 9.7% ( -ich - 6.4%, -ovich - 2.7%, -evich - 0.6% ); in some villages surnames on -ovich make up 5%, and in the middle of the XVI and in the XVII century in Transcarpathia reached 40%, and in places up to 50% ( Dukhnovich , Sandovich ). Among the Poles, surnames in -ich were common among urban residents, in Lodz they amounted even to 20%, but in Poland as a whole - less than 5%. Surnames of this type are widespread among Montenegrins and Bosnians , among Croats up to 70%, among Slovenes 14.5% ( Slovenian. Vidovič, Janžekovič ). Slovaks have a certain number of surnames of this form, but they are rare among Czechs , although they were common in the Czech language ( Czech Vítkovic, Vilamovic ). The original Slovak and Czech suffix was -its, -ovits ( -ic, -ovic ) (compare surnames: Slovak. Hruškovic, Krajčovic ; Czech. Vondrovic, Kovařovic, Václavovic, Matějovic ); for some of these surnames, under the South Slavic influence, the suffix -its ( -ic ) changed to -ich ( -ič ) (compare surnames: Slovak Hruškovič, Krajčovič ; Czech Kovařovič, Václavovič ). In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, it is difficult to distinguish between Slovak and Czech surnames of this type with Croatian and Serbian surnames that appeared after the migrations. In the Lusatian Serbs, anthroponyms also have a Western Slavic form in -its ( -ic ) ( d.-puddle- srp . Jakobic, Kubic, Jankojc ← Jankowic, Markojc ← Markowic ). For Bulgarians, the surnames in -ich had some distribution in the 19th century under Serbian influence ( Genovich, Dobrinovich, Knyazhevich ), this was a fashionable phenomenon for a while, after which their productivity fell, in particular, due to Serbian-Bulgarian conflicts. The found Macedonian surnames in -ich ( -iќ ) also appeared under Serbian influence. The West Slavic suffix -its ( -ic ), supplanted in Polish surnames by East Slavic -ich ( -icz ), is preserved in German ( -itz, -witz ; cf. Clausewitz , Leibniz ), where it penetrated from the Germanized Western Slavs. The Slavic suffix -ic among the Germans turned out to be very productive and began to form surnames from the German foundations ( Germ. Wolteritz, Ettelwitz ). In Russia there are surnames for -ich-ev ( Ganichev, Demichev ), the spread of this model probably came from Belarus (in some places of their accumulation there were legends that the population came "from Lithuania" [Belarusian or Smolensk lands]). Surnames under -I under Belarusian influence also firmly entered Lithuanian anthroponymy, for example, one of the most frequent Lithuanian surnames Stankevichus ( lit. Stankevičius ) goes back to the Belarusian surname Stankevich . Such surnames also got some distribution among Latvians in Latgale [ Jurevičs ( Latvian. Jurevičs ), Adamovičs ( Latvian. Adamovičs ) - Jurević , Adamović ]. However, in Lithuania a significant part of surnames in -ich also has Lithuanian roots [ Narusavichius ( lit. Naruševičius ) ← Narushevich (from lit. Narúšas, Narúš )]. The suffix -ich has spread to other peoples living in the Belarusian environment (as well as in the Ukrainian and Polish), therefore, the Jews and Belarusian Tatars have the names registered with this suffix among gypsies in Belarus , Armenians in Western Ukraine and Moldavians . Just as in Russia the suffix -ov / -ev entered the anthroponymy of many peoples. Surnames in these cases are indistinguishable at the end, but the foundations and roots of these surnames often have names characteristic of a particular nationality. For example, Jewish roots have the names Rabinovich ( Rabin - Rabbi), Izrailevich (on behalf of Israel ), and Tatar - Akhmatovich (on behalf of Akhmat ), Assanovich , etc.
