Sargam

The notes in Indian music are called suras in the Hindustani tradition or swaras in the Karnataka tradition . ^[one]

The flat is denoted by the word "comal", sharp - "tivra." But these concepts are used differently than in Western music: Suras Sa and Pa cannot have a sharp and a flat - they are “pure” ( suddha ), Suras Re, Ha, Dha and Ni can have a flat, and Sura Ma can have a sharp. Thus, the octave will look like this: Sa, Komal Re, Re, Komal Ga, Ga, Ma, tivra Ma, Pa, Komal Dha, Dha, Komal Ni, Ni, Sa (next octave).

The first surah of the sargama is not rigidly fixed (unlike the western musical system), its height depends on the musical instrument or the voice of the performer, the rest of the suras adjust to Sa. The first octave is also not fixed and is selected individually. When transferring from sargam to Western musical notation, Sura Sa is most often mistaken for a note before.

What distinguishes the sargam from the western octave is that the intervals between the suras are not the same, and, moreover, may differ in different traditions. The interval between the same surah of different octaves is divided into 22 almost equal frequency intervals - shruti , and the frequency intervals between surahs are composed of these shruti. At the same time, for example, in the Tamij Palaiage system (tamizh paalaiyaazh) there are 4 shrutis between Sa and Re, and 3 shruti between Re and Ha, which makes the sound of Indian instruments “upset” for the western ear.

Typically, the Latin letters SRG m PD N are used to record suras.

In such a record, the comal, tivra and suddha are indicated in lowercase and uppercase letters, and the rule applies: if the surah has a comal, the comal is indicated in lowercase, and shuddha is uppercase, if there is a tivra, it is uppercase, and shuddha is lowercase . Thus, a lowercase letter in a stave is always lower than a capital letter.

To indicate an octave, either dots above and below the letters are used (respectively, to raise and lower the octave), or apostrophes to the left and right of them. Thus, an octave can be written in this way: S r R g G m m d d N n S '.

Also, underlining and apostrophe are used to denote the Komal and Tivra, respectively, when writing in syllables from Latin letters. For example, taat purvey can be written like this: Sa Re Ga M'a Pa Dha Ni. In this case, points above and below the syllables are used to indicate a shift by an octave up / down.

Taat is an analogue of the scale, or rather, the fret in Western music. Includes seven sugars of sargam, some of which may be comal or tivra.

Examples of taats:

• “Bhairav” - Sa, Komal Re, Ha, Ma, Pa, Komal Dha, Ni.
• “Sri” - Sa, Komal Re, Ha, Tivra Ma, Pa, Komal Dha, Ni.

Raga is a subset of taat suras (five to seven) used to build a melody. Also, the word "raga" is used as the first word in the name of compositions in Indian classical music, for example, the name "Raga Ahir Bhairav" suggests that this work is a raga built on the tahat "Ahir Bhairav."

Examples of rags:

• “Hindol” - Sa, Ga, tivra Ma, Dha, Ni.
• "Deepak" - Sa, Komal Re, Ha, tivra Ma, Dha, Ni.
• “Megh” - Sa, Re, Ma, Pa, Dha.

• Indian classical music
• Music theory
• Raga

• Swara-s and the Sargam - The Basic Indian Scale
• Swar (Swara) - Notes of the Indian Scale
• Ragopedia
• https://vk.com/z.relax