DP (Degtyareva infantry, GAU index - 56-P-321 ) - a light machine gun developed by Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev . DP became one of the first examples of small arms created in the USSR .
| DP-27 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type of | Light machine gun |
| A country |  the USSR |
| Service History | |
| Years of operation | 1928 - n. at. |
| Adopted | |
| In service | Red army |
| Wars and conflicts | Spanish Civil War , Khalkhin Gol Fights , Soviet-Finnish War (1939-1940) , World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , China Civil War , Indochina War , Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War , Civil War war in Yugoslavia , hot spots in the post-Soviet space, Armed conflict in eastern Ukraine . |
| Production history | |
| Constructor | Degtyarev, Vasily Alekseevich |
| Designed by | 1927 year |
| Total released | 795,000 [1] |
| Options | See Options |
| Specifications | |
| Weight kg | 9.12 (with bipod) [2] 1.6 (empty store) [2] 2.7 (curb shop) [2] |
| Length mm | 1270 [2] |
| Barrel length mm | 604.5 (without flame arrester) [2] |
| Cartridge | 7.62 × 54 mm R |
| Caliber mm | 7.62 |
| Work principles | removal of powder gases , locking with sliding combat stops |
| Rate of fire rounds / min | 500-600 80 (combat) [2] |
| starting speed bullets , m / s | 840 (cartridge with light bullet) [2] |
| Sighting range , m | 1500 [2] |
| Maximum range, m | up to 2500 [2] |
| Type of ammunition | 47 round flat disc magazine |
| Aim | sector |
Content
History
Degtyarev began designing a light machine gun in 1923 on his own initiative. [3] On July 22, 1924, a commission led by the chairman of the RKKA Rifle Committee NN Kuybyshev tested the Degtyarev system light machine gun and praised the new model, noting “outstanding originality of the idea, failure-free operation, rate of fire, and significant ease of use Comrade Degtyarev’s systems ” [4] The first ten serial machine guns of the DP were made at the Kovrov plant on November 12, 1927 , then a batch of 100 machine guns was transferred to military tests, which resulted in a bullet on December 21, 1927 met was adopted by the Red Army [5] . With the adoption of the DP Army's light machine gun, the work on its improvement did not stop. Studies of various design changes in the DP-27 led to the creation of Degtyarev samples of 1931, 1934 and 1938.
In 1939, a light anti-aircraft tripod for the DP machine gun was developed for the ski units of the Red Army [6]
The machine gun was massively used as the main weapon of fire support for the infantry of the platoon - company link until the end of World War II . DP armed forces of the NKVD troops for the protection of critical industrial enterprises [7] .
Captured samples of DP were used by the Germans [8] . In addition, due to the trophies captured in the Winter War of 1939-1940 and later, it was one of the most popular machine guns in the Finnish army during World War II, including due to the significant superiority over the Finnish machine gun Lahti-Salorant .
On August 29, 1944, People's Commissar of Arms of the USSR D.F.Ustinov and the head of the Main Artillery Directorate N.D. Yakovlev presented the modernized machine gun to the State Defense Committee for approval. [9] The State Defense Committee approved the proposed changes to the light machine gun, giving it the name PDM (Degtyareva Infantry Modernized).
At the end of the war, the DP machine gun and its modernized version of the PDM were withdrawn from service of the Soviet Army and were widely supplied to the countries friendly to the USSR . Armed with the participating States, the ATS was until the 1960s. It was applied in Korea , Vietnam and other countries.
Based on the experience gained in World War II, it became clear that the infantry needed uniform machine guns combining increased firepower with high mobility. As an ersatz- substitute for a single machine gun in the company link, based on earlier developments, in 1946 the RP-46 light machine gun was created and adopted, which was a PDM modification for belt power, which, coupled with a heavier barrel, provided great firepower with maintaining acceptable maneuverability.
Vladimir Fedorov , an imperial and then Soviet weapon designer who during the war worked as a consultant on small arms at the People's Commissariat and author of books on the history of small arms, praised this weapon.
System
The DP light machine gun is a weapon with automatic equipment based on the removal of powder gases and store-fed. The gas engine has a piston with a long stroke and a gas regulator located under the barrel.
The barrel itself is easily removable, partially hidden by a protective cover and equipped with a conical removable flame arrester (early releases did not have a flame arrester, as well as threads on the barrel for it). The barrel sometimes could not withstand intense firing: since it was thin-walled, it quickly heated up (especially in later releases, for which the barrel was made without a ribbed radiator to simplify), and in order not to damage the machine gun, we had to shoot in short bursts (combat machine gun rate - up to 80 rounds per minute). Changing the barrel directly during the battle was difficult: it required a special key to remove its lock and protect hands from burns.
