Human parasites are parasites that a person is exposed to. The general definition of the word “parasite” refers not only to multicellular and protozoa living at the expense of their host and to the detriment of the latter, but also to viruses , bacteria and fungi with similar qualities [1] [2] . According to historical tradition, and from the point of view of medical parasitology , it is customary to call parasites any creatures that lead a parasitic lifestyle, except for viruses and bacteria [3] with similar qualities.
This article lists the most common human parasites.
Content
- 1 Endoparasites
- 1.1 Protozoan organisms
- 1.2 Helminths (worms)
- 1.3 Other parasites
- 2 Ectoparasites
- 3 notes
Endoparasites
Protozoan Organisms
| The general name of an organism or disease | Latin name | Infected body parts | Diagnostic analysis | Prevalence | Typical source of infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akantamebiosis | Acanthamoeba | eyes, brain | the culture | Worldwide | contact lenses washed with tap water |
| Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | intestines (mainly the colon, but can cause liver failure if left untreated) | chair | areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical areas | fecal-oral transmission |
| Babesioses | Babesia B. divergens , B. bigemina , B. equi , B. microfti , B. duncani | red blood cells | Romanovsky-Giemsa coloring | worldwide | tick bite |
| Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | intestinal mucosa | chair | tropics | ingestion of water contaminated with feces |
| Blastocystosis | Blastocystis | intestines | direct stool microscopy (PCR, antibodies) | 2 - 20% of the population [4] | eating contaminated stool from an infected person or animal |
| Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscles and blood | Romanovsky-Giemsa coloring | Mexico , Central and South America - 16-18 million | Triatoma / Reduviidae - night bites |
| Dientamebiasis | Dientamoeba fragilis | intestines | chair | up to 10% in industrialized countries | ingestion of water or food contaminated with feces |
| Isosporosis | Isospora belli | small intestine epithelial cells | chair | worldwide less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium | fecal-oral transmission |
| Coccidiosis , cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium | intestines | chair | widespread | |
| Leishmaniasis | Leishmania | skin , mucous membrane, viscera | visual identification or Romanovsky-Giemsa stain | Visceral leishmaniasis - widespread; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World | Phlebotomus - a bite of several varieties |
| Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia | small intestine | chair | widespread | swallowing cysts in feces-contaminated water or food |
| Malaria | Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium ovale , Plasmodium malariae | red blood cells, liver | blood smear | tropics - 250 million cases per year | Anopheles mosquito - night bites |
| Negleriosis [5] [6] | Naegleria fowleri | brain | the culture | rare but deadly | ingestion of infected warm fresh water into the nasal cavity, poorly chlorinated pools, hot springs, soil |
| Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinosporidium seeberi | nose, nasopharynx | well water and soil | India and Sri Lanka | the nasal mucosa came into contact through bathing in open waters |
| Sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei | blood lymph and central nervous system | microscopic examination of solid chancroid fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow | from 50,000 to 70,000 people | Tsetse fly , night bites |
| Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasma gondii | eyes, brain, heart, liver | blood and PCR | widespread - every third person | infected raw / undercooked pork / goat / lamb, infected unboiled milk, water or soil with spores from the feces of a cat that is more than 24 hours old |
| Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | female urogenital system (asymptomatic in men) | microscopic examination of genital swab | 7.4 million Americans | sexually transmitted infection |
Helminths (worms)
| Generic name of an organism or disease | Latin name | Infected body parts | Diagnostic analysis | Prevalence | Typical source of infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hookworm | Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus | lungs, small intestine, blood | chair | common in the tropics, hot and humid climates; 1.3 billion carriers [7] | penetration through the skin by L3 larva |
| Anisacidosis [8] | Anisakis | allergic reaction | biopsy | man is a random host | eating raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus |
| Ascariasis | Ascaris lumbricoides | intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Leffler's syndrome | chair | widespread, but especially in the tropics and subtropics | hands polluted by the earth |
