Burj khalifa

The Dubai Tower was designed as a “city in a city” with its own lawns , boulevards and parks. The total cost of the construction is $ 1.5 billion ^{[5] [6]} . The skyscraper project was designed by the American architectural bureau Skidmore, Owings and Merrill , who also designed the Willis Tower in Chicago , World Trade Center 1 in New York and many other famous buildings.

The author of the project is American architect Adrian Smith , who already had experience in designing such structures (in particular, he participated in the design of the Jin Mao skyscraper in China with a height of 420 m). The construction division of the South Korean company Samsung , which previously participated in the construction of the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, was chosen as the general contractor for the development.

Building Height

The Burj Khalifa was originally planned as the tallest building in the world. When the skyscraper was still under construction, its design height was kept secret. This was done in case a skyscraper of a higher height was designed somewhere - then adjustments could be made to the design of the Dubai tower ^[7] .

Since the start of construction, there have been many rumors around the final height of the skyscraper. Initially, it was assumed that the design of the tower with a height of 705 m will be a modified project of the Australian " Grollo Tower "(560 m). Project managers said that the height will be guaranteed to be more than 700 m, that is, the Burj Khalifa after completion of construction will in any case become the tallest structure on Earth . Some sources spoke of 170 floors in the building. In September 2006, a final height of 916 m was reported, and then 940 m. The final height was 828 meters at 163 floors (not including the technical floor levels - 46 in the spire and 2 in the foundation).

On January 4, 2010 , at the official opening of the grand Burj Khalifa building, it was reported that the final height of the building is 828 m ^[2] , and not 818, as previously thought ^[8] .

The construction of the skyscraper began in 2004 and went at a speed of 1-2 floors per week. Every day, up to 12,000 workers worked in construction ^[7] . Its creation took about 320 thousand m³ of concrete and more than 60 thousand tons of steel reinforcement . Concrete work was completed after the construction of 160 floors, followed by the assembly of a 180-meter spire from metal structures.

Especially for the Burj Khalifa, a special brand of concrete has been developed that can withstand temperatures up to +50 ° C. The concrete mixture was placed only at night, and ice was added to the solution ^[9] .

Unlike New York skyscrapers, the foundation of the Burj Khalifa is not fixed in rocky ground. Hanging piles 45 m long and 1.5 m in diameter were used in the foundation of the building. There are about 200 such piles in total. The shape of the building is asymmetrical to reduce the effect of swaying from the wind ^[4] .

The surface area of ​​the building is approximately equal to the area of ​​17 football fields . The building is finished with tinted glass thermal panels that reduce the heating of rooms inside (in Dubai there are temperatures above 50 ° C, see Climate in Dubai ), which reduces the need for air conditioning. Burj Khalifa glasses are washed daily, but it takes about three months to wash the entire surface ^[4] .

Timeline

• In February 2007, the height of the structure exceeded the height of the Willis Tower (443.2 m).
• On July 21, 2007, the height exceeded the height of Taipei 101 (509.2 m).
• By September 15, 2007, the height was 555.3 m, breaking the record for a free-standing structure, which until then had been held by the CN Tower in Toronto for 31 years.
• On October 24, 2007, the height of the 156-story reinforced concrete structure was 585.7 m ^[10] . The remaining 232 m will be a steel spire.
• In January 2008, the height was 589.5 m.
• February 5, 2008, the height was 604.9 m (completed 159 floors) ^[11] .
• On April 8, 2008, the altitude reached 630 m ^[12] above the earth's surface.
• May 12, 2008 - 636.9 m, 164 floors completed ^[13] .
• September 1, 2008 - 687.9 m (2257 ft) ^{[14] [15]} .
• September 26, 2008 - 707 m ^[11] .
• December 30, 2008 - 780 m ^[16] .
• On January 17, 2009, the declared height of 818 m was reached ^[17] .
• On January 4, 2010, an opening ceremony was held for visitors. The height of the building (828 m) was kept secret until recently ^[2] .

Burj Khalifa is a key element of the new business center in Dubai. Inside the complex are located a hotel, apartments, offices and shopping centers.

The building has 3 separate entrances: the entrance to the hotel, the entrance to the apartment and the entrance to the office premises ^[4] . Armani Hotel and company offices occupy floors from the 1st to the 39th (except for the technical 17th and 18th floors). The hotel was designed by Giorgio Armani .

900 apartments occupy floors 44th and 72nd and from 77-108th.

The hundredth floor is wholly owned by the Indian billionaire B. R. Shetty, there are 3 apartments, each with an area of ​​approximately 500 m² ^[4] .

Office premises occupy floors 111–121, 125–135 and 139–154. On the 43rd and 76th floors there are gyms, swimming pools, viewing platforms with a jacuzzi ^[4] . The highest observation deck in the world is located on the 148th floor at an altitude of 555 m, the second platform is on the 124th floor at an altitude of 452 m. On the 122nd floor is the Atmosphere restaurant ( Eng . At.mosphere) on 80 seats - a restaurant located at the highest altitude in the world.

The artificial tower above the main building has, in addition to the decorative function, also a communication function, since it is equipped with the necessary telecommunication equipment.

The air inside the building is not only cooled, but also aromatized thanks to special membranes. This fragrance was created specifically for the Burj Khalifa. Fragrant and fresh air is supplied through special grilles in the floor ^[4] .