Locking the barrel was carried out by two combat stops, bent apart when the striker moves forward. After the bolt comes to the front position, the bolt frame continues to move, while the broadened middle part of the drummer connected to it, acting from the inside on the backs of the combat stops, spreads them to the sides, into the grooves of the receiver, tightly locking the bolt. After the shot, the bolt frame begins to move backward under the action of the gas piston. In this case, the firing pin is retracted, and special bevels of the frame reduce the combat stops, disengaging them from the receiver and unlocking the bolt. The return-fighting spring was located under the barrel and overheated under intense fire, losing elasticity, which was one of the relatively few, but significant shortcomings of the DP machine gun. In addition, the combat stops required a precise fit to achieve a symmetrical locking (which did not represent a significant drawback in practice).
Power was supplied from flat disk stores - “plates”, in which the cartridges were located around the circumference, with bullets to the center of the disk. This design ensured a reliable supply of cartridges with a protruding rim, but it also had significant drawbacks: the large dimensions and weight of the empty magazine, inconvenience in transportation and loading, and the possibility of damage to the magazine during battle due to its tendency to deform. The magazine's capacity was originally 49 rounds, later 47 rounds with increased reliability were introduced. Three magazines with a metal box for transporting them were attached to the machine gun.
It should be noted that, although in appearance the DP store resembles the Lewis machine gun store, in fact it is a completely different construction according to the principle of operation; for example, with Lewis, the cartridge disk is cranked by the energy of the shutter transmitted to it by a complex system of levers, while in DP, it is driven by a pre-charged spring in the magazine itself.
Disk shop machine gun DP, top view.
Disk shop machine gun DP, bottom view.
Sponges shop.
The trigger mechanism of the machine gun allowed only automatic fire from the open shutter. It is located in the trigger frame, attached to the receiver by a transverse check. There was no ordinary fuse; instead, an automatic fuse was made in the form of a key, which was turned off when the hand touched the butt of the butt . When conducting intense fire, the need to constantly hold the fuse button depressed was boring by the arrow, and the rifle-type butt did not contribute to the strong holding of the weapon when firing in bursts. The trigger frame of the DT tank machine gun, which had a conventional fuse and a pistol grip, turned out to be more successful. The upgraded version of the machine gun - PDM - received a similar design of the trigger frame. It is also interesting to note that a non-automatic fuse, in addition to the native automatic fuse, was introduced into the design of Finnish DP during their overhaul.
Fire from the DP was fired from a removable biped bipod , bipods in the heat of battle were sometimes lost due to unsuccessful fastening or loosened, which, in turn, significantly impaired the usability and stability of machine guns. Therefore, a fixed bipod was introduced on the PDM. The ejection of spent cartridges carried down.
Machine gun accessory
The structure of belonging to a machine gun includes [10] :
- integral ramrod for cleaning the bore;
- a screwdriver key for disassembling and assembling a machine gun;
- articulated wiping with a bristle brush for wiping and cleaning the chamber through the upper window of the receiver without disassembling the machine gun;
- a device for cleaning gas paths ;
- two drifts for pushing axles and pins;
- an extractor for extracting detached muzzle shells.
All accessories fit into a bag box or canvas bag.
Silencer Shot
At the end of 1941, the device SG-DP was developed (probably with the participation of I. G. Mitin) (Special silencer for the DP machine gun). Used cartridges with a reduced powder charge and light bullets, the initial speed of which was 330 m / s. The device allowed to conduct silent automatic firing at ranges up to 300 m (with a lethal action of a bullet up to 500 m). May 27, 1942 the muffler was adopted by the Red Army . In June 1942, 500 units were supposed to be produced at the NKV plant No. 2 in Kovrov . product data [11] . The silencer weighed 1.3 kg, the total length of a machine gun with a silencer was 1332 mm [12] .
After field tests in July 1942, the SG-DP was sent for revision. It took place in Kovrov OKB-2 by designers A. M. Marantsev and I. V. Dolgushev. The modified silencer received a reduced internal diameter of the barrel nozzle channel from 16 to 14.5 mm. Its mass is 1.15 kg, the nozzle length is 85 mm, and the total length is 291 mm [12] .
At the end of 1942, the silencer entered the NIPSVO test under the designation SG-42 (Special silencer of the 1942 model). Presumably, it was used at the front and was mass-produced, but there is no information on production volumes. Post-war tests of these silencers in February-March 1948 showed the inappropriateness of their further operation, since they did not provide the required trouble-free operation of the DP and DPM and, therefore, were subject to disposal [13] [14] .
In 1948-1950, OKB-2 finalized the SG-42 muffler, having received the KB-P-535 device. Its mass with shutters was 0.96 kg, length 301 mm, height 68 mm, width 34 mm, the length of a machine gun with a silencer 1310 mm [14] .
In March-April 1950, KB-P-535 silencers, along with RP-46 machine guns, passed field tests, but again they did not satisfy all the requirements [14] [15] .
Ammo
The following bullets are used for firing a light machine gun [2] :
- cartridge with a bullet arr. 1908 (light), designed to defeat enemy manpower at a distance of up to 800 m; the bullet preserves lethal force at a distance of up to 2500 m
- cartridge with a bullet arr. 1930 (heavy), designed to defeat enemy manpower; lethal force remains at a distance of up to 3500 m; for shooting it is used only in the absence of cartridges with a light bullet mod. 1908
- cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet mod. 1930 (B-30), is intended to destroy light armored targets (armored vehicles, tankettes) at a distance of up to 300 m;
- cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet mod. 1932 (B-32), is intended to destroy armored targets (tanks, armored vehicles, tankettes, firing points, aircraft) and to ignite fuel (gasoline);
- cartridge with a tracer bullet (T-30 and T-46), designed for target designation, shooting and adjustment of fire.
Application
The first case of combat use of the DP machine gun took place in 1929, during the fighting on the CER [16]
The DP infantry machine gun was mounted on small torpedo boats of the G-5 type as a self-defense weapon (for firing at sea mines, low-flying aircraft and other targets) [17] .
During the exercises and military operations, the machine gun was served by two people: the shooter and his assistant, who was carrying a box with 3 disks. Also, when firing from a lying position, a long tape was tied to the machine gun at both ends, and the soldier, pulling it with his foot, pressed the butt to his shoulder more strongly. Thus, the fluctuations of the machine gun decreased and increased accuracy. The DT machine gun was installed on M-72 motorcycles . The design of mounting the machine gun to the wheelchair made it possible to fire even on airplanes. However, this method of fighting airplanes was not very convenient: it was necessary to stop for firing, then the fighter got out of the stroller and fired at air targets from the “sitting” position. After the DP machine gun was adopted, the British Lewis machine guns of the 1915 model, which had previously been in service with the Red Army, gradually went to the depots.
Options
Small-caliber DP
In the mid-1930s, one prototype of a small-caliber machine gun DP (under the 5.6-mm cartridge of ring ignition, as a weapon for training the shooting of the Red Army soldiers) was designed by M. Margolin , but he did not enter service [18] . In fact, for these purposes, a small - caliber machine gun-substitute for the Blum system was used mounted on a conventional DP and using its fire controls.
PD 1938
In 1938, a prototype of a 7.62-mm machine gun of the V. A. Degtyarev system was manufactured with a design magazine G. F. Kubynov and S. G. Razorenov (structurally similar to the machine gun DP arr. 1927, with the exception of the power method, the store 20 rounds filled with four standard clips from the Mosin rifle). The weapon was not taken into service and after testing was transferred to storage, and then entered the museum of the plant named after Degtyareva in the city of Kovrov [19]
DP with silencer
In 1941, during the battle of Moscow, a DP machine gun with a silencer was handed over to the troops for testing, but serial production of this modification was not started [20]
PDM
In 1944, under the leadership of Degtyarev, at the factory No. 2, work was carried out to improve the DP machine gun, namely, to increase the reliability and controllability of the machine gun. The new modification received the designation PDM ("Degtyaryov Infantry Modernized", GAU Index - 56-R-321M ). The problem of overheating of the reciprocating spring (it was installed in a special tube in the trigger frame above the butt) was eliminated, the trigger mechanism was improved, and the possibility of changing the barrel to the combat position appeared [21] . The transfer of the reciprocating spring to the trigger frame caused structural changes in individual parts and mechanisms of the machine gun. A new pistol grip, a modified butt shape and more stable integral bipods of a new design provided greater convenience. In general, all combat, tactical and technical characteristics remained the same.
YES
YES (Degtyarev Aviation) - an option for installation on airplanes. The casing designed to protect the shooter's hands from burns on the barrel was removed from the DP machine gun. This reduced its size and improved cooling. For ease of shooting, the butt was replaced by two handles. Installed store for 60 rounds.