| Bailisascaridosis | Baylisascaris procyonis | intestines, liver, lungs, brain | rare: North America | raccoon excrement | |
| Brugioz | Brugia malayi , Brugia timori | The lymph nodes | blood samples | tropical areas of Asia | arthropods |
| Hymenolepidosis [9] | Hymenolepis nana , Hymenolepis diminuta | eating contaminated flour bugs, cockroaches | |||
| Gnostostomiasis [10] | Gnathostoma spinigerum , Gnathostoma hispidum | subcutaneous tissue | physical examination | rarely - Southeast Asia | eating raw or undercooked meat (freshwater fish, chickens, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water |
| Dicroceliosis | Dicrocoelium dendriticum | gall bladder | seldom | eating ants | |
| Dioctophimosis | Dioctophyme renale | usually kidneys | urine | Worldwide | |
| eating undercooked or raw freshwater fish | |||||
| Dipylidiosis | Dipilidium | intestines, small intestine | chair | Europe, Germany, Chile, Kenya | swallowing a flea infected with this parasite |
| Diphyllobothriasis | Diphyllobothrium latum | intestines, blood | stool (under the microscope) | Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile | eating raw freshwater fish |
| Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | subcutaneous tissue, muscles | bladder / skin ulcer | Sudan, in the 1940s - 48 million people a year, in 1998 - 80 thousand people [7] | |
| Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis | liver, bile ducts | chair | East and Southeast Asia, including the Russian Far East | eating raw or insufficiently thermally chemically treated freshwater fish |
| Loaz | Loa loa filaria | connective tissue, lungs, eyes | blood ( Romanovsky-Giemsa stain : hematoxylin , eosin ) | rainforests of West Africa - 12-13 million people | Horsefly , daily bites |
| Mansonellosis , Filariasis | Mansonella streptocerca | subcutaneous layer | insects | ||
| Metagonymosis | Metagonimus yokogawai ; Metagonimus katsuradai | intestines | chair | Siberia, Manchuria, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Israel, Spain | eating undercooked or dried fish |
| River blindness | Onchocerca volvulus , Onchocerciasis | skin, eyes, tissues | bloodless skin incision | 17 million [7] in Africa, Yemen, Central and South America, near cold, fast rivers | Simulium / Cats , day bites |
| Opisthorchiasis | Opisthorchis viverrini , Opisthorchis felineus | bile ducts | 1.5 million people in Russia | eating contaminated raw, slightly salted or frozen fish | |
| Paragonimiasis | Paragonimus westermani ; Paragonimus africanus ; Paragonimus caliensis ; Paragonimus kellicotti ; Paragonimus skrjabini ; Paragonimus uterobilateralis | lungs | sputum feces | East Asia | the use of raw undercooked freshwater crayfish, crabs and other crustaceans |
| Elephantiasis | Wuchereria bancrofti | lymphatic system | wide blood smears stained with hematoxylin | tropics and subtropics, 120 million people [7] | night mosquito bites |
| Sparganosis | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | eating food contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans are the ultimate host) | |||
| Strongyloidosis | Strongyloides stercoralis | intestines, lungs, skin (larva) | stool, blood | penetration through the skin | |
| Teniarinhoz | Taenia saginata | intestines | chair | widespread | eating undercooked beef |
| Teniosis | Taenia solium | eating undercooked pork | |||
| Toxocariasis | Toxocara canis , Toxocara cati | liver, brain, eyes ( Toxocara canis ) | blood, eye examination | widespread | unwashed food contaminated with Toxocara eggs, undercooked chicken liver |
| Trichinosis | Trichinella spiralis , Trichinella britovi , Trichinella nelsoni , Trichinella nativa | muscle, small intestine | blood | more common in developing countries | eating undercooked pork, meat of predatory animals |
| Trichocephalosis | Trichuris trichiura , Trichuris vulpis | colon, anus | stool (for eggs) | widespread | accidentally swallowing eggs with beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces |
| Fascioliasis [11] | Fasciola hepatica , Fasciola gigantica | liver, gall bladder | chair | Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, America and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica in Africa and Asia alone, 2.4 million people infected with both species | freshwater snails |
| Fasciolopsidosis [12] | Fasciolopsis buski | intestines | stool (under the microscope) | East Asia - 10 million people | ingestion of invaded algae or water (snail intermediate, amphibian hosts) |
| Cercariosis | Trichobilharzia regenti , schistosomatidae | through skin contact with water infected with snails and vertebrates | |||
| Cestodose | Cestoda | Intestines | chair | seldom | |
| Asian schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mekongi - | Southeast Asia | skin contact with water contaminated with secretions of freshwater snails Neotricula aperta | ||
