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Rocky Range (Caucasus)

The rocky ridge is a mountain range in the Caucasus , the third advanced ridge of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus system (a mountainous country is the Caucasus Mountains , a region is the North Caucasus ). It is an intermittent mountain range (short ridges) and a plateau stretching parallel to the north of the Main Caucasian Range . In the Soviet period, the boundaries of the Rocky Range were determined from the Belaya River ( Kuban Basin) to the Assa River ( Terek Basin). Approximate direction: west-north-west - east-south-east. In studies of the beginning of the 21st century, the boundaries of the ridge are understood more broadly - from the Chekups and Psebeps rivers (Kuban basin) to the Andiyskoy Koisu river ( Sulak basin). The highest point is Mount Karakai (3646.0 m).

Rocky ridge
Honey Falls, Malokarachaevsky District 21.JPG
View of the Rocky Range at Honey Falls .
Specifications
Length931 km
Highest point
Absolute height3646 m
Location
A country
  • Russia
The subject of the Russian FederationNorth Caucasus
Mountain systemGreater Caucasus
Rocky Range (Caucasus) (Caucasus)
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Rocky Range (Caucasus) (North Caucasus)
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In the orographic systematics of the period of the Russian Empire, the oronim was not used. For some time, the ridge of the Rocky Range was covered by the name Black Mountains , along with the Pasture and Forest Forest ridges extending parallel to it north. Today, the Rocky Range is located entirely in the Russian Federation , stretching across the Krasnodar Territory , Adygea , Karachay-Cherkessia , Kabardino-Balkaria , North Ossetia , Ingushetia , Chechnya and Dagestan .

Title

The name The rocky ridge is not found in the literature of the period of the Russian Empire - neither the Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire (1863–1885), nor the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907) know this term. At that time, the third front ridge of the Greater Caucasus was usually encompassed by the Black Mountain mountains , along with the Pasture and Forest ranges that ran parallel to it north. Later, the Black Mountains were understood only as Pasture and Forest Ranges, and sometimes only one Forest Ridge ( see the article " Black Mountains " ).

Probably the first time the name Rocky Ridge appeared in the Soviet period. The etymology of the oronima is due to its natural features: in the upper part of the southern, steeper slope of the ridge, the armor layers of limestone form a belt of rocks , hence the name - Rocky Range [1] .

Understanding the boundaries of the oronim

The location of the extremities of the Rocky Range in a number of sources can sometimes be considered differently; the understanding of the western and eastern borders of the ridge is somewhat blurred among researchers. The first edition of TSB (1926-1947) limits the ridge in the west to the Belaya River, and in the east to the border of Dagestan (at that time the Dagestan ASSR ) [2] . However, even in the same encyclopedia, already in another article - “The Caucasus”, the researchers indicated only the cuest part under the rocky ridge . This section of the ridge was limited from the Ile River in the west, to the Ardon River in the east [3] .

In the second (1950-1958) and third (1969-1978) editions of the TSB, the Rocky Range was clearly understood only as a cuestal ridge, but the indication of the boundaries was slightly changed: “It extends from the river. Belaya (Kuban basin) almost to the Terek. ” This formulation was later used in many reference books and dictionaries (for example, "Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary" 1989, "Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary" 1998). From this understanding of the boundaries of the ridge, it was also argued that the Rocky Range is located only in the western and central parts of the Greater Caucasus (excluding its eastern part). Accordingly, on the maps of the General Staff of the USSR (1979-1990), the boundaries of the Rocky Range were indicated from the Belaya River to the Assa River [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

In studies of the beginning of the 21st century, the ridge borders are understood a little wider to the west - to the Chekups and Psepeps rivers (Kuban basin), and much further to the east - to the Andisian river Koisu (Sulak basin). To the east of the upper Terek basin - the traditionally accepted boundary of the Rocky Range - add the massifs of Ceylam , Tsoreylam , Ukerlam , Kaskerlam , the Andean ridge and Salatau ; to the east of the Sulak basin are added the massifs of the Gimrinsky Range , Kuli-meer , Shunudag and Jufudag [9] .

The authors of some works, describing any particular region where the Rocky Range passes, sometimes can indicate its borders only within the region. For example, Dr. Filol. sciences, professor V.P. Abramov, in the “Linguistic Historical and Toponymic Dictionary of the Kuban” reports that the Rocky Range is located only in the Mostovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory and Maikop district of Adygea [1] .

General information

The rocky ridge stretches parallel to the Main Caucasus Range, in the west it begins from the basins of the Chekups and Psepeps rivers - the left tributaries in the lower Kuban, but it clearly begins to be traced a bit to the east - from the Psekups river basin. The eastern end of the ridge is located in the basin of the Andean Koisu River, a left tributary in the upper Sulak. The approximate direction of the Rocky Range from west-north-west to east-south-east. In parallel to the Rocky Range to the south are (10-30 km): Lateral ridge - from the basin of the Psebeps River to the basin of the Belaya River; The leading range - from the Belaya river basin to the Cherek basin; Lateral ridge again - from the Cherek basin to the Ardon basin; further, to the eastern end of the Rocky Range, to the south of it stretches the Main Caucasian Range. In parallel to the Rocky Range to the north are: Pasture Range - along the entire Rocky Range; beyond it, also parallel, stretches the entire length of the Pasture, the Forest Range [10] .

Three advanced northern ranges - Rocky, Pasture and Forest - are quite clearly expressed in the relief of the North Caucasus. They do not carry modern glaciation and differ from the other mountain ridges of the Greater Caucasus system at lower heights. The rocky ridge is much lower than the Main Caucasian Range, the pasture is lower than the rocky, and the forest is lower than the pasture. The range of ridges from the Il River Basin to the Ardon River Basin is a kuest, a characteristic feature of which is asymmetry - the ridges gently slope to the north and abruptly break to the south (asymmetry is especially pronounced among the three ridges at Skalisty). The northern slopes of the ranges have the form of slightly inclined plateaus with hilly rugged terrain. For the long time east of the Ardon Basin, the advanced ridges did not belong to the Rocky, Pasture, and Forest ranges. In this section, the structure of the leading ridges is more complicated - here the kuest-folded region begins [3] [4] [11] [5] [12] :

“... thrusts and folding so disrupt the monoclinic structure that these ridges should not be considered as structural forms of the kuest type of relief, but as structural-tectonic”

- N. A. Gvozdetsky , 1954 [13] .

Key Features

The rocky ridge is a flattened, plateau ridge, which includes low, medium and high mountains . The northern slopes of the ridge are gentle (slope to the north-north-east), the southern - steep, steep. Even its most significant peaks do not reach the snow line , but have the character of high mountains. The ridge is not continuous - in many places it is cut into separate massifs (short ridges) and plateaus by the rivers of the Kuban, Terek basins and others [~ 1] . Rivers form transverse valleys , at the intersections with the ridge forming deep, very picturesque canyon-like gorges , sometimes with sheer walls. According to some authors, the most “grandiose” gorges of the Rocky Range are the gorges of the Chegem ( Chegem Gorge ), Cherek Besengi ( Khulam Gorge ), Cherek Balkar ( Balkar Gorge ) and Urukh ( Urukh Gorge ) [14] [3] [4] [11] [5] [13] .

The ridge ridge is composed of limestone rocks, which is why karst relief forms are widespread here: carrae , caves , funnels (usually 5-30 m in diameter, 3-10 m in depth, but occur up to 100 m in diameter), dips (reach significant sizes, sometimes occupied by lakes). In places, a river disappearing from the surface in cracks of limestone appears at some distance from the grotto or cave in the form of a spring . There are no modern glaciers on the Rocky Ridge, but they existed in the Quaternary , which is confirmed by moraine piles, punches and nival niches, which are especially noticeable on the high-mountain segment of the ridge between the Chegem and Ardon rivers [4] [11] [5] [15] .

In connection with the understanding of the smaller boundaries of the Rocky Range, in the Soviet period its length was indicated much shorter than today: “ Brief Geographic Encyclopedia ” (1960-1966) - 330 km, the third edition of TSB - 375 km. According to a 2001 study, the length of the Rocky Ridge is 931 km, the average height is 1740 m, the highest absolute heights of the ridge are in the basins of the Chegem, Cherek and Urukh rivers, from which the peaks of the Rocky Ridge go east and west. The highest point of the ridge is the mountain of the upper basins of Chegem and Cherek Karakay, 3646.0 m high [~ 2] . The highest relative heights in the gorges of the Cherek Besengiysky and Cherek Balkarsky rivers are 1800-2000 m. The ridge is covered with broad-leaved forest - oak , beech and others (mainly the northern slope) [~ 3] ; on the southern slope and above the border of the forest of the northern slope - mountain meadows and mountain steppes [~ 4] - the main pastures of the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus [16] [4] [17] [5] [13] .

Ridge morphometry and major peaks

The authors of the 2001 work "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their impact on climate" proposed dividing the Rocky Range into 24 sections along river basins. Among other ridges of the Caucasus, the researchers calculated the main morphometric characteristics (length of sections, average and maximum absolute heights), as well as the morphological characteristics of the Rocky Range ( see the column “Data, according to the work“ The ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their impact on climate ”(2001) " ). The measurements were carried out on maps using a measuring compass (maps of scale 1: 200 000, and for detailed analysis - scale 1:50 000). Sometimes, in addition to topographic maps, space and aerial photographs were used [18] .

However, it should be understood that the division into sections proposed by the authors of the work “The ridges of the Greater Caucasus ...” is somewhat arbitrary, since some peaks of the ridge in the sections indicated by the researchers are often located on the watersheds of adjacent basins. In fact, in some of the proposed sites there may be tributaries of rivers in neighboring basins ( see the column “Actual river basins” ). There are also inaccuracies in the determination of the highest points in the sections, and sometimes inaccuracies with an indication of their height (inconsistencies with the table are indicated according to the maps of the General Staff of the USSR and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Center"). In the columns “Highest Point” and “Some Other Peaks”, in addition to the data from the “Ridges of the Greater Caucasus ...”, peaks are mentioned that are referred to as the main ones in a number of articles by the ESBE (the Rocky Range here as part of the Black Mountains), as well as significant peaks according to the maps of the General Staff USSR and FSUE "Gosgiscentra" [14] [19] .

Data according to the work “The ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their impact on climate” (2001)Actual
river basins		Highest pointSome other peaks
Division of the ridge into sections along river basinsLength
ridge		Average
height
Z — S — Z ↖
Chekups - Psebeps28 km240 m+ Kudako324 m[~ 5]untitled [~ 6] ( Podgorny ridge) [~ 7]
Adagum40 km210 m+ Abin , Hable413 m[~ 8]untitled [~ 9] ( Rocky Range) [~ 10]
Hub - Ubinka23 km590 m+ M. Hable , B. Hable , Ile875 m[~ 11]Ubinsu ( Derby Range)
Afips - Shebsh36 km480 m+ Bezeps612 m[~ 12]Forgotten
Psekups38 km520 m772 m[~ 13]Barn mount
Pshish26 km810 m1080 m[~ 14]Boz depe
Psheha30 km870 m1158 m[~ 15]Bald [~ 16]1328.6 m[~ 17]Matazyk [~ 18]
White50 km1070 m1235 m[~ 19]The Rock Round [~ 20]
Laba53 km1180 m1664 m[~ 21]Bald [~ 22]
Urup30 km1480 m1703 mUntitled
Big Zelenchuk16 km1520 m1751 mMore
Small Zelenchuk19 km1400 m1560 mJungur
Kuban (upper)65 km2050 m2644 mSmall Bermamyt2592.3 mGreater Bermamyt
Malka47 km2440 m2955 mNigija
Chegem40 km2780 m3646 m[~ 2]Karakai ( Ak-Kai Range)
Cherek23 km3260 m3497 m[~ 23]Dry
Uruh30 km3280 m3529 m[~ 24]Vase-Hoh [~ 25]3453.8 m[~ 26]Borovcek [~ 27]
3420.5 m[~ 28]Kionhokh [~ 29]
Ardon18 km2750 m3438 m[~ 30]Karivkhokh [~ 31]
Terek (headwaters)21 km2210 m3171 mGaycomd3003 mCanteen
Sunzha67 km2350 m
Argun81 km2400 m2855 mDaihoh
Aksay17 km2310 m2726 mFor a long time
Aktash28 km2390 m2745 mSuyabimeer
Andean Koisu105 km2040 m
↘ B — S — B
  • Ak-kaya 3359m
  • Bodula
  • Lamutakaya 3176m
  • Itkayabashi 3197m
  • Likoran 3030m
  • Kala (kala)
  • Metegen 3154m
  • Mulucci 3005m
  • Haznibashi 3103m
  • Dombaylybashi 2993

Geological structure

The formation of the cuestous part of all three advanced ridges of the Greater Caucasus - the Rocky, Pasture and Forest, occurred as a result of erosion of the thickness of monoclinically elevated sedimentary rocks with the release of harder strata during their occurrence. Between the rows of these cuestas there are depressions, blurred in softer layers. The Rocky Range itself is composed of dense limestones of the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic periods [3] [4] .

The entire central part of the Rocky Range - between the basins of the Belaya and Ardon rivers - is formed by Upper Jurassic deposits: limestones, dolomites and marls . The ridge of the Rocky Range and the upper part of the southern steep slope are formed by thick dolomitic limestones of the Upper Jurassic period, the lower, more gentle parts of the southern slope are formed by clay shales , sandstones and shale clays of the Middle Jurassic period. The Jurassic period is represented here by all tiers of the Upper Jurassic: Titon , Kimmeridge , Oxford, and one tier of the middle Jurassic: Callovian . The most fully, especially faunistically, the Jurassic period is characterized in Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. One of the most powerful sections of the Jurassic is located on the Gizeldon River - almost 2000 m [20] .

The tiers of titon, kimmeridge and oxford are represented by organogenic pelitomorphic limestones and dolomites. In the interfluve of the Belaya and Pshekha rivers, many barrier reefs formed by them were found. From the west, reefs are bordered by a plume of limestone breccias , alternating across the Psheha river with flysch - a rhythmic alternation of mudstones , with interbeds of sandstones, siltstones and marl. The western end of the Upper Jurassic sediment outcrops is in the valleys of the Psekups, Shebsh and Chepsi rivers. Northeast of these barrier reefs developed lagoon variegated sediments with gypsum strata of Kimmeridge-Tithonian age. Plaster layers lying among variegated clays lie from the village of Kamennomostsky (Belaya River) to Psebay ( Laba River ) [21] .

“Within the North Caucasus, the Upper Jurassic is transgressively and dissonantly located in the Middle Jurassic and older rocks. On the whole, this upper section forms a well-defined sedimentation cycle, beginning with transgression in the Callovian, reaching a maximum in Oxford and ending with a regression in Kimmeridge-titon; in some places a new transgression begins at the end of the titon. ”

- "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their impact on the climate", 2001 [21] .

Notes

Comments

  1. ↑ The “Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary” erroneously reports only the rivers of the Kuban basin, for some reason not mentioning the rivers of the Terek basin ( Geographic Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989 , p. 438).
  2. ↑ 1 2 The second edition of TSB and the “ Brief Geographical Encyclopedia ” indicates the height of the mountain - 3610 m. In the 3rd edition of TSB and on the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1984 the height is different - 3646 m ( 2nd edition of TSB T. 39 , 1956 , p. 203, Brief geographical encyclopedia T. 3, 1962 , p. 500, 3rd ed. TSB T. 23, 1976 , p. 491, Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. K-38- 27 (II-38-027, Upper Balkaria)).
  3. ↑ By the beginning of the 20th century, the forest on the northern slopes of the Black Mountains ridges (which then included the Rocky Ridge) was already significantly cut down ( ESBE T. XXXVIII A , 1903 , p. 688).
  4. ↑ According to the wording in the Brief Geographic Encyclopedia, mountain meadows and steppes are located only on the southern slope of the Rocky Range, above the forest border (Geographic Encyclopedic Dictionary and encyclopedic dictionary “Geography of Russia” indicate more simply: “on the southern [slope] - mountain steppes and meadows ”). The wording in the 3rd edition of TSB suggests that mountain meadows and steppes are located on the southern slope and above the forest border on the northern slope ( Brief Geographical Encyclopedia T. 3, 1962 , p. 501, 3rd edition of TSB T. 23, 1976 , p. 491, Geographic Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1989 , p. 438, Geography of Russia, Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998 , p. 540).
  5. ↑ On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1985-88 - 324.6 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-112 (I2-37-112, Novorossiysk)).
  6. ↑ Mountain to W from Podgorny farm ( Crimean region , Krasnodar Territory ). On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosgiscentra" the mountain is marked, but its name is not indicated. The authors of the work “The ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their impact on climate” indicate it not as a mountain without a name, but as a Podgorny ridge ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-112 (I2-37-112, Novorossiysk); Maps of FSUE Gosgiscentr, 2001 , p. L-37-112; Efremov Yu. V., Ilyichev Yu. G. et al. , 2001 , pp. 29-30; ).
  7. ↑ Podgorny ridge - the name reported by the authors of the "Ridges of the Greater Caucasus ...", for the hills to the west from the Podgorny farm (Crimean region, Krasnodar Territory). On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosgiscentra" a hill is marked, but its name is not indicated ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-112 (I2-37-112, Novorossiysk); Maps of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosgiscentr", 2001 , p. L-37-112; Efremov Yu.V., Ilyichev Yu.G. et al. , 2001 , p. 29-30).
  8. ↑ On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1987 - 413.6 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-113 (I2-37-113, Abinsk)).
  9. ↑ Mountain to the NW from the village of Novy ( Abinsky district , Krasnodar Territory). The authors of "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus ..." indicate it not as a mountain without a name, but as a Stone Range ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-113 (I2-37-113, Abinsk); Maps of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Center ", 2001 , p. L-37-113; Efremov Yu. V., Ilyichev Yu. G. et al. , 2001 , p. 29-30; ).
  10. ↑ On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR and FSUE "Gosgiscentra" the ridge is named as Kamenisty , in the work "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus ..." - Kamenny ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-113 (I2-37-113, Abinsk) ; Maps of FSUE Gosgiscentr, 2001 , p. L-37-113; Efremov Yu. V., Ilyichev Yu. G. et al. , 2001 , p. 29-30).
  11. ↑ On maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1987 - 875.1 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-113 (I2-37-113, Abinsk)).
  12. ↑ On maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1979 - 612.4 m; on the maps of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Gosgiscentra on a scale of 1:50 000 and 1:25 000, other data is given - 613 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-126; Maps of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Gosgiscentr, 2001 , p. L -37-126-A, L-37-126-A-a).
  13. ↑ On maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1988, the scale of 1: 100,000, the height of the Saray-Gory is indicated 772.6 m, maps of scale 1:50 000 show other data - 772.3 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-127 (I2-37-127, Hot Key), L-37-127-4).
  14. ↑ On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1988 - 1080.7 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-140 (I2-37-140, Chernihiv)).
  15. ↑ On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1988 - 1158.1 m ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-140 (I2-37-140, Chernihiv)).
  16. ↑ Mountain to the southwest from the village of Guamka ( Absheron district , Krasnodar Territory). The authors of "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus ..." indicated this mountain as the highest point in the area, but nearby is the higher mountain - Matazyk . On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR, the name Lysaya is indicated only on a scale of 1:50 000. It should not be confused with other peaks of the same name (see Lysaya ; Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , pp. L-37-140 (I2-37-140, Chernigov ), L-37-140-2; Maps of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Gosgiscentr, 2001 , p. L-37-140; ).
  17. ↑ The height is indicated according to the maps of the General Staff of the USSR as of 1988 ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-140 (I2-37-140, Chernihiv).
  18. ↑ The mountain to the southwest from the village of Mezmay (Absheron district, Krasnodar Territory), is located on the border of the Absheron region of Krasnodar Territory and Maikop district of the Republic of Adygea . For some reason, the authors of "The ridges of the Greater Caucasus ..." did not indicate this peak as the highest point in this region, instead indicating a lower mountain - Lysaya ( Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979-1990 , p. L-37-140 (I2-37-140, Черниговское); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. L-37-140; Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 29-30; ).
  19. ↑ На картах Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1983 год — 1235,0 м ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. L-37-141 (I2-37-141, Каменномостский)).
  20. ↑ Гора к СЗ от станицы Баговская ( Мостовский район , Краснодарский край) ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. L-37-141 (I2-37-141, Каменномостский); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. L-37-141; ).
  21. ↑ На картах Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1981 год — 1664,6 м ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. L-37-143 (I2-37-143, Спокойная)).
  22. ↑ Гора к В от села Курджиново ( Урупский район Карачаево-Черкесия ). Не следует путать с другими одноимёнными вершинами (см. Лысая ; Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. L-37-143 (I2-37-143, Спокойная); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. L-37-143; ).
  23. ↑ На картах Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1984 год — 3497,5 м ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-27 (II-38-027, Верх.Балкария)).
  24. ↑ На картах Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1984 год — 3529,3 м ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-28 (II-38-028, Чикола)).
  25. ↑ В работе «Хребты Большого Кавказа …» название горы указывается слитно — Вазахох , на картах Генштаба СССР и ФГУП «Госгисцентра» название пишется раздельно, через дефис и составная часть хох с большой буквы — Ваза-Хох ( Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 30; Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-28 (II-38-028, Чикола); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. K-38-028).
  26. ↑ Высота указана согласно картам Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1984 год ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-28 (II-38-028, Чикола)).
  27. ↑ Гора к С от горы Ваза-Хох ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-28 (II-38-028, Чикола); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. K-38-028; ).
  28. ↑ Высота указана согласно картам Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1984 год ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-40 (II-38-040, Верх.Згид)).
  29. ↑ В ЭСБЕ гора указывается раздельно через дефис — Кион-хох , на картах Генштаба СССР и ФГУП «Госгисцентра» слитно — Кионхох ( ЭСБЕ Т. XV, 1895 , с. 273; Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-40 (II-38-040, Верх.Згид); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. K-38-040).
  30. ↑ На картах Генштаба СССР по состоянию на 1984 год — 3438,7 м ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-41 (II-38-041, Мизур)).
  31. ↑ Гора к В от села Урсдон ( Алагирский район , Северная Осетия ) ( Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. K-38-41 (II-38-041, Мизур); Карты ФГУП «Госгисцентр», 2001 , с. K-38-041; ).

Sources

  1. ↑ 1 2 Словарь Кубани, 2013 , с. 326.
  2. ↑ 1-е изд. БСЭ Т. 51, 1945 , с. 267.
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 1-е изд. БСЭ Т. 30, 1937 , с. 455.
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 2-е изд. БСЭ Т. 39, 1956 , с. 203.
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 3-е изд. БСЭ Т. 23, 1976 , с. 491.
  6. ↑ Географический энциклопедический словарь, 1989 , с. 438.
  7. ↑ География России. Энциклопедический словарь, 1998 , с. 540.
  8. ↑ Карты Генштаба СССР, 1979-1990 , с. L-37-141 (I2-37-141, Каменномостский); K-38-42 (II-38-042, Тарское).
  9. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 29-30.
  10. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 16-34.
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 Краткая географическая энциклопедия Т. 3, 1962 , с. 500-501.
  12. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 26-29.
  13. ↑ 1 2 3 Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 29.
  14. ↑ 1 2 ЭСБЕ Т. XIII A , 1894 , с. 850-851.
  15. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 29-31.
  16. ↑ 2-е изд. БСЭ Т. 32, 1955 , с. 209.
  17. ↑ Краткая географическая энциклопедия Т. 3, 1962 , с. 217, 500-501.
  18. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 16, 29-31.
  19. ↑ ЭСБЕ Т. XXXIII, 1901 , с. 83.
  20. ↑ Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 29, 58-59.
  21. ↑ 1 2 Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г. и др. , 2001 , с. 59.

Literature

  • Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г., Панов В. Д., Панова С. В., Погорелов А. В., Шереметьев В. М. Морфометрическая и морфологическая характеристика основных хребтов // Хребты Большого Кавказа и их влияние на климат / Ответ. ed. Ю. В. Ефремов. — Краснодар : «Просвещение-Юг», 2001. — 145 с. - 200 copies. — ISBN 5-93491-006-X .
  • Кавказ // БСЭ [в 65 т. + 1 т. без номера (СССР)] / Глав. ред О. Ю. Шмидт . - 1st ed. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия» , 1937. — Т. 30 (История — Камбиформ). — 51 000 экз.
  • Кавказский хребет = Кавказскій хребетъ // Энциклопедический словарь [в 86 томах] / Под ред. К. К. Арсеньева и Ф. Ф. Петрушевского . - SPb. : Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон , 1894. — Т. XIII A (Исторические журналы — Калайдович). — С. 850-854. — 481-960 с.
  • Кион-хох = Кіонъ-хохъ // Энциклопедический словарь [в 86 томах] / Под ред. К. К. Арсеньева и Ф. Ф. Петрушевского. - SPb. : Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон, 1895. — Т. XV (Керосин — Коайе). — С. 273. — 478 с.
  • Кубанская область // Энциклопедический словарь [в 86 томах] / Под ред. К. К. Арсеньева и Ф. Ф. Петрушевского. - SPb. : Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон, 1895. — Т. XVI A (Коялович — Кулон). — С. 915-921. — 481—960 с.
  • Лингвистический историко-топонимический словарь Кубани: ок. 2000 статей / Сост. В. П. Абрамов. — Справочное издание. — М. : «ФЛИНТА»: « Наука », 2013. — 432 с. - 500 copies. — ISBN 978-5-9765-1750-9 («ФЛИНТА»), 978-5-02-037933-6 («Наука»).
  • Пастбищный хребет // БСЭ [51 т. + 2 кн. предм.-алф. указ.] / Глав. ed. Б. А. Введенский . - 2nd ed. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1955. — Т. 32 (Панипат — Печура). — С. 209. — 648 с. - 300,000 copies.
  • Пастбищный хребет, Скалистый хребет // Краткая географическая энциклопедия [5 т.] / Глав ред. А. А. Григорьев . — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1962. — Т. 3 (Милос — Союз ССР). — С. 217, 500-501. — 580 с. — 81 300 экз.
  • Скалистый хребет // БСЭ [в 65 т. + 1 т. без номера (СССР)] / Под. ed. К. Е. Ворошилова , А. Я. Вышинского , П. И. Лебедева-Полянского , А. Лозовского , Ф. Н. Петрова , Ф. А. Ротштейн , О. Ю. Шмидта, Е. М. Ярославского . - 1st ed. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1945. — Т. 51 (Серна — Созерцание). — С. 455. — 45 000 экз.
  • Скалистый хребет // БСЭ [51 т. + 2 кн. предм.-алф. указ.] / Глав. ed. B. A. Vvedensky. - 2nd ed. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1956. — Т. 39 (Сигишоара — Соки). — С. 203. — 664 с. - 300,000 copies.
  • Скалистый хребет // БСЭ [30 т. (т. №24 в 2 кн.) + 1 кн. алфав.-именн. указ.] / Глав. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1976. — Т. 23 (Сафлор — Соан). — С. 491. — 640 с. — 631 000 экз.
  • Скалистый хребет // Географический энциклопедический словарь / Глав. ed. А. Ф. Трёшников , ред кол. Э. Б. Алаев и др. — 2-е изд., доп. — М. : «Советская Энциклопедия», 1989. — С. 438. — 592 с. — 210 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85270-057-6 .
  • Скалистый хребет // География России. Энциклопедический словарь / Глав. ed. А. П. Горкин . — М. : «Большая Советская Энциклопедия», 1998. — С. 540. — 800 с. — 35 000 экз. — ISBN 5-85270-276-5 .
  • Терская область // Энциклопедический словарь [в 86 томах] / Под ред. К. К. Арсеньева и Ф. Ф. Петрушевского. - SPb. : Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон, 1901. — Т. XXXIII (Термические ощущения — Томбази). — С. 82-90. - 478 p.
  • Чёрные горы = Черныя горы // Энциклопедический словарь [в 86 томах] / Под ред. К. К. Арсеньева и Ф. Ф. Петрушевского. - SPb. : Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон, 1903. — Т. XXXVIII A (Человек — Чугуевский полк). — С. 688. — 483-958 с.

Maps

  • Карты Генерального штаба СССР (система координат 1940 г., БСВ ). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1:200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1:100 000) и в 1 см 500 м (1:50 000); состояние местности на 1981-1988 гг. — Изданы с оригинала ГУГК СССР, 1979-1990. — ( составлены по карте масштаба 1:50 000, созданной по материалам съёмки 1945-1960 гг. и исправлены по карте масштаба 1:50 000, обновлённой в 1975-1988 гг. ).
  • Карты ФГУП «Государственного научно-внедренческого центра геоинформационных систем и технологий» («Госгисцентр»). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1:200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1:100 000), в 1 см 500 м (1:50 000), в 1 см 250 м (1:25 000). — М. , 2001.

Links

  • Скалистый хребет — на поисковике сайта «Академик».
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Скалистый_хребет_(Кавказ)&oldid=100330164


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