Ukrainians in Brazil ( Ukrainian Ukrainian in Brazil , port. Ucraniano-brasileiro ) is one of the national communities of Brazil . The largest Ukrainian diaspora in South America, according to various estimates, the population is from 500 thousand [1] [2] [3] to 1 million people [4] . Mainly consists of citizens of Brazil of Ukrainian origin of the 4th and 5th generations, supporting the traditions of Ukrainian culture. About 80% of Ukrainians in Brazil live in the state of Parana [5] .
| Ukrainians in Brazil Ukrainian Ukrainian to Brazil | |
|---|---|
| Total: in Brazil from 500 thousand to 1 million people | |
| Tongue | Ukrainian , Portuguese |
| Religion | in most cases, Christians :
|
Content
Immigration History
In the immigration of Ukrainians in Brazil there are three waves.
The first wave (from 1872 to 1914). One of the first Ukrainian immigrants is the family of M. Morozovich, who left the Zolochiv region in 1872. In 1876 a group from Bukovina moved to the state of Parana, and in 1881 another group of Ukrainians founded settlements in the same state near the cities of Palmeiras and Ponta Gross . In 1886, individual cases of immigration from Galicia to the region of the city of Uniao da Vitoria were recorded, near which the settlements of Inacio and Tomaz-Coiglio were founded [5] [6] .
However, the mass migration of Ukrainians begins in 1895. After the elimination of slavery in Brazil, a labor shortage formed and the government began to stimulate migrants financially. Settlers were paid for travel and allocated from 25 to 50 hectares of land with a deferred payment for 10 years. Such conditions looked very attractive for landless and low-land Ukrainians, and from 1895 to 1899 about 15 thousand people moved to Brazil, mainly from North-Eastern Galicia. However, in reality, the land allotted to the settlers was in an impenetrable jungle, and if the Ukrainians were hired by the planters, they were forced to pay for food and clothing at such high prices that they fell into conditions of economic dependence close to slavery [5] [6] .
In the period from 1897 to 1907, a significant number of Ukrainians (about a thousand families) moved with their own funds to the Prudentopolis region, as well as in the southeastern regions of the state of Parana and in the northern regions of the state of Santa Katarina , having founded the settlements of Antonio Olinto , Unia -Vitoria , Iracema , Mareshal-Mallet and Dorizona [5] .
In 1908-1914, about 18,500 Ukrainian migrants arrived as part of a campaign to attract labor to the construction of railways between the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. They founded Ukrainian settlements in the cities of Guprani , Campinas , Izhui , Jaguari and Yereshimi [5] .
In addition, from 1892 to 1914, about 120 families from the Naddnipryanshchyna arrived in Brazil, of which 90 families settled in the province of Rio Grande do Sul [5] .
Hunger, epidemics and the hostile attitude of local Indians led to great mortality among migrants, some of them returned to Galicia , however, according to the census of Ukrainian priests from 1913-1914, approximately 45,000 people lived in Brazil at that time [5] [6] .
The second wave (1917-1939). If the first wave of migrants consisted almost exclusively of peasants, then in the second wave there was a significant layer of intelligentsia. About 9,000 people arrived from Galicia, Volhynia, Polesye, Bukovina and Transcarpathia during this period [5] .
The third wave (1947-1951). The third wave of immigration was mainly caused by political motives and began at the end of World War II . The basis of migrants during these years was former “ Ostarbeiters ” captured by Germany, fighters of the Soviet army freed from German captivity, and political refugees (people with anti-Soviet views, former members of the auxiliary police , SS divisions Galichina , etc. [5] [7] Basically they settled in the state of Parana, partly in the state of Sao Paulo, both in the state capital and in the city of São Caetano do Sul. In total, 7,000 Ukrainians immigrated during this period, some of the immigrants were unable to adapt to living conditions in Brazil and moved to the USA and Canada, and some settled in Sao Paulo , Porto Alegre , Canoas ( Rio Grande do Sul ), as well as in the states of Goias , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro [5] .
In the 1950s, the immigration of Ukrainians practically stopped, and the subsequent establishment of a political dictatorship led to increased re-emigration to the USA, Canada, and the USSR [5] .
According to researchers, in 1972 153 thousand ethnic Ukrainians lived in Brazil, of which 130,000 in the state of Parana , 14,000 in São Paulo , 5,000 in Santa Catarina , 3,000 in Rio Grande do Sul, and about 1 000 - in other states [5] .
The current state of the diaspora
Ukrainian Easter in the state of Parana | Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Itaiopolis , Brazil | Ukrainian church in the state of Parana | Ukrainian memorial in Curitiba . |
According to archival data of the parishes of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , in 1996 in the state of Parana, there were about 320 thousand Catholic Ukrainians, representing 95% of the Ukrainian community of the state [5] . At the same time, researchers indicate that from 75 to 85 percent of Ukrainians in Brazil live in this state.
Estimated data on the number of Ukrainians in Brazil are given in modern scientific literature: from 500 thousand [1] [2] [3] to 1 million people [4] . Statements by the President of Brazil and representatives of the Ukrainian-Brazilian Central Representation speak of 500,000 Brazilian Ukrainians.
It is believed that about 80% of Ukrainian immigrants traditionally live in rural areas, the rest are employed in industry , mainly furniture and metalworking [5] .
About 80% of Ukrainian immigrants live in the state of Parana : only in the capital of Parana, the city of Curitiba , about 60 thousand Ukrainians live. The city has the Church of St. Jehoshaphat, built in 1928 . On October 26, 1995, the Ukrainian Immigration Memorial was inaugurated [5] [8] . In addition, there are Ukrainian communities in the state of Santa Katarina , the city of São Paulo and its environs.
Ukrainians living in Brazil continue to adhere to traditional Ukrainian culture and religion. The development of Ukrainian culture is carried out by numerous public organizations united in the Ukrainian-Brazilian Central Representation (the Ukrainian Society of Brazil, the Society of Supporters of Ukrainian Culture, the Sobornost Society, the Association of Ukrainian-Brazilian Youth, etc.) [5] .
Equally much attention is paid to cultural issues by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic and Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Brazil [5] .
On May 30, 1962, Pope John XXIII issued the bull Qui divino consilio [9] , which established the apostolic exarchate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church for people living in Brazil, which was transformed on November 29, 1971 into the diocese of St. John the Baptist in Curitiba [10] [11] .
On May 12, 2014, Pope Francis elevated the diocese of St. John the Baptist in Curitiba to the rank of archdiocese-metropolis, singling out from it the new diocese of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary in Prudentopolis [12] .
Brazil has Ukrainian schools , folklore groups and creative cooperatives [13] .
Much attention is paid to preserving the Ukrainian language: it is taught as a foreign language in elementary schools in places of compact residence of Ukrainians, in some state secondary schools and in the Linguistic Center of the University of Parana (Curitiba) [5] . However, from a linguistic point of view, the Ukrainians of Brazil belong either to the Ukrainian-Portuguese bilinguals (minority) or to native speakers of the Portuguese language, who at best have a limited supply of Ukrainian words. This is due to the fact that the children of immigrants, even having learned the basics of the language of their ancestors, begin to study and work in the society of Portuguese-speaking residents of Brazil [3] .
In 2010, Brazil established the National Day of the Ukrainian community, which is celebrated on August 24 [13] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Brazil. Ukrainians of Brazil // Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine: Vol. 1: A-B / Editorial Board: V. A. Smoliy (head) and ін. NAS of Ukraine. Institute of History of Ukraine. - К .: В-in "Naukova Dumka", 2003. - 688 pp.: Il. ISBN 966-00-0734-5 , p. 364
- ↑ 1 2 Yaroslav Zakrevska The Role of “Enlightenment” in the Preservation of National Self-Religion, Ukrainian Brazil // Ukraine: Cultural Recession, National Socialism, Power. 19/2010
- ↑ 1 2 3 Irina Sushinska. UKRAINIAN MOVA AT THE BRAZIL DIASPORI: STAN I STATUS // LINGUISTIC STUDIOS. Vipusk 20
- ↑ 1 2 Oksana Boruszenko and Rev. Danyil Kozlinsky (1994). Ukrainians in Brazil (Chapter), in Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World , edited by Ann Lencyk Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, pp. 443-454
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 M. Bondarenko. Ukrainian Diaspora in Brazil // Ukrainian Nationality No. 2/2008
- ↑ 1 2 3 N.S. Polishchuk, A.P. Ponomarev. Ukrainians. - Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, Moscow: Nauka, 2000. ISBN 5-02-008669-X , pp. 88-90
- ↑ Ablitsov V., Symchenko G. Ukrainian diaspora: yesterday and today (unopened . www.experts.in.ua. Date of treatment August 4, 2016.
- ↑ Ukrainians in Brazil taught the locals to eat buckwheat and sell Easter eggs for $ 30.
- ↑ Bolla Qui divino consilio, AAS 55 (1963), p. 218
- ↑ São João Batista em Curitiba (Ukrainian Archeparchy) . www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Date of treatment August 4, 2019.
- ↑ Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba, Brazil (Ukrainian Rite) . GCatholic. Date of treatment August 4, 2019.
- ↑ Rinunce e nomine . press.vatican.va. Date of treatment August 4, 2019.
- ↑ 1 2 Brazilian President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva proclaimed August 24 as National Day of the Ukrainian community.