- ↑ The suffix -ich , known (with phonetic variations) to all Slavic peoples, goes back to the Pre -Slavic * -itjь ( senior -Slav. -Chish [ -išt ], Russian -ich , Serbian -ić [ -and ], Polish. -ic ), and its beginning is related to the period of the Baltic-Slavic linguistic community (cf. lit. -ytis ). First, he denoted clan or tribal ties (affiliation / origin), and after that - a descendant on the paternal side (state of sonship, youth). The complex suffix * -ov-itje- developed in several Slavic languages to express a middle name or last name (cf. Russian Petrovich , Croatian Petrović ). Moreover, the Slavic suffix * -ov-itje- represents the exact structural parallel to the West Baltic * -av-ītjo- (see: [1] ). Wed names of Slavic tribes: Lutichi , Krivichi , Radimichi , Dregovichi , Vyatichi , streets , etc. In Russian, a trace of the suffix -ich is preserved: cousin (cf. Polish. rodzic ), kindred, stepfather, grandfather (hereditary grandfather's heir), prince , prince (son of the king), prince (compare Czech. kralevic ), governor, Muscovite, Pskov (resident of Pskov ) and other middle names in -ich are in the old Russian chronicles: Pretic , governor (under 969); Alexander Popovich, governor (under 1001); Guryat Rogovich, Novgorod (under 1096); Dobrynya Raguilovich, governor (under 1096), etc. The same in Novgorod birch bark letters : Kulotinich, Dobrychevich, Onkovich, Yaroshevich, Stukovich ; however, the suffix -its is often found, and not -ich , in accordance with the "popping" dialect pronunciation: "Vodovikovits", "Vsevolodits", "Sinkinitsya", "plskovitsi", "Seeds Shyubinitsa" . Wed also in epics - Dobrynya Nikitich , Alyosha Popovich , Mikula Selyaninovich , Churilo Plenkovich and other names of princely dynasties: Rurikovich ( Svyatoslavichi , Monomakhovichi ), Gediminovichi , Przemyslovichi and others. It is worth noting that on the territory of settlement settlements Slavs . They are most densely and expressively distributed on the Belarusian lands ( Baranavichy , Ivatsevichi , Gantsevichi ) and in the north of Ukraine ( Belokorovichi , Zamyslovichi ), gradually thinning, they go east ( Dedovichi in Russia). The Novgorod-Pskov area is also characterized by the suffix -its ( Treskovitsy , Russkovitsy ). In general, names with the formant -ichi (West Slavic -ici, -icy, -ice ) are found in all Slavic languages, and belong to archaic types. The lower chronological limit of their occurrence is attributed to the II — III centuries BC. e. and to an earlier time in the autochthonous Slavic lands, linking with the period of formation of the Slavic tribal territorial communities. In the West Slavs they are especially frequent in Poland [ Katowice ( Polish Katowice ), Skierniewice ], in the Czech Republic ( Ceske Budejovice , Lugachovice ) and on the lands of resettlement of the upper and lower puddles in Germany ( Krauschwitz , Oderwitz ), less common in Slovakia ( Kosice ). In the Slavic South, they are more common in Western Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina .
- ↑ Poles have 35.6% of their surname in -sky / -tsky (up to 50% in northern Poland). Eastern Ukrainians - 4-6%, Western - 12-16%. For Slovaks, they make up 10% ( Esensky, Vayansky ), for Czechs - 3% ( Dobrovsky , Palatsky ). An insignificant proportion of these surnames is among Slovenes ( Slovenian. Pleterski, Ledinski ), Croats ( Zrinsky, Slyunsky ), Serbs. Bulgarians have about 18% ( Levsky, Rakovsky ). For Macedonians, surnames of this type cover half the population. They are also near the Ludza people ( V.-puddles. Kubaš-Worklečanski, Grojlich-Bukečanski ). For Russians, surnames in -sky belonged to special social groups: nobles (in imitation of princes and gentry), clergy (often from the names of churches and villages), from the 19th century - to raznoshinets . Wed princely and boyar surnames - Shuisky , Vyazemsky , Kurbsky , Obolensky , Volkonsky ; the names of the Russian clergy - Tsevnitsky , Speransky , Preobrazhensky , Pokrovsky . In the second half of the XIX century, they began to spread among the peasants, but they had very few such names. In the North of Russia, they are found many times more often than in other areas. The highest frequency of surnames in -sky in Russia is in the northeast of the Vologda Oblast , in which they cover 8-12% of the total rural population ( Voengsky, Eden, Korelsky ), while in the southwestern regions their number rarely exceeds 1%. The peasants could also have such names from their former owner, especially in the estates of large magnates. In the 20th century, the aristocratic surnames Trubetskoy , Obolensky and others could be found among the Tula and Oryol collective farmers. Thousands of Ukrainian peasants had such surnames as Kalinovsky, Olshansky, Pototsky and others. The original Russian surnames in N later merged and were practically absorbed by similar Polish ones. Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames, such as Borkovsky, Tchaikovsky, Kovalevsky, Lozinsky, Tomashevsky. Lithuanian anthroponymy under Polish influence also included surnames in -skiy / -skiy. Wed the most common surnames in Lithuania: Kazlauskas ( lit. Kazlauskas ), Yankauskas ( lit. Jankauskas ), Petrauskas ( lit. Petrauskas ), go back to the names Kozlovsky, Yankovsky, Petrovsky. To some extent, this also applies to Latvian anthroponymy in Latgale [cf. Dombrovskis ( Latvian. Dombrovskis ), Yankovskis ( Latvian. Jankovskis ) - Dombrovsky, Yankovsky ]. Surnames under-Slavic influence also appeared among Jews, Belarusian Tatars, Gypsies and other peoples living in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.
Sources
- ↑ Gurskaya Yu. A. Proper name: etymology, national-cultural potential, conceptualization: Author. dis. ... cand. filol. sciences. - Mn. , 2009 .-- C. 32. - 44 p.
- ↑ Birillo N.V. Belorussian anthroponymy: Author. dis. ... doctor. filol. sciences. - Mn. , 1969. - S. 10. - 48 p.
- ↑ Lemtyugova V.P. Article “Surname as a privilege” (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 5, 2012. Archived on August 28, 2012.
- ↑ Unbegown, 1989 , p. 241.
- ↑ Stankevich Y. Zbor of creation in two toms. T. 1. - Mensk: Etsyklapedyks, 2002. - S. 37-43. - 552 s. - ISBN 985-6599-45-8 (Belarusian)
- ↑ Unbegown, 1989 , p. 230, 239.
- ↑ Рогалёв А. Ф. Историческая антропонимия Гомеля и окрестностей. — Гомель: Барк, 2009. — C. 67. — 166 с. — 150 экз.— ISBN 978-985-6763-49-9
- ↑ Чучка П. П. Прізвища закарпатських українців: Історико-етимологічний словник. — Львів: Світ, 2005. — C. XIV. — 704 с. — ISBN 966-603-279-1 (укр.)
- ↑ Янкоўскі Ф. Беларуская мова. - Mn. : Вышэйшая школа, 1978. — С. 300. (белор.)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Унбегаун, 1989 , с. 245—246.
- ↑ 1 2 Шур В. В. Беларускія ўласныя iмёны: Беларуская антрапанімiка i тапанімiка. — Мінск: Мастацкая літаратура, 1998. — 239 с. — ISBN 985-02-0164-9 (белор.)
- ↑ Унбегаун, 1989 , с. 217.
- ↑ 1 2 Рогалёв А. Ф. Историческая антропонимия Гомеля и окрестностей. — Гомель: Барк, 2009. — C. 71. — 166 с. — 150 экз.— ISBN 978-985-6763-49-9
- ↑ Шур В. В. Уласнае імя ў мастацкім тэксце. — [Мазыр], 2010. — C. 80. — 198 с. (белор.)
- ↑ 1 2 Унбегаун, 1989 , с. 233.
- ↑ Унбегаун, 1989 , с. 234.
- ↑ Унбегаун, 1989 , с. 238.
