Georgy (Yuri) Vasilyevich Chicherin (part pseudonym Ornatsky, Batalin, Mikhail Sharonov, Awareness ; 12 [24] November 1872 , the estate Karaul , Tambov Gubernia [1] - July 7, 1936 , Moscow ) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet diplomat, people 's commissar for foreign Affairs of the RSFSR and the USSR (1918-1930 gg.). Member of the CEC of the USSR 1-5 convocations, member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1925-1930).
| Georgii Vasilyevich Chicherin | |||||||
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| Head of the government | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Alexey Rykov | ||||||
| Predecessor | position established | ||||||
| Successor | Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich | ||||||
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| Head of the government | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin | ||||||
| Predecessor | Trotsky, Lev Davidovich | ||||||
| Successor | post abolished; Lavrentiev, Anatoly Iosifovich (since 1944) | ||||||
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| Head of the government | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin | ||||||
| Birth | November 12 (24) 1872 with. Karaul , Kirsanovskiy uyezd , Tambov Province , Russian Empire | ||||||
| Death | July 7, 1936 (63 years) Moscow , RSFSR , USSR | ||||||
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| Rod | |||||||
| The consignment | RSDLP (m) (1905–18), RSDLP (b) since 1918. | ||||||
| Education | Petersburg University | ||||||
Musicologist , author of a book about Mozart .
Content
Biography
Origin
Born into a noble family (from the old Russian noble family of the Chicherins ). Her father, Vasily Nikolayevich Chicherin (1829–1882), brother of law historian B. N. Chicherin , diplomat, mother — Baroness Zhorzhina Egorovna Meyendorf (1836–1897), from the nobility , was a granddaughter, niece and cousin of famous Russian diplomats Meiendorff .
Chicherin's parents belonged to the Pietists and raised him in the same spirit. The main impressions of Chicherin’s childhood were constant prayers, the joint singing of religious hymns, reading the Bible out loud, and generally an extremely exalted atmosphere with high spirits. [2]
Childhood and adolescence
He studied at the Tambov and Petersburg Gymnasiums, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University (1891–1895). In 1898 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where his father was also an employee, he worked in the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
From a young age he was an erudite, polyglot, played the piano perfectly and had a phenomenal memory. He was seriously interested in European modernism , was one of the outstanding propagandists of Wagner , Mozart and Nietzsche in Russia. Chicherin played a significant role in shaping his friend Michael Kuzmin’s outlook, their correspondence is an important historical and cultural monument. One of the reasons for their friendship was that they were both homosexual [3] [4] [5] [6] .
At the same time, his passion for left-wing political ideas began, which led him after 1904 to the Menshevik camp.
In 1904, Chicherin left for Germany, formally remaining in the service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Revolutionary activities in emigration
Member of the RSDLP since 1905 , was part of the Berlin section of the Labor Code.
In 1907, Chicherin was elected secretary of the Foreign Central Bureau of the RSDLP, in this position was at the London Congress . At this time, Chicherin was close to the Golos Sotsial-Demokrat group.
At the end of 1907, Chicherin was arrested in Berlin , convicted of using someone else's passport, fined and expelled from Prussia. For some time he lived in Leiben , near Dresden .
After moving the editors of the Voice of SD to Paris, Chicherin also moved there. Participated in the work of the French Socialist Party, Jean Jaures . He was a supporter of the August bloc (1912).
In 1914 he worked in Belgium, where he moved to London with the start of the First World War. He became a member of the British Socialist Party, as well as one of the organizers and secretary of the Committee to help Russian political prisoners and deportees. Chicherin's main assistant in the work on the committee was the radical suffragist Mary Bridges-Adams. The official task of the committee was to collect and send money to revolutionaries who were in Russian prisons, but under the leadership of Chicherin, the committee gradually turned into a political body leading a systematic campaign against the Russian government [7] . The headquarters of the committee was a house on Lexham Gardens, 96 in Kensington .
During the war, he adhered to the attitude of defeatism that was widespread in the Bolshevik environment . 1] .
After the February Revolution in Russia, he was engaged in sending political emigrants to Russia. The Russian charge d'affaires, K. D. Nabokov , following the instructions of the Provisional Government , contributed to this, but he did not like Chicherin and described him as a “graphomaniac” and “typical degenerative fanatic” [8] . The fact is that Chicherin continued anti-war agitation and did not react to the warnings of the British government.
On August 22, 1917, he was arrested by the British authorities as a threat to public safety and the defenses of the Kingdom . After the October Revolution and two notes of the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Trotsky, the British ambassador Buchanan was released ( January 3, 1918 ). Arrived in Petrograd on January 19, 1918 . [9]
On January 21, 1918, he was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Trotsky , while Chicherin joined the RCP (B.) .
On diplomatic work
“Chicherin is an excellent, conscientious, intelligent, knowledgeable worker. Such people need to appreciate. That his weakness is a lack of "commanding", it does not matter. Were there any people with backward weakness in the world! ”- Lenin described Chicherin in July 1918 .
Signed the Peace of Brest ( March 3, 1918 ). From March 13, after Trotsky’s transition to the military commissariat, he became. about. Commissar of Foreign Affairs, since May 30, 1918 - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He made a significant contribution to the removal of Soviet Russia from international isolation.
In 1920, he concluded a peace treaty with Estonia.
In 1921, he entered into treaties with Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan. According to these treaties, all Russian property in these countries was given, but not “free of charge”: for example, the agreement with Iran provided for the need to ensure the security of the Soviet borders free entry of troops into its territory, which happened in August 1941.
In April 1922 he headed the Soviet delegation at the Genoa Conference , during the conference he signed the Rapale Treaty with the German Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau (the name comes from the town of Rapallo near Genoa , where the signing took place).
In 1923 he headed the Soviet delegation at the Lausanne Conference , where the post-war status of the Turkish Straits was determined.
Signed treaties of the USSR with Turkey ( 1925 ) and Iran ( 1927 ).
With his deputy, Litvinov , who replaced him as Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Chicherin was in strained relations [10] [11] [12] [app. 2] . Since July 1930, retired [approx. 3] . He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Memory
In Moscow, in memory of Chicherin, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of the building in which he worked .
Chicherinskaya Street in Peterhof ( St. Petersburg ), as well as a street in Moscow , a street in Orenburg , in Chelyabinsk , Tambov , Ussuriysk , Kaluga and Minsk are named in his honor.
Honorary cadet of the Moscow Higher Military Command School .
Movie Image
- “ Moscow - Genoa ” - Soviet film of 1964 about the Genoa Conference, as Chicherin - Grigory Belov
- Gymnast and Dress Coat - Soviet full-length documentary , filmed in 1968 at the Central Documentary Film Studio
- "Red Diplomas" - a Soviet film of 1977 , in the role of Chicherin - Boris Ryzhukhin
- "Chicherin" - Soviet biopic of 1986, as Chicherin - Leonid Filatov
Notes
- Notes
- ↑ Chicherin wrote about defeatism in his memoirs I. M. Maisky
... Just at this moment Kropotkin brought the evening newspaper. He glanced at her and swore loudly.
- What's the matter? - I asked involuntarily.
- Yes, here again on the Russian front of failure!
It was a spark. Immediately erupted sharp conversation. Mr. V. Chicherin, not without malice, remarked:- Do you really want victory for Russian tsarism?
- Maisky I.M. Memories of the Soviet ambassador. Book 1. - M .: Science, 1964. - p. 309. - ↑ Secretary of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) in the 1920s, B. G. Bazhanov recalled:
.The first questions at each meeting of the Politburo are usually the questions of the Commissariat . The People's Commissar Chicherin and his deputy Litvinov are usually present. ...
