Fue

The ancestor of fue is the Chinese paisiao flute ^[2] . In the V century, flutes appeared in Japan ^[3] , spread during the Nara period .

The comuso sects of Fuke soon began to use fue for “meditation with a breath” ^[4] . Modern fouets can be both solo and orchestral instruments.

Fue are divided into two large groups - transverse and longitudinal ^[5] . In the transverse hole for the lips is on the side, and on the longitudinal - at the end ^[6] .

Shinobue

Shinobue ( Japanese 篠 п , saz flute) , also takebeue ( Japanese я , bamboo flute) is a transverse flute with a high timbre. Used in the Japanese Hayashi Orchestra ( Jap. 囃 子 ) and when performing the Nahout . Shakuhachi is an important instrument in the musical accompaniment of theater and kabuki performances. Shakuhachi perform shinto kagura music and simply folk songs. There are two styles of performance: uta ( Japanese 囃 , song) and Hayashi ( Japanese 囃 子 , festival) . The flute for performance in the style of uta is tuned to the western musical scale and can play solo. Hayashi-shinobue is not tuned, produces a high non-melodic sound.

Shakuhachi

Hottik

Khottiku ( 法 п , literally “bamboo dharma ”) is a fue from bamboo root. After processing, rings remain on the thick end of the basal stem. The same part of the bamboo is used for the production of shakuhachi , but the hottiku is not varnished, and the lip hole remains unprocessed. Khottika is sometimes called “jinashi nobekan”, “without ji ( 磁 , special paste made of clay and varnish) , in one tube (unlike shakuhachi, whole hottiku).”

Hottik has four holes for the fingers on top and one on the bottom (for the thumb). The sound range is at least two octaves . A hottik can be of any length, the longer the instrument - the lower its timbre. Usually (not always) a hottik is longer than a shakuhachi and is almost always thicker and longer.

The technique of playing hottik is similar to playing shakuhachi, although the sound of hottik is not so clear and even. Utaguchi angle ( Japanese 歌 口 , literally, “a hole for singing”) , that is, the hole for the lips of a hottik is closer to 90 °, but the choice of angle also depends on the size of the bamboo. The utaguchi angle and lack of varnish give the hottik sound a coarse and aspiratory timbre. Hottiku is used in suizen , "blowing meditation." To play in the genre of honkyoku ( 本 曲 п ) , invented by the followers of the Fuke sect, can only be a performer of a high level of skill. Since hottiku is not tuned, she usually acts solo.

Hitiriki

Chitiriki ( 篳 篥 篥 ) is a small (no longer than 20 cm) bamboo wind instrument with a double cane. Hitiriki has a melodious, but somewhat nasal, and in the upper register - a sharp timbre . The tonal range is one octave .

Comabue

Komabue ( Japanese 高麗 笛 , Koryo flute) is a transverse flute with six finger holes used in Japanese court music of gagaku and komagaku . It is made of bamboo. It has about 36 centimeters in length, shorter than the ruteki flute ^[7] . The Ogu family has historically been manufacturing komabue ^[8] .

Ryuteki

Ryuteki ( 龍 笛 ryu: teki , “dragon flute”) is a Japanese bamboo transverse flute with a length of about 40 cm and a diameter of 1.3 cm, with seven holes. Used in the gagaku . The sound of ryuteki depicts dragons flying in the heavenly light (it is depicted by sho ), which people ( chitirics ) observe. The Ruteki are one of the three flutes that play the eagle. The ruteki timbre is lower than that of komabue, but higher than kagurabue. In the 20th century, ryuteki, like shamisen , began to be used in modern music.

Ryuteks are held horizontally during execution.

Nokan

Nokan ( Japanese 能 管 no: kan , literally “ theater tube no ”) is a Japanese transverse flute used to accompany the performances of theaters but also kabuki . It was created by a theater actor but Kanyami Kiyotsugu ( Jap. 観 阿 弥 清 сын ) and Kanyami's son, Zeami Motokiyo ( Jap. 世 阿 弥 元 清 ) in the 14th century, when they reformed but introduced traditional Dengaku dances ( Jap. 田 楽 , “music rice field ”) and sarugaku ( 猿 楽 ,“ monkey music ”) .

For making nokans, chips of smoked bamboo susudake ( Japanese 煤 竹 ) are glued and tied with cherry bark. At the same time, the surface of the bamboo trunk is inside, which improves the sound. The length of the nokan is about 39.1 cm, the average width is 1.7 cm. 7 holes for fingers are drilled in the nokan.

In the Nokan there is a "throat" ( Japanese. Nodo ) , an opening 2-3 mm wide. Thanks to the Nodo, the Nokan can make a falsetto sound ( Venturi effect ). The design also provides for the placement in a special hole of an oval lead mouthpiece wrapped in paper.

The Nokan range is more than two octaves. The pitch changes from flute to flute, as Nokans are made by hand.

Kagurabue

  The longest of the fue, about 45.5 cm long. Used in the Mikagura genre.

• Berger DP The Nohkan: Its Construction and Music: [ eng. ] // Ethnomusicology. - University of Illinois Press, 1965. - Vol. 9, No. 3. - S. 221—239. - DOI : 10.2307 / 850235 .