- ↑ Гурская Ю. А. Имя собственное: этимология, национально-культурный потенциал, концептуализация: Автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. - Mn. , 2009. — C. 31—32. — 44 с.
Literature
На белорусском языке
- Бірыла М. В. Беларуская антрапанімiя. Уласныя iмёны, iмёны-мянушкi, iмёны па бацьку, прозвішчы. — Мінск: Навука i тэхніка, 1966. — 328 с. — 1000 экз.
- Бірыла М. В. Беларуская антрапанімiя. 2: Прозвішчы, утвораные ад апелятыўнай лексікi. — Мінск: Навука i тэхніка, 1969. — 508 с. — 1000 экз.
- Бірыла М. В. Беларуская антрапанімiя. 3: Структура ўласных мужчынскіх iмен. — Мінск: Навука i тэхніка, 1982. — 320 с. — 900 экз.
- Бірыла М. В. Тыпалогія і геаграфія славянскіх прозвішчаў / Даклады Х Міжнароднага з'езду славістаў. — Мінск: Акад. навук БССР, 1988. — 110 с.
- Усціновіч Г. К. Антрапанімія Гродзеншчыны і Брэстчыны (ХІV—ХVІІІ стст.). — Мінск: Навука і тэхніка, 1975. — 175 с.
- Шур В. В. Беларускія ўласныя iмёны: Беларуская антрапанімiка i тапанімiка. — Мінск: Мастацкая літаратура, 1998. — 239 с. — ISBN 985-02-0164-9
- Станкевіч Я. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 1. — Менск: Энцыклапедыкс, 2002. — 552 с. — ISBN 985-6599-45-8
In Russian
- Бирилло Н. В. Белорусская антропонимия: Автореф. dis. … докт. filol. sciences. - Mn. , 1969. — 48 с.
- Гурская Ю. А. Древние фамилии современного белорусского ареала на славянском и балтийском фоне. - Mn. : Бел. state пед. ун-т, 2007. — 360 с. — 100 экз. — ISBN 978-985-501-524-7
- Рогалёв А. Ф. Историческая антропонимия Гомеля и окрестностей. — Гомель: Барк, 2009. — 166 с. — 150 экз.— ISBN 978-985-6763-49-9
- Унбегаун Б. Г. Русские фамилии / Пер. from English Общ. ed. Б. А. Успенского. — М. : Прогресс, 1989. — 443 с.
На украинском языке
- Медвідь-Пахомова С. М. Еволюція антропонімних формул у слов'янських мовах. — Ужгород: УДУ, 1999. — 244 с. — ISBN 966-7400-05-5
Links
- Алфавитный указатель фамилий. Метрика Великого Княжества Литовского. Книга 43 (1523—1560) . Дата обращения 5 апреля 2012. Архивировано 15 мая 2012 года.
- Белорусские фамилии. История происхождения. . Дата обращения 5 апреля 2012. Архивировано 15 мая 2012 года.
- Лемтюгова В. П. Статьи о происхождении белорусских фамилий (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 5 апреля 2012. Архивировано 15 мая 2012 года.
- Крамко И. Из истории белорусского именования (белор.) . Дата обращения 5 апреля 2012. Архивировано 27 мая 2012 года.
- Фёдорова О. О белорусских прозвищах (белор.) . Дата обращения 24 ноября 2012. Архивировано 10 декабря 2012 года.
- Фамилии Литвы. Интервью с З. Зинкявичюсом . Дата обращения 24 ноября 2012. Архивировано 30 ноября 2012 года.
Videos
- Belarusian surnames - stereotypes and reality (Belarusian). Linguistic program “Monik” onBelSat Tv channel (Retrieved November 24, 2012)
- Surnames on -o. Are they Ukrainian? (belor.). Linguistic program “Monik” onBelSat Tv channel (Retrieved November 24, 2012)
- Fauna in belarusian surnames (Belorussian). Linguistic program “Monik” onBelSat Tv channel (Retrieved November 24, 2012)