Eurocommunism is the policy and theoretical justification of the activities of a number of communist parties in Western Europe , which emerged in the second half of the 20th century, which was characterized by an orientation toward Western elites, criticism of the leadership of the CPSU in the world communist movement, criticism of the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the lack of political freedoms in countries that adopted the Soviet Union model of socialism. At the same time, Eurocommunism declared allegiance to Marxism , but not to Marxism-Leninism , and did not formally identify itself with Social Democracy , although it abandoned a number of secondary ideological positions of Marxism .
Content
History
The European Communist movement in the world labor movement was supported by the most popular communist parties of Western Europe: the Italian Communist Party and the Communist Party of Spain - already in 1968 both did not support the occupation of socialist Czechoslovakia by the troops of the ATS countries, the Swedish Communist Party and the French Communist Party did the same. The Eurocommunist KPI reinstated its activities in Spain in 1977. The main figures of the KPI are Santiago Carrillo (author of the book “Eurocommunism and the State”), the ICP is Enrico Berlinguer . The Italian Eurocommunists saw the theoretical basis of their activity in the works of Antonio Gramsci . Manifestations of European communism are the policy of a “historical compromise” with the Christian Democrats in Italy, the support of François Mitterrand in the second round of the presidential elections of 1974 and 1981, and the adoption by the Communists of the Moncloa Pact in Spain .
Eurocommunism was also supported by the communist parties of the Netherlands , Great Britain , and Austria ; it also had influence outside Europe - for example, in the politics of the communist parties of Japan and Australia , the Turkish Workers' Party , the left parties of Venezuela and Mexico . Mikhail Gorbachev referred to him as a source of ideas of perestroika and publicity in his memoirs. Some consider the related movement to be titoism [1] .
The PCF and KPI took a more pro-Soviet course in the 80s, most of the PCP took a social democratic course in the early 90s and now has become a de-ideologized Democratic Party . The term "European communism" begins to come to naught during perestroika in the USSR , and is rarely used at present.
Criticism from the “right” reproached the European communists for their unwillingness to break with Moscow, Trotskyist criticism for nationalism, criticism from the Marxist-Leninists for rejecting the fundamental principles of communism . Soviet ideologists considered Eurocommunism as a kind of revisionism [2] . Eurocommunism “in the name of national features (that“ the conditions in each country differ ”) violated and abolished all revolutionary principles,” said Georgios Marinos, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [3] .
Notes
- ↑ Zur Arbeiterselbstverwaltung vgl. Ernest Mandel (Hg): Arbeiterkontrolle - Arbeiterräte - Arbeiterselbstverwaltung, erschienen in der gewerkschaftsnahen "Europäische Verlagsanstalt", Frankfurt am Main 1971.
- ↑ Scientific Communism: Dictionary (1983) / Revisionism
- ↑ Communist Party of Greece - Certain issues of the strategy of the communist movement based on the experience of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) . Date of treatment March 4, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
Literature
- Carrillo, Santiago . 1977. Eurocomunismo y Estado . Editorial Crìtica. Madrid.
- Claudín, Fernando . 1977. Eurocomunismo y socialismo . Siglo XXI Editores, México DF ISBN 968-23-0234-X .
- Michael R. Krätke, Otto Bauer and the early “Third Way” to Socialism
- Detlev Albers ua (Hg.), Otto Bauer und der “dritte” Weg. Die Wiederentdeckung des Austromarxismus durch Linkssozialisten und Eurokommunisten, Frankfurt / M 1979
- L. B. Popov, Memoirs of European Communism. International Relations, 2008 ISBN 978-5-7133-1324-1