At the foot of a skyscraper in an artificial lake with an area of ​​12 hectares is the musical fountain of Dubai . 6600 light sources and 50 color spotlights illuminate the fountain. The length of the fountain is 275 m, and the height of the jets reaches 150 meters ^[18] . The fountain has musical accompaniment from modern Arabic and world music.

Lifts

The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators ^{[19] [4]} . In this case, only the service elevator rises from the first floor to the last. Residents and visitors to the skyscraper will have to move between floors with transplants.

There are numerous references in various sources that the building has the world's fastest elevators moving at a speed of 18 m / s, however, it is indicated on the official website of the building, as well as on the website of the elevator manufacturer, that the speed of these elevators reaches only 10 m / with. In fact, the fastest elevators are located in the skyscraper of Taipei 101 ( Taiwan ), their speed is 16.83 m / s .

Water Collection System

All over the world, as one of the green technologies , a rainwater collection system is used for its subsequent use for various household needs and for irrigating green spaces. There is virtually no rain in Dubai. Insignificant precipitation falls in the winter, so it is unreasonable to organize the collection of rainwater. But the hot and humid climate, combined with the high cooling needs of the building, causes the formation of a significant amount of condensate from the surrounding air.

A condensate collection system was designed in the building, which is delivered through a piping system to a collection tank in the basement of the building. The collected water is used for irrigation of green spaces in the complex. This system allows you to collect annually up to 40 million liters of water, which is usually simply lost in the form of operational waste, which is especially important in a region where water is a limited and extremely valuable resource.

The Burj Khalifa was built mainly by workers from South Asia ^{[20] [21]} . On June 17, 2008, there were 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site ^[22] .

In 2006, The Guardian reported that skilled carpenters at a construction site received £ 4.34 per day, and workers received £ 2.84 per day ^[20] . According to an investigation by the BBC and Human Rights Watch , workers were placed in terrible conditions, their salaries were often delayed, their passports were confiscated by their employers, and they worked in dangerous conditions, which led to a large number of deaths and injuries ^[23] . During the construction of the Burj Khalifa tower, only one death was reported related to the construction ^[24] . However, injuries and deaths in the workplace in the UAE are “poorly documented” ^[25] .

On March 21, 2006, about 2,500 workers, dissatisfied with the lack of buses at the end of their shift, protested, damaged cars, offices, computers and construction equipment. An official from the Dubai Ministry of the Interior said the rebels caused nearly £ 500,000 damage. Most of the workers involved in the riots returned the next day, but refused to work ^[20] .

• the highest ground structure in the history of human construction - 828 m (until 2008 the record belonged to the Warsaw radio mast - 646 m);
• the highest ground structure of the existing ones - 828 m (previously the record belonged to the KVLY television and radio mast - 628 m);
• the highest free-standing structure - 828 m (previous record - 553.3 m at the CN Tower );
• the tallest building - 828 m (previous record - 508 m at the Taipei 101 skyscraper);
• the building with the highest number of floors - 163 (previous record - 110 at the Willis Tower skyscrapers and the destroyed twin towers );
• the building with the highest located last floor ^[26] ;
• the highest elevator ^[26] ;
• the fastest elevator is 18 m / s ^[27] , however, the official website and the website of the company of the manufacturer of elevators installed in the Burj Khalifa report a speed of 10 m / s ^{[28] [29]} .
• the highest height of the concrete mixture for buildings - 601.0 m (previous record - 449.2 m at the Taipei 101 skyscraper);
• the greatest height of injection of concrete mix for any structures - 601.0 m (previous record - 532 m at Riva del Garda hydroelectric power station );
• the highest located observation deck - on the 148th floor at an altitude of 555 meters ^[30] ;
• the highest restaurant is At.mosphere restaurant on the 122nd floor at an altitude of 442 m (the previous record belonged to the 360 restaurant at an altitude of 350 m in the CN Tower) ^{[31] [32]} .

• Dubai is expected to open the 928-meter Tower at Dubai Creek Harbor in 2020
• It was planned to build a skyscraper Nahil , formerly known as Al-Burj ( English The Tower ) with a height of about 1400 m (with 228 floors), which was to be completed by 2020, 50 km from Burj Dubai in the Dubai Waterfront area. Due to the global financial crisis, such an expensive project was officially canceled in December 2009 ^[33] .
• 1007-meter Jeddah Tower in the city of Jeddah on the Red Sea ^[34]

Proposed:

• 200-story skyscraper Murjan Tower ( Eng. Murjan Tower ) in Bahrain with a height of 1022 m;
• The 1001-meter skyscraper Mubarak al-Kabir Tower ( English Burj Mubarak al-Kabir ) in Kuwait ;
• Miami's 975-meter skyscraper in Miami ^[35]

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  February 1, 2006

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  August 29, 2006

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  March 21, 2007

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  December 4, 2007

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  March 11, 2008

• Part of the movie Mission: Impossible: The Phantom Protocol takes place at the Burj Khalifa Hotel.

• List of tallest buildings in the world
• List of tallest buildings in Asia
• List of tallest buildings in the UAE
• List of tallest buildings in Dubai

• Official site
• Burj khalifa ru
• Burj Dubai Photos and Video at the end of 2008
• Burj Dubai - Skyscraper Stalagmite