Glenn Theodor Seaborg ( April 19, 1912 - February 25, 1999 ) is an American chemist and nuclear physicist . Thanks to his work, a new science was finally formed - nuclear chemistry . Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1951 ) "For discoveries in the field of chemistry of transuranium elements " together with Edwin M. Macmillan . [1] .
| Glenn Theodore Seaborg | |
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| English Glenn theodore seaborg Swede. Glenn teodor sjöberg | |
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| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | , Michigan , USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | Lafayette , California , USA |
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| Scientific field | nuclear chemistry |
| Place of work | University of California , Berkeley ; Manhattan Project ; US Atomic Energy Commission |
| Alma mater | University of California, Los Angeles ; University of California, Berkeley |
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| Known as | pioneer team member 10 transuranic elements |
| Awards and prizes |  Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1951) John Scott Medal (1952) Century Award (1956) Sillimanov Lecture (1956) Perkin Medal (1957) Enrico Fermi Prize (1959) Franklin Medal (1963) Washington Award (1965) Willard Gibbs Award (1966) Priestley Medal (1979) US National Science Medal (1991) |
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He was the author or co-author of the discovery of ten elements of the periodic table : plutonium , americium , curium , berkelia , California , Einsteinia , fermium , mendelium , nobelium , as well as element 106, which was called siborg in honor of Seborg during his lifetime.
Origin and early life
Glen (Glen - the name was originally registered in this spelling) Seaborg was born on April 19, 1912 in Ishpeming [6] , Michigan , in a family of emigrants from Sweden . Father - Herman Theodor Siborg, mother - nee Selma Olivia Ericsson. Siborg's parents met on June 24, 1908 at a picnic in honor of the summer solstice , celebrated by the Swedes, and got married exactly three years later. Seaborg's only sister, Jeannette, was born in 1914 . Seborg's family spoke Swedish, and he learned to speak it earlier than English.
When Glen was ten years old, the Seaborg family moved to Home Garden (now part of the South Gate , located near Los Angeles , California ). Around the same time, he changed the initial spelling of his name (with one "n") to "Glenn" (Glenn). [7]
In his youth, Seaborg was a gambling sports fan and an avid movie fan. His mother wanted him to become an accountant, as it seemed to her that his literary interests were inappropriate. In elementary school, the boy did not show much interest in the sciences. Everything changed in high school when Seaborg met Dwight Logan Reed, a chemistry and physics professor at David Starr Jordan High School in a Los Angeles area called Watts . [8] While at school, Seaborg saved money for university education, working as a loader, an agricultural worker, an assistant in the laboratory of the Firestone rubber company, and a linotypist assistant.
In 1929, Siborg graduated from Jordan School with one of the best students in the class, and at the graduation party he delivered a speech on behalf of his class.
University
In 1934 he graduated from the University of Los Angeles . After receiving a bachelor 's degree , Glenn moved to the University of California at Berkeley . There he was engaged in nuclear chemistry under the guidance of chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis . For work on the topic: “Interaction of fast neutrons with lead” in 1937 he was awarded a doctorate (Ph.D.) in the field of chemical sciences. [9]
Seaborg was a member of the fraternity of chemical students Alpha Hee Sigma . As a graduate student, in the 1930s, Seaborg was engaged in wet chemistry together with the supervisor G. Lewis , [9] and published with him three papers on the theory of acids and bases . [10] [11] [12] In 1939, Seaborg read the book “Applied Radiochemistry” written by Otto Gahn of , which inspired him to continue his research in the search for transuranic elements - such as in which the atomic nucleus is heavier than the nucleus of the uranium atom, which was the last in the periodic table at that time. For several years, Seaborg conducted important research on artificial radioactivity using the Lawrence Cyclotron in Berkeley. During experiments with the cyclotron, Siborg learned that an article had been published on the discovery of nuclear fission . This fact at the same time pleased him and afflicted him, because his own research could lead him to the same discoveries. [13]
Seaborg also worked in Berkeley in tandem with renowned physicist Robert Oppenheimer . Oppenheimer at times discouraged his young colleague: he often answered his partner's questions before he asked them. In addition, often the answer to the question was deeper than Glenn asked, but had little practical help. However, Seaborg learned to formulate his questions to Oppenheimer so that the answer to them was quick and concise. [13]
After defending his doctoral dissertation, Seaborg remained at the University of California for post-doctoral studies. He was guided by the work of Frederick Soddy on the study of isotopes and discovered more than 100 isotopes of elements. Using one of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, John Livingood, Fred Fairbraser, and Seaborg created a new iron isotope, iron-59 (Fe-59) in 1937. Iron-59 was used in studies of hemoglobin in human blood. In 1938, Livingwood and Seaborg teamed up (and worked together for five years) to create the important isotope iodine-131 (I-131), which is still used to treat thyroid diseases. [14] (Many years later, it was used to extend the life of Glenn's mother.) As a result of these and other discoveries, Seaborg is considered an innovator in nuclear medicine and is one of the most successful isotope researchers. [15]
Remaining to work at the University of California, in 1939, Glenn began teaching, in 1941 he received the title of assistant professor, in 1945 - professor . In 1958 - 1961 he was the rector ( Eng. Chancellor ) of the University.
Research
Neptunium-239 and Plutonium-239 Research
In 1940, Edwin M. Macmillan , a colleague of Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, conducted experiments on the cyclotron, available at Lawrence's radiation laboratory, to bombard a uranium target with neutrons. Macmillan noted that some of the irradiated uranium atoms underwent fission, and some captured neutrons. Those nuclei that captured neutrons undergoing beta decay increased their atomic number from 92 to 93 and formed a new element. This new element is called Neptune - since the planet Neptune is the next planet after Uranus . In November of that year, Macmillan was forced to temporarily leave Berkeley to help with urgent research in the field of radar technology . As Seaborg and his colleagues improved Macmillan's redox method to isolate neptunium, Glen asked Edwin permission to continue his research on neptunium and to search for the 94th element. Macmillan agreed to cooperate. [16] In the course of research, Seaborg first discovered that alpha particles produced during radioactive decay are proportional only to the fraction of neptunium. The first hypothesis about the accumulation of alpha particles arose in the study of a sample of contaminated uranium used to produce the element neptunium-239. The experimental feature was that the sample emitted alpha particles, and it was known that neither uranium radionuclides nor daughter neptunium alpha particles emit. Then Seaborg suggested that a pronounced element producing alpha particles is formed from neptunium itself. [17]
In February 1941 , Seaborg, Macmillan, and their colleagues received plutonium-239 from uranium bombing. In their experiments on the bombardment of uranium with deuterium nuclei, they observed the formation of neptunium, the 93rd element, which underwent beta decay, forming a new element with 94 protons. They called this new element plutonium in honor of Pluto, the largest dwarf planet whose orbit lies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It was found that nuclear reactions with plutonium-239 are characterized by the release of a large amount of energy. Thus, on March 28, 1941, Seaborg, physicist Emilio Segre and chemist from Berkeley Joseph W. Kennedy showed that plutonium (then known only as element 94) is not only radioactive, but also has a huge amount of energy sufficient to create a nuclear bomb , and this was important for decisions made in choosing the direction of research for the Manhattan project .
Scientific Contribution to the Manhattan Project
In 1942, the Manhattan Project was established. To participate in the project, Seaborg took indefinite leave at the University of California and joined a group of chemists working in the metallurgical laboratory of the University of Chicago, where Enrico Fermi and his group were later able to conduct a controlled nuclear chain reaction of the conversion of uranium-238 to plutonium-239. Seaborg led the development of a technology for the separation of small amounts of plutonium from large masses of uranium. This task was complicated by the fact of high chemical affinity between plutonium and uranium. Plutonium-239 was isolated in visible quantities on August 20, 1942, and on September 10, 1942 - in weighted quantities at the Chicago Laboratory under the direction of Glenn Seborg. He proposed a multi-stage method for concentrating and isolating plutonium, which was further developed at the Clinton Engineering Plant in Tennessee , and then received serial use at the Hanford Complex , Washington . [18] Before testing the first nuclear weapon, Seaborg, along with several other leading scientists, signed a petition known as Frank's report (classified for that period of time), unsuccessfully urging President Truman not to use atomic bombs against Japan during World War II . [19] However, in 1945, the separated plutonium was used to create atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki .
In addition to the main work on the separation of plutonium, while working in Chicago, Seaborg proposed the separation of elements 89 to 94 into a separate series of elements (lanthanides) in the periodic table in a separate group by analogy with the existing series of actinides, and suggested the existence, and then first identified and patented new elements of this group: americium and curium , although the curium patent was never used due to the extremely short half-life of this element. However, americium was used in household smoke detectors, which provided Seaborg with a good source of income.
Teaching activities
After the end of World War II and the Manhattan project, Seaborg returned to academic life and university studies. In 1946 , in addition to his professorship, leading the research in nuclear chemistry at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, he became a member of the US Atomic Energy Commission . Seaborg was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1948 .
From 1958 to 1961 Glen Seaborg was appointed Rector at the University of California, Berkeley. His term coincided with a relaxation of restrictions caused by the phenomenon of McCarthyism in the country and imposed on students in the field of self-expression, which began under his predecessor, Clark Kerr. In October 1958, Seaborg announced the lifting of bans on political activity on an experimental basis, [20] and the ban on supporting communism among students was lifted. This paved the way for the Freedom of Speech Movement 1964-1965.
Seaborg was a supporter of sporting events with the University of California Bears. San Francisco commentator Herb Kahn pointed out that Seborg’s surname is an anagram of popular support words for the university’s Go Bears = Seaborg team. [21] Seaborg was proud that the California Bears won their first and only National Student Basketball Association Sports Championship in 1959, while he was rector. The football team also won the tournament and was honored to play in the Rose Bowl Championship this year. [22] He was a committee member of the Faculty of Sports for several years and co-authored a book entitled Roses from the Ashes: The Breakdown and Revival of Intercollegiate Athletics on the Pacific Coast ( 2000 ), which described the foundation of the Pac-12 conference in 1959, in which Seaborg played a role in restoring confidence in student sports, after the scandalous dissolution of the Pacific Coast Conference, the main participants of which formed the Sports Association of Western Universities, in which he played a definite role in restoring confidence in the University Sports. [23]
Seaborg was also a member of the Presidential Committee of Scientific Advisers under the Eisenhower Administration. As part of the committee, in November 1960, he prepared a report on Scientific Progress, Universities, and the Federal Government, also known as the Seaborg Report, which called for increased federal funding for science. [24] In 1959, he helped found the Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkeley, led by Clark Kerr. [25]
Social and Political Activities
Work as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission
From 1961 to 1971 Seaborg was appointed by John F. Kennedy as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). [26] His admission to the commission by President-elect Kennedy was a big question in the late 1960s, when Kennedy members found that Seaborg was on the list of “People Sharing Nixon’s Ideas,” but Glenn said he considered his whole life himself a democrat and was baffled when an article appeared linking him to the politics of Vice President Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg knew only as an accidental acquaintance.
As chairman of the AEC, Seaborg participated in the negotiation team for the signing of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater , in which the United States, Britain and the USSR signed a ban on all ground-based nuclear weapon testing experiments. Seaborg considered his contribution to the signing of the contract as one of his greatest achievements. Despite the strict ban on photography by the Soviet Union at the signing ceremony, Siborg carried a miniature camera with him past the Soviet guard and took a photo of Nikita Khrushchev during the signing of the contract. [27]
Seaborg maintained close relations with President Lyndon Johnson and insisted on the development of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Seaborg was summoned to the White House in the first week of Nixon's reign in January 1969 to advise the president on his first diplomatic crisis with the Soviet Union on nuclear testing. He advised President Nixon’s adviser, John Erlichman, on Jewish scholar Zalman Shapiro, suspected of leaking nuclear secrets to Israel.
Seaborg has published several books and journal articles while serving on the Atomic Energy Commission. He predicted the existence of elements of a series of transactinides (from 104 to 120 serial numbers) and superactinides (from 121 to 157 serial numbers) in the periodic table [28] not synthesized earlier. Although most of these theoretical future elements have a very short half-life and, therefore, their practical application was not expected, he also hypothesized the existence of stable superheavy isotopes of some elements and an entire island of stability . [29]
Further Life in California
After serving as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, Seaborg returned to the University of California, Berkeley. He also served as Chairman of the Lawrence Hall Sciences, where he became Principal Researcher for the Great Discoveries in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences, working with Director Jacqueline Barber. Seaborg was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1972 and was president of the American Chemical Society in 1976 [30]
In 1980, he received gold during the alpha decay of bismuth, working in the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory. His experimental technique, based on nuclear physics, made it possible to remove protons and neutrons from bismuth atoms. Технология получения Сиборга была слишком дорогостояща, чтобы создать массовое производство золота, однако его работа была близка к получению мифического философского камня. [31] [32]
В 1981 году Сиборг стал одним из основателей Всемирного совета по вопросам культуры. [33]
В 1983 году президент Рональд Рейган назначил Сиборга в Национальную комиссию по вопросам передового опыта в области образования. Комиссия подготовила доклад «Нация в опасности: план реформы образования» [34] , который привлёк внимание к образованию, в качестве национального вопроса. [35]
Сиборг прожил большую часть своей последующей жизни в Лафайетте, штат Калифорния, где он посвятил себя редактированию и изданию журналов, освещающих начальный этап его карьеры и планы на будущее. Он собрал группу ученых, которые критиковали учебную программу в штате Калифорния: они рассматривали её слишком социально ориентированной и недостаточно сосредоточенной на науке. Губернатор Калифорнии Пит Уилсон назначил Сиборга главой комитета, выступающего за внедрение изменений в учебный план научной Калифорнии, несмотря на недовольство трудовых организаций и др.
В 1992 году Сиборг подписал « Предупреждение человечеству» [36] .
Почести и награды
Сиборг был удостоен множеством премий и наград в течение своей жизни. Он даже был занесен в Книгу рекордов Гиннеса как человек с самой длинной записью в серии книг Marquis Who's Who , в которых публикуются краткие биографии знаменитых людей.
Частичный список наград и почетных званий
- Десять выдающихся молодых людей в Америке, 1947.
- Выпускник года, Калифорнийский университет, Беркли, 1948.
- Золотая медаль Джона Эрикссона, Американское общество шведских инженеров, 1948.
- Медаль Николса в области химии, Американское химическое общество , 1948.
- Нобелевская премия по химии , 1951.
- Медаль Джона Скотта , Филадельфия, 1952.
- Медаль Перкина , 1957.
- Премия Энрико Ферми , государственная Комиссия по атомной энергии США, 1959.
- Лекторская премия Эдгара Фахса Смита, Филадельфия, Американское химическое общество, 1960.
- Шведский американец года,1962, совместно с Энн-Маргрет .
- Медаль Франклина , 1963.
- Награда Чарльза Парсонса Латропа, представленная Американским химическим обществом, 1964.
- Премия в области ядерного новаторства, 1971.
- Золотая пластина, академия достижений, 1972.
- Золотая медаль Американского института Химии, 1973.
- Французский орден Почетного легиона, 1973.
- Медаль Пристли , 1979.
- Премия Шведского наследия, 1984.
- Медаль Кларка Керра, 1986.
- Медаль Сиборга, 1987.
- Премия Вэнивара Буша, 1988.
- Национальная научная медаль , 1991.
- Королевский орден Полярной звезды, 1992.
- Премия Джорджа Пиментела в химическом образовании, Американское химическое общество, 1994.
- Почетный ректор, Университет Калифорнии, Беркли.
- Почетный председатель, Комиссия по атомной энергии США.
Memory
Сиборг также известен своим значительным наследием. Память об ученом увековечена в наименовании 106-го элемента периодической таблицы Менделеева, названного сиборгием в его честь. Сиборг — первый человек, чье имя занесли в периодическую систему при жизни (вторым стал Ю. Ц. Оганесян , имя которого 28 ноября 2016 года получил элемент оганесон ; названия эйнштейний и фермий , предложенные еще при жизни Эйнштейна и Ферми, не были утверждены и занесены в таблицу до их смерти).
Название упомянутого химического элемента венчает длинный перечень всего, что носит имя Сиборга, включающий учреждения, награды, стипендии, топонимы и даже небесное тело:
- Сиборгий, 106-й элемент таблицы Менделеева
- Центр Гленна Т. Сиборга, Университет Северного Мичигана
- Медаль Сиборга, присуждаемая Калифорнийским университетом в Лос-Анджелесе на кафедре химии и биохимии с 1987 года за значительный вклад в области химии
- Медаль Сиборга, присуждаемая Американским ядерным обществом за исключительные достижения в области ядерной науки и техники
- Премия за разделение актиноидов имени Гленна Т. Сиборга, вручаемая на ежегодной конференции разделения актиноидов.
- , присуждаемая ежегодно Отделением ядерной химии и технологии Американского химического общества
- Институт имени Сиборга, занимающийся изучением влияния радионуклидов на окружающую среду
- Институт имени Сиборга, занимающийся изучением плутония и тяжелых элементов
- Институт имени Сиборга, занимающийся изучением биоядерной медицины
- Стипендии Сиборга в Национальной лаборатории Лоренса, Беркли
- Премия Сиборга, присуждаемая избранным руководителям 40 студентов
- Премия Сиборга в области ядерной химии
- Научная стипендия Сиборга, учрежденная шведским Советом Америки в 1979 году и присуждаемая студенту, поступившему в один из шести колледжей и университетов, основанных для шведских иммигрантов.
- Стипендия Сиборга, шведский клуб Лос-Анджелеса
- Улица Сиборга, недалеко от Беркли
- Линия Сиборга, Вентура, Калифорния
- Дорога Гленна Сиборга, Департамент энергетики, Герментаун, штат Мэриленд
- Стипендия Сиборга в области ядерной химии, предлагаемая Департаментом США энергетики
- Тропа Сиборга, Брионский региональный парк, рядом с Лафайетт, штат Калифорния.
- Национальная премия общественного лидерства имени Сиборга, американское общество Туризма.
- Некоммерческий фонд развития космоса имени Сиборга
- Премия Сиборга в области спорта, которой в Калифорнийском университете награждают футболистов, проявивших себя в спорте после окончания школы
- Читальный зал Сиборга в читательском и учебном центра Лафайетта, Калифорния
- Астероид 4856 Сиборг
Family
В 1942 году Сиборг женился на Хелен Григгс, секретарше физика Эрнеста Лоуренса . Во времена Манхеттенского проекта Сиборг был вынужден переехать в Чикаго, будучи помолвленным с Хелен. Вернувшись домой, Гленн и Хелен расписались. У них было семеро детей, из которых первый, Питер Гленн Сиборг, умер в 1997 году (его близнец Полетт умер в младенчестве). Остальных зовут Линн Сиборг, Дэвид Сиборг, Стив Сиборг, Эрик Сиборг и Дайан Сиборг.
Сиборг был заядлым туристом. Став председателем Комиссии по атомной энергии в 1961 году, он ежедневно ходил пешком по тропе, ведущей до штаб-квартиры в Германтаун, штат Мэриленд. Он часто приглашал коллег и знакомых прогуляться с ним, и тропа стала известна как «Тропа Гленна Сиборга». Этот путь с тех пор стал частью трассы межстрановой сети Американской Ассоциации пешего туризма. Сиборг и его жена проложили тропу от дома до границы Калифорнии и Невады.
В свободное время ученый любил играть в гольф, читать и работать в саду.
Сиборг был избран иностранным членом Королевской шведской академии наук в 1972 году и иностранным членом Королевского общества в Лондоне в 1985 году. Он был признан шведо-американцем Года в 1962 г.
Сиборг поддерживал связь со шведскими корнями. Он часто посещал Швецию, а все члены его семьи были членами шведского родословного общества, семейной ассоциации, открытой для каждого потомка семьи шведов, шведской семьи с немецким происхождением, из которой Сиборг и происходил со стороны его матери.
24 августа 1998 года, находясь в Бостоне на заседании Американского химического общества, Сиборг перенес инсульт, что привело его к смерти полгода спустя, 25 февраля 1999 года в своем доме в Лафайетте.
Interesting Facts
В школе сверстники прозвали Сиборга «Долговязый», потому что он был намного выше своих одноклассников.
Сиборг был признан одним из «Десяти выдающихся молодых людей в Америке» по мнению Американской комиссии по молодёжи в 1947 году (наряду с Ричардом Никсоном и другими).
В 1997 году в честь Сиборга назвали 106-й элемент периодической таблицы Менделеева — сиборгий . После этого рабочий адрес Сиборга можно было записать при помощи обозначений химических элементов, из которых первые три синтезировал он сам: Am, Cf, Bk, Lr, Sg ( америций , калифорний , берклий , лоуренсий (лаборатория имени Лоуренса))
Основные труды [37]
Сиборг является автором или соавтором 25 монографий и более 550 публикаций.
- Джозеф Дж. Катц, Гленн Т. Сиборг. Актиниды. Per. from English Ю. В. Гагарунского, Е. М. Центера: под ред. А. В. Николаева. М: Иностранной литературы пуб., 1955
- Джозеф Дж. Катц, Гленн Т. Сиборг. Химия актинидных элементов. Per. from English В. Б. Дебова, В. Н. Косякова, А. Г. Рикова: под ред. Г. Н. Яковлева. М: Атомиздат, 1960
- Гленн Т. Сиборг, Эванс Г. Валенс. Элементы Вселенной. Per. from English И. М. Бекерман, С. С. Родин: под ред. А. П. Воноградова. M: Наука, 1962
- Ерл К. Хайд, Гленн Т. Сиборг. Трансурановые элементы. Per. from English В. А. Карнаухова: под ред. Я. А. Смородинского. M: Иностранной литературы, 1959
- Гленн Т. Сиборг. Техногенные трансурановые элементы. Per. from English С. С. Родин, В. М. Сахаров: под ред. А. К. Лаврухин. М: Атомиздат, 1965
- Ерл К. Хайд, Исадора Перлман, Гленн Т. Сиборг. Ядерные свойства тяжёлых элементов. Per. from English В. И. Кузнецов, Е. В. Лобанов: под ред. Г. Н. Флеров. M: Атомиздат, 5 томов, 1967
- Гленн Т. Сиборг, Вильям Р. Корлисс. Человек и Атом. Per. from English И. Г. Почиталин, В. Ф. Кулешова: под ред. М. Д. Миллионщиков. М: Мир, 1973
- Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph J. Katz, and Winston M. Manning. The Transuranium Elements: Research Papers. Vol. 14B, Parts I and II. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1949
- Glenn T. Seaborg and Leonard I. Katzin. Production and Separation of U-233. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: US Atomic Energy Commission (TID-5222, clothbound and paperback), 1951
- WN Lipscomb, PR O'Connor, and GT Seaborg. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. Volume I. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1953
- Glenn T. Seaborg. The Transuranium Elements: 1957 Silliman Lectures, Yale University. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1958
- Glenn T. Seaborg and Daniel M. Wilkes. Education and the Atom. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1964
- Isidor I. Rabi, Robert Serber, Victor F. Weisskopf, Abraham Pais, and Glenn T. Seaborg. Oppenheimer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969
- Glenn T. Seaborg. Nuclear Milestones. San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company, 1972
- Glenn T. Seaborg. Transuranium Elements — Products of Modern Alchemy. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 1978
- Glenn T. Seaborg. Beyond Normalization — Report of the UNA-USA National Policy Panel to Study US-China Relations. New York: United Nations Association of the United States of America, July 1979.
- Glenn T. Seaborg with Benjamin S. Loeb. Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, December 1981
- Glenn T. Seaborg and Walter Loveland. Nuclear Chemistry. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, 1982
- JJ Katz, GT Seaborg and LR Morss. The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, 2nd Edition. Vols. l and 2. New York, London: Chapman and Hall, 1986
- Glenn T. Seaborg with Benjamin S. Loeb. Stemming the Tide: Arms Control in the Johnson Years. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1987.
- Glenn T. Seaborg and Walter D. Loveland. Elements Beyond Uranium. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1990.
- Glenn T. Seaborg with Benjamin S. Loeb. The Atomic Energy Commission Under Nixon: Adjusting to Troubled Times. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993
- Glenn T. Seaborg with Ray C. Colvig. Chancellor at Berkeley. Berkeley, California: University of California, Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 1994.
- Glenn T. Seaborg. Modern Alchemy: The Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 1994.
- Glenn T. Seaborg. A Scientist Speaks Out: A Personal Perspective on Science, Society and Change. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 1996
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 BNF identifier : Open Data Platform 2011.
- ↑ SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Internet Speculative Fiction Database - 1995.
- ↑ Немецкая национальная библиотека , Берлинская государственная библиотека , Баварская государственная библиотека и др. Record #119206927 // Общий нормативный контроль (GND) — 2012—2016.
- ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530808/Glenn-T-Seaborg
- ↑ Ishpeming, Michigan (англ.) // Wikipedia. — 2018-04-09.
- ↑ Hoffman 2007 , p. 330.
- ↑ Seaborg & Seaborg 2001, pp. 13-14. ISBN 0-374-29991-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 «Scientific and Luminary Biography — Glenn Seaborg» . Argonne National Laboratory . Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ↑ Lewis, GN; Seaborg, Glenn T. (July 1939). «Primary and secondary acids and bases». Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 (7): 1886—1894. doi : 10.1021/ja01876a068 . ISSN 0002-7863 .
- ↑ Lewis, GN; Seaborg, Glenn T. (July 1939). «Trinitrotriphenylmethide ion as a secondary and primary base.». Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 (7): 1894—1900. doi : 10.1021/ja01876a069 . ISSN 0002-7863 .
- ↑ Lewis, GN; Seaborg, Glenn T. (August 1940). «The acidity of aromatic nitro compounds toward amines. The effect of double chelation». Journal of the American Chemical Society . 62 (8): 2122—2124. doi : 10.1021/ja01865a057 . ISSN 0002-7863 .
- ↑ 1 2 Seaborg & Seaborg 2001, pp. 57-59. ISBN 0-374-29991-9 .
- ↑ Heilbron, JL; Seidel, RW (1989), Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory — Volume I , University of California Press , pp. 355-6, ISBN 978-0520064263
- ↑ «National Award of Nuclear Science & History» Архивировано 17 августа 2012 года. . National Museum of Nuclear Science & History . Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ↑ Jackson, DJ; Panofsky, WKH (1996). Edwin Mattison McMillan (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 69 . National Academies Press .
- ↑ Farmer, Delphine (2001). «An Elementary Problem» . Berkeley Science Review . 1 (1): 32-37. ISSN 1538-6449 .
- ↑ «Glenn Seaborg's Greatest Hits» Архивировано 15 октября 2004 года. . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ↑ Rhodes 1986, pp. 320, 340-43, 348, 354, 369, 377, 395. ISBN 0-671-44133-7 .
- ↑ House, P. (April 1999). «Glenn T. Seaborg: Citizen-Scholar» . The Seaborg Center Bulletin . Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ↑ Seaborg, GT; Colvig, R. (1994). Chancellor at Berkeley . University of California . ISBN 978-0-87772-343-1 .
- ↑ Yarris, Lynn (March 5, 1999). «Glenn Seaborg: A Sporting Life» . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ↑ «Glenn Seaborg Biography» Архивировано 13 мая 2013 года. . Academy of Achievement . Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ↑ «National Service» . Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ↑ «Space Sciences Laboratory» . University of California, Berkeley . Retrieved June 16,2013.
- ↑ «Meet Glenn Seaborg» . Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ↑ «Meet Glenn Seaborg» Архивировано 14 октября 2004 года. . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ↑ Seaborg, GT (1969). «Prospects for further considerable extension of the periodic table». Journal of Chemical Education . 46 (10): 626. Bibcode : 1969JChEd..46..626S . doi : 10.1021/ed046p626 .
- ↑ «Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg» . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
- ↑ «ACS President: Glenn T. Seaborg (1912—1999)» . American Chemical Society . Retrieved June 16, 2013.
- ↑ Aleklett, K.; Morrissey, D.; Loveland, W.; McGaughey, P.; Seaborg, G. (1981). «Energy dependence of 209 Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions». Physical Review C . 23 (3): 1044. Bibcode : 1981PhRvC..23.1044A . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044 .
- ↑ Matthews, Robert (December 2, 2001). «The Philosopher's Stone» . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved July 23, 2013.
- ↑ «About Us» . World Cultural Council . Retrieved November 8, 2016.
- ↑ Yarris, L. (5 March 1999). «Glenn Seaborg, Teacher and Educator» . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Retrieved 2012-08-26
- ↑ «A Nation at Risk' Turns 30: Where Did It Take Us?» . National Education Association . April 25, 2013.
- ↑ World Scientists' Warning To Humanity (англ.) . Circulation date May 15, 2019.
- ↑ Publications by Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature
- Сиборг, Гленн Т. // Лауреаты Нобелевской премии: Энциклопедия / Пер. с англ.. — М. : Прогресс, 1992.
- Seaborg, Glenn T., Seaborg, E. Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001. ISBN 0-374-29991-9 .
- Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. ISBN 0-671-44133-7 . OCLC 13793436 .
- Hoffman DC «Glenn Theodore Seaborg 19 April 1912 — 25 February 1999». Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 53 : 328—338, 2007. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.2007.0021 . JSTOR 20461382 .
Links
- Храмов Ю. А. Сиборг Гленн Теодор (Seaborg Glenn Theodore) // Физики: Биографический справочник / Под ред. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. — М. : Наука , 1983. — С. 244. — 400 с. - 200,000 copies. (per.)
- Сиборг, Гленн Теодор — статья из энциклопедии «Кругосвет» (Проверено 1 апреля 2011)