The machine gun DA entered service in 1928 . In 1930, its paired version - DA-2, entered service. Machine guns DA and DA-2 were installed on aircraft R-5 , U-2 , TB-3 . They did not have widespread use, since 7.62 mm bullets were frankly ineffective against airplanes of the second half of the 30s and 40s, which caused a transition to larger calibers. К тому же в 1934 году специально для авиации был создан более удачный пулемёт ШКАС с темпом стрельбы около 1800 выстр./мин, что отчасти компенсировало малую поражающую способность 7,62-мм пуль.
ДТ/ДТМ
Разработанная совместно с Г. С. Шпагиным в 1929 году танковая модификация ДТ (Дегтярёв танковый) ( Индекс ГАУ — 56-П-322 ) устанавливалась на большинство танков и бронемашин . Модификация создавалась с учётом установки пулемёта в тесном боевом отделении танка. Вместо деревянного приклада стал устанавливаться выдвижной металлический. Стандартный магазин с однорядным расположением патронов заменён на магазин с трёхрядным расположением, вмещавший 63 патрона.
Пулемёт устанавливался на шаровую установку, разработанную Г. С. Шпагиным, позволявшую легко наводить пулемёт в горизонтальной и вертикальной плоскостях. Также пулемёт снабжался парусиновым гильзоуловителем. ДТ имел съёмные сошки, так что он применялся экипажами подбитой бронетехники в качестве ручного пулемёта. Известно несколько случаев вооружения ими и пехотных подразделений. Также ДТ пользовался популярностью в воздушно-десантных подразделениях за более компактные размеры и меньший вес.
В 1944 году модифицирована возвратно-боевая пружина, и пулемёт получил обозначение ДТМ ( Индекс ГАУ — 56-П-322М ).
РП-46
В 1946 году был создан и принят на вооружение ручной пулемёт РП-46 (ротный пулемет образца 1946 года), представлявший собой модификацию ДПМ под ленточное питание, что, вкупе с утяжелённым стволом, обеспечивало бо́льшую огневую мощь при сохранении приемлемой маневренности. РП-46 использовал нерассыпную металлическую ленту от станковых пулемётов Горюнова . В начале 1960-х был заменён более совершенным пулемётом Калашникова .
Тип 53
Адаптированная к особенностям китайской промышленности копия пулемёта ДП (ДПМ). Выпускался китайской государственной оружейной корпорацией Norinco .
ДП-О
Переделанный для стрельбы в полуавтоматическом режиме, пулемёт ДП-О сертифицирован в России как охотничий карабин [22] .
В кинофильмах и компьютерных играх
Пулемёт Дегтярёва присутствует в значительном количестве кинофильмов и в ряде компьютерных игр (в основном, посвящённых Второй Мировой войне и Вьетнамской войне ) [23]
Появляется в Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege у оперативника Tachanka в качестве его устройства.
В Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon появляется в дополнении Island Thunder как оружие кубинских солдат. Встречается в любительских модификациях о Второй Мировой войне, а также часто стоит на вооружении поздней советской и даже российской армий.
С реальным функционированием 3D модели Пулемета Дегтярева можно ознакомиться в оружейном симуляторе-игре «World of Guns:Gun Disassembly» .
Присутствует в игре PUBG .
ДП-27 представлен в игре Warface как праздничное оружие, возможность получить которое появляется в преддверии 9 мая.
Страны-эксплуатанты
- the USSR
- Вторая Испанская Республика — 5146 поставлено из СССР для Испанской республики [24] , поступали на вооружение республиканской армии и некоторых интернациональных бригад [25]
- Финляндия — за период Зимней войны Финляндия захватила более 3000 ДП и около 150 ДТ. К 1944 г. в финской армии находилось около 9000 ДП, он оставался на вооружении до 60-х годов под наименованием 762 PK D (7.62 pk/ven.). Пулемёт ДТ — 762 PK D PSV (7.62 pk/ven. psv.) — стал основным танковым пулемётом финской армии, также использовался после войны [26] . Финская промышленность наладила выпуск частей ДП: стволов, магазинов, прикладов и др.
- Германия — трофейные пулемёты использовали в вермахте и охранно-полицейских формированиях под обозначением «7,62mm leichte Maschinengewehr 120(r)»
- Румыния . Социалистическая Республика Румыния — первые пулемёты поступили на вооружение 1-й румынской добровольческой пехотной дивизии имени Тудора Владимиреску в 1943 году, всего до 1 июля 1945 года румынская армия получила 998 шт [27] .
- Болгария — в период после 9 сентября 1944 года СССР передал болгарской армии пулемёты ДП-27, которые были приняты на вооружение болгарской армии и использовались в ходе боевых действий 1944—1945 гг. [28] , оставались на вооружении после войны [29]
- Poland
- Белоруссия : сняты с вооружения в декабре 2005 года [30]
- Украина : официально на вооружении не состоит, но ограниченно применяется ВСУ, и достаточно массово — добровольческими формированиями (которые оснащены очень разнородными и зачастую устаревшими образцами). По состоянию на 15 декабря 2011 года на складах министерства обороны оставалось 120 000 пулемётов ДП и 19 000 ДПМ [31] .
See also
- Ручной пулемёт Дегтярёва
- Пистолет-пулемёт Дегтярёва (1929)
- Machine gun list
Notes
- ↑ weltkrieg.ru
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Краткое руководство службы. 7,62-мм ручные пулемёты ДП и ДПМ. (1946)
- ↑ Федоров В.Г. Оружейное дело на грани двух эпох. ч.3;с.62.
- ↑ ВИМАИВС,ф.6р,он.1,д.1511 ,л.80.
- ↑ 21 декабря 1927 года // журнал «Мастер-ружьё», № 12 (141), декабрь 2008. стр.95
- ↑ П. Ермолович. Ручной пулемёт в системе ПВО // «Военный вестник», № 9, 1939. стр.75-76
- ↑ Н.Н.Стариков Войска НКВД на фронте и в тылу. Приложение 7. Справка о вооружении и наличии транспортных средств в войсках НКВД по охране особо важных предприятий промышленности на 1 июля 1942 года
- ↑ описание ДП на сайте gewehr.ru
- ↑ ЦАМО,ф.81,оп.12106,д.717,л.389.
- ↑ Наставление по стрелковому делу (НСД-38) ручной пулемет ДП. — Москва: Государственное военное издательство НКО СССР, 1939.
- ↑ Журнал «Калашников» № 5/2015. Руслан Чумак "Ленинградские «Брамиты» стр. 34-36
- ↑ 1 2 Журнал «Калашников» № 8/2014. Руслан Чумак «Звук выстрела совершенно отсутствует…» стр. 98
- ↑ Журнал «Калашников» № 8/2010. Юрий Пономарёв «Биография ПБС» стр. 30 Архивная копия от 12 августа 2014 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ 1 2 3 Журнал «Калашников» № 8/2014. Руслан Чумак «Звук выстрела совершенно отсутствует…» стр. 99
- ↑ Журнал «Калашников» № 9/2010. Юрий Пономарёв «Биография ПБС. Продолжение» стр. 28 Архивная копия от 4 мая 2015 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ С. Л. Федосеев. Пулемёты России. Шквальный огонь. М., Яуза — ЭКСМО, 2009. стр.156
- ↑ Н. Г. Кузнецов. На далёком меридиане. Воспоминания участника национально-революционной войны в Испании. 3-е изд., доп. М., «Наука», 1988. стр.189
- ↑ Анатолий Докучаев. Свой пистолет он создавал вслепую // журнал «Братишка», февраль 2004
- ↑ Фоторепортаж // журнал «Мастер-ружьё», № 1 (118), январь 2007. стр.94-95
- ↑ Александр Борцов. Глушить, так тихо… // журнал «Мастер-ружьё», № 7-8 (19-20), 1997. стр.66-72
- ↑ Это конструктивное решение впервые было применено на немецких единых пулеметах в 1930-х годах ( MG-34 )
- ↑ Карабин охотничий самозарядный модели ДП-О калибра 7,62х54 R. Паспорт ДП-О.00.000 ПС
- ↑ Degtyaryov DP Series Machine Gun / Internet Movie Firearms Database
- ↑ Ametralladora ligera Degtyarev DP M1928 (Лёгкий пулемёт Дегтярёва ДП образца 1928 года)
- ↑ Ken Bradley, Mike Chappell. International brigades in Spain, 1936-39. London, Osprey Publishing, Reed International Books, 1994. page 17
- ↑ Журнал «Калашников» № 6/2002. Сергей Морозов «ДП. 75 лет ручному пулемёту Дегтярёва» стр. 16 Архивная копия от 14 августа 2014 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ Из ведомости Главного Артиллерийского Управления Красной Армии об отпущенном вооружении румынским воинским формированиям за период с октября 1943 по 1 июля 1945 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.96
- ↑ Тошко Станев. Музей, который стоит посетить // журнал «Оружие», № 11, 2014. стр.42-49
- ↑ В Народной армии Болгарии // "Красная звезда", № 209 (9983) от 8 сентября 1956, стр.3
- ↑ Белоруссия сняла с вооружения винтовку Мосина и ППШ // LENTA.RU от 8 декабря 2005
- ↑ Кабінет Міністрів України. Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено (15.08.2011).