Chicherin and Litvinov hate each other with ardent hatred. Not a month goes by that I [do not] receive a “top secret, only to members of the Politburo” memorandum from one and the other. Tchitcherin in these notes complains that Litvinov is a perfect boor and ignoramus, a rude and dirty animal, which is an undoubted mistake to admit to diplomatic work. Litvinov writes that Chicherin is a homosexual, an idiot and a maniac, an abnormal subject, working only at night, which disorganizes the work of the Commissariat; To this, Litvinov adds pictorial details about the fact that the Red Army soldier from the internal security forces of the GPU, who are in charge of the authorities in such a way that he should not be worried about virtue, stand guard over the door of the Chicherin office. Members of the Politburo read these notes, smile, and then it does not go
- ↑ According to the interpreter Stalin V. M. Berezhkov , Anastas Mikoyan described the circumstances of Chicherin’s resignation:
Did not like Molotov and Chicherin. It was he who persuaded Stalin to remove Chicherin. Yes, and Stalin himself Chicherin did not suit. It is a pity that the experience and knowledge of this person were not fully utilized. He could have stayed at least as deputy commissar or consultant to the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Instead, Chicherin sat alone at a cottage on Klyazma, played the piano and died prematurely from melancholy and inactivity.
- Footnotes
- ↑ Now - Inzhavinsky district of the Tambov region.
- ↑ Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement of Russia. Encyclopedic dictionary Pomegranate. Ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. Pp. 752.
- ↑ Bogomolov N. A. , Malmstad D. E. Mikhail Kuzmin . - M .: Young Guard , 2013. - 416 p. - ( Life of great people ). - 5000 copies - ISBN 978-5-235-03634-5 .
- ↑ Klesh A. Russian homosexual (1905–1938): paradoxes of perception. // New Literary Review : Journal. - 2012. - May ( No. 117 ). - ISSN 0869-6365 . Archived June 15, 2017.
- ↑ Burleshin A.V. Open daily routine // New Literary Review : Journal. - 2010. - № 102 . - ISSN 0869-6365 .
- ↑ My Cousin, Foreign Commissar Chicherin. Baron Alexander Meyendorff. Russian Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr., 1971), pp. 173-178
- ↑ Maisky I.M. Memories of the Soviet Ambassador. Book 1. - M .: Science, 1964. - P. 269.
- ↑ O.Connor T. E. George Chicherin and the Soviet foreign policy of 1918-1930. / Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1991. - p. 73.
- ↑ O.Connor T. E. George Chicherin and the Soviet foreign policy of 1918-1930. / Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1991. - pp. 75-76.
- ↑ Bazhanov B. G. Notes of the Secretary of Stalin.
- ↑ Soviet leadership. Correspondence. 1928-1941 / Comp. A.V. Kvashonkin, L.P. Kosheleva, L.A. Rogovaya, O.V. Khlevnyuk. - M .: ROSSPEN, 1999. - 519 p. - Circulation 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-86004-083-0.
- ↑ Zhirnov E. “Here lies Chicherin, the victim of cuts and purges” // Kommersant Power magazine. - 2010. - Issue number 4 (February 1). - p. 56.
Literature
- P. Gusterin. Soviet diplomacy in the Muslim East in 1917-1921. - Saarbrucken, 2014. - ISBN 978-3-659-17980-8 .
- P. Gusterin. Soviet-British relations between the world wars. - Saarbrücken. - 2014. - ISBN 978-3-659-55735-4 .
- O'Connor, T. E. George Chicherin and the Soviet foreign policy of 1918-1930. / Tot. ed. Yu. S. Borisova, Posles. I. M. Trush; [Trans. from English A. L. Velichansky.] - M .: Progress, 1991. - 320 p.
- G. Mirzoyan. Man Spent / Expert Magazine. - 2011. - № 30—31 (764), August 1—14. - p. 63-67.
Links
- Basseches N. Disappeared Soviet diplomats // Russian notes: a monthly journal ed. P. N. Milyukova . - Paris, 1939. - V. 19 , no. July - P. 121-138 .