| Urogenital schistosomiasis | Schistosoma haematobium | kidneys, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin | urine | Africa, Middle East | skin contact with water contaminated with freshwater snails Bulinus |
| Manson's schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mansoni | intestines, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | chair | Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, the Middle East - 83 million people | contact with skin of water contaminated with secretions of freshwater snails Biomphalaria |
| Schistosomiasis Japanese | Schistosoma japonicum | intestines, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | chair | China, East Asia, Philippines | Skin contact with water contaminated with Oncomelania freshwater snails |
| Enterobiosis | Enterobius vermicularis , Enterobius gregorii | intestines, anus | chair; test around the anus | widespread; temperate zone | |
| Echinococcosis | Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcus multilocularis , Echinococcus vogeli , Echinococcus oligarthrus | liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen | imaging of cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen | Mediterranean countries | as an intermediate host : eating food contaminated with feces from a carnivore ; as a regular host : eating raw meat (offal) from a herbivore |
| Echinostomosis | Echinostoma echinatum | small intestine | Far East | eating raw fish, shellfish, snails |
Other parasites
| Generic name of an organism or disease | Latin name | Infected body parts | Diagnostic analysis | Prevalence | Typical source of infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dermatobiasis | Dermatobia hominis | Subcutaneous tissue | subcutaneous tissue | Central and South America | mosquitoes and biting flies |
| Candiru | Trichomycteridae | urethra | physical examination | amazon pool | urination in bodies of water where fish live without proper protection |
| Linguatulosis | Linguatula serrata | nasopharynx | physical examination | middle Asia | eating raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffaloes) |
| Makrakantorinhoz | Archiacanthocephala | ||||
| Miases | Oestroidea , Calliphoridae , Sarcophagidae | dead and living tissue | |||
| Sarcopsyllosis | Tunga penetrans | subcutaneous tissue | physical examination | Central and South America | sand fleas |
Ectoparasites
| Generic name of an organism or disease | Latin name | Infected body parts | Diagnostic analysis | Prevalence | Typical source of infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus capitis | hair follicles | visual identification | Worldwide | close contact with infected people |
| Louse pubic - Pediculosis | Phthirus pubis | pubic region, eyelashes | visual identification under magnification | widespread | skin contact, such as sexual intercourse; through contaminated clothing or bedding |
| Louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus corporis | visual identification | Worldwide | skin contact, such as sexual intercourse; through contaminated clothing or bedding | |
| Demodecosis | Demodex folliculorum ; Demodex brevis ; Demodex canis | eyebrows | microscopy of the hair follicle eyelashes or eyebrows | pandemic worldwide | skin contact |
| Bed bugs | Cimicidae , Cimex lectularius | leather | visually | Worldwide | a mix of outerwear and bedding |
| Kohliomiasis | Cochliomyia hominivorax | skin and wounds | visually | Central America, North Africa | direct contact with flies |
| Scabies | Sarcoptes scabiei | leather | surface scraping microscopy | Worldwide | skin contact, such as sexual intercourse; through contaminated clothing or bedding |
Notes
- ↑ TSB , article “Parasitism”
- ↑ Medical Encyclopedia, article “Parasite”
- ↑ Karl Zimmer "Parasites: The Secret World", - M: Alpina non-fiction, 2011, P. 11. ISBN 978-5-91671-081-6
- ↑ (English) Amin OM Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000 (English) // Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. : journal. - 2002. - Vol. 66 , no. 6 . - P. 799-803 . - PMID 12224595 .
- ↑ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy
- ↑ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York , Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria eMedicine
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Karl Zimmer “Parasites: The Secret World", - M: Alpina non-fiction, 2011, S. 258-261 ISBN 978-5-91671-081-6
- ↑ Anisakiasis
- ↑ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis eMedicine; updated Feb 2008
- ↑ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis eMedicine, updated Feb 2008
- ↑ (eng.) Yılmaza, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey doi: 10.1016 / j.actatropica. 2004.04.009
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis