A colon polyp , or colorectal polyp , is a polyp (fleshy growth) that forms on the inner surface of the colon or rectum . Colon polyps are not usually associated with any symptoms . Sometimes they can cause bleeding in the intestines , less often - pain , diarrhea or constipation . Colon polyps require increased attention due to the likelihood of presence of malignant segments in them and the risk of degeneration of benign colon polyps after some time into malignant neoplasms .
| Colon polyp | |
|---|---|
 Sigmoid colon polyp detected during colonoscopy . Diameter about 1 cm. Removed by cauterization. | |
| ICD-10 | K 63.5 & various |
| ICD-10-KM | |
| Medlineplus | 000266 |
| eMedicine | med / 414 |
| Mesh | |
Since most polyps do not cause any symptoms, they are usually detected during a medical examination: digital rectal examination (EPI) , sigmoidoscopy with a flexible instrument , barium enema ( English Barium enema ), colonoscopy or virtual colonoscopy .
According to established practice, the detected polyps are removed during a colonoscopy using a polypectomy loop ( English polypectomy snare ) or biopsy forceps ( English biopsy forceps ). If during sigmoidoscopy or during any other diagnostic procedure adenomatous polyps were found, then the patient will have to undergo a colonoscopy procedure to remove the polyps. Despite the fact that malignant segments, as a rule, are not detected in polyps less than 2.5 cm in size, all detected polyps are subject to removal in order to reduce the likelihood of colon cancer in the future.
After removal of adenomatous polyps, subsequent repeated colonoscopy procedures are carried out, as a rule, every 3-5 years.
Most colon polyps can be grouped as sporadic.
| Hereditary Polyposis Syndromes | Non-Hereditary Polyposis Syndromes | General typology of polyps |
|---|---|---|
| Family Adenomatous Polyposis | Cronkite Canada Syndrome | Neoplastic ( adenomatous and malignant) |
| Peitz-Gigers Syndrome | Eversmeyerous Polypius | Hamartom (English) |
| Turco Syndrome | Hyperplastic | |
| Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome | Inflammatory | |
| Cowden's Syndrome | ||
| Banyan-Riley-Ruwalkaba Syndrome | ||
| Gardner's Syndrome |
Colon Polyp Table
The table shows the typology of polyps based on the specifics of their histological structure [1] [2]
| Polyp type | Histological structure | Malignant Risk | Micrograph [3] | Syndrome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperplastic polyp | Jagged Nonbranched Crypts | Not | Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome (Multiple Polyps) | |
| Traditional Serrated Adenoma | Serrated crypts, the structure usually resembles a villous adenoma with cytological atypia and eosinophilic cells | Yes | ||
| Serrated adenoma on a broad base | It resembles a hyperplastic polyp with hyperdentification, an expanded / branching base of the crypt, prominent mucin cells at the base of the crypt | Yes [4] [5] | ||
| Inflammatory polyp | Convex mucosa / submucosa with inflammation | Yes, if dysplasia occurs | See: [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] | Inflammatory bowel disease , ulcers, infections, prolapse (prolapse of the mucosa) |
| Tubular adenoma | Tubular glands with elongated nuclei (at least slight atypia) | Yes | ||
| Villous adenoma | Finger-shaped protrusions elongated from the surface of the polyp with minimal branching, slight dysplasia with loss of mucin , elongated nuclei with hyperchromatism. [6] | Yes | ||
| Tubular villous adenoma | Mixed type: varying degrees of cell dysplasia and the predominance of tubular and villous components (pictured: tubular component on the left, villous on the right). | Yes | ||
| Pepper-Gigers Polyp | Ligaments of smooth muscle in the middle of a non-tumor epithelium , type of structure - “New Year tree” [7] | Yes | Pepper-Gigers Syndrome | |
| Juvenile polyp | Enlarged glands with enlarged basal plate ( lat. lamina propria ) | By nature, no, but dysplasia is possible | Juvenile polyposis syndrome , identical polyps in Cronkite Canada syndrome | |
| Hamartom polyp (Cowden syndrome) | The structure is diverse: as a rule, it is softly fibrous polyp ( English mildly fibrotic polyp) with a disorganized mucosa and expansion of the muscular plate of the mucous membrane ( English splaying of muscularis mucosae ), but it can be similar to inflammatory and juvenile polyps, lipoma , ganglioneuroma, lymphoid polyp | Not | Cowden's Syndrome |
Medical terms correspondence table
| The term used in English literature | Russian translation adopted in this article | Terms used in Russian texts |
|---|---|---|
| Serrated adenoma | Jagged adenoma | Dentate adenoma Sawtooth adenoma |
| Tubular adenoma | Tubular adenoma | Tubular adenoma |
| Villous adenoma | Villous adenoma | Villena adenoma Papillary polyp |
| Tubulovillous adenoma | Tubular villous adenoma | Tubular villous adenoma Tubulo-villous adenoma Tuberculosis adenoma Tubular papillary polyp |
| Juvenile polyp | Juvenile polyp | Juvenile adenoma Youth polyp |
| Peutz-Jeghers Polyp | Pepper-Gigers Polyp | Peipz-Jägers Polyp [5] Peipz-Yegers Polyp |
Notes
- ↑ Fletcher's Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors, Third Edition.
- ↑ Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 4th Edition. Volume 1 / Senior editor Stacey E. Mills. - Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. - ("Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology")
- ↑ Stained with hematoxylin and eosin .
- ↑ Rüschoff J., Aust D., Hartmann A. [Colorectal serrated adenoma: diagnostic criteria and clinical implications] (German) // Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. - 2007.- T. 91 . - S. 119-125 . - PMID 18314605 .
- ↑ Mäkinen MJ Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma (Eng.) // Histopathology . - Wiley-Blackwell 2007 .-- January ( vol. 50 , no. 1 ). - P. 131-150 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1365-2559.2006.02548.x . - PMID 17204027 .
- ↑ Medscape: Medscape Access
- ↑ Sternberg's diagnostic surgical ... - Google Books