Metropolitan Stefan ( Polish Metropolita Stefan , in the world Stepan Petrovich Rudyk , Polish. Stepan Rudyk ; December 27, 1891 , Maidan Lipovetsky , Peremyshlyansky Uyezd , Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria - December 27, 1969 , Warsaw ) - bishop of the Polish Orthodox Church , in 1965-1969 - Her Primate with the title " Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland ."
| Metropolitan Stefan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Metropolita stefan | ||
 | ||
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| May 26, 1965 - December 27, 1969 | ||
| Predecessor | George (Korenistov) (in / at) | |
| Successor | George (Korenistov) (in / at) | |
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| May 5, 1961 - May 26, 1965 | ||
| Predecessor | Timothy (Schroetter) | |
| Successor | Nikanor (Neslukhovsky) | |
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| March 22, 1953 - May 5, 1961 | ||
| Predecessor | Macarius (Oksiyuk) | |
| Successor | Vasily (Doroshkevich) | |
| Birth name | Stepan Petrovich Rudyk | |
| Birth | December 27, 1891 Maidan Lipovetsky , Peremyshlyansky Uyezd , Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , Austria-Hungary | |
| Death | December 27, 1969 (78 years old) Warsaw | |
| Buried | ||
| Episcopal consecration | March 22, 1953 | |
Cousin of Archbishop Panteleimon (Rudyk) .
Content
Biography
The early years
Born on December 27, 1891 in the village of Maidan Lipovetsky, Peremyshlyansky district of Galicia [1] in the peasant Greek-Catholic family of Peter and Anna Rudyk. His father was a Russophile , and for this during the First World War he was interned by the Austrian authorities in the Talerhof camp near Graz , where he died [2] .
In May 1911 he graduated from Grammar School in Lviv , after which he left for Russia and entered the Volyn Theological Seminary in Zhitomir , which was evacuated to Orel in 1914 due to the outbreak of war. In 1915 he graduated from the theological seminary [3] .
Priest
On May 3, 1915, he was ordained a priest by Bishop Dremenisy of Kremenets (Waledinsky) [4] and was appointed assistant rector of the parish of St. Nicholas in Kremenets . In the same month, he also took up the post of rector in Ponikovice Malaya in Brodsky county as one of the Orthodox missionaries of the Bishop of Kholm Eulogius (Georgievsky). After the evacuation of Russian troops in October 1915, he performed priestly service among refugees in the Novina colony in Novograd-Volyn Uyezd . In August 1918 he was appointed rector in Moskalevka in the Proskurovsky district , from where in October 1921 he moved to Podzamche in the Kremenetsky district [1] .
Since August 25, 1922 he served as chaplain of Orthodox soldiers of the Polish Army [3] . His first parish was the Nikolsky military parish in the city of Torun . Stefan Rudyk was involved in its creation, as well as in the life of the local Russian community. His activities for the benefit of the Russians raised objections from the Polish military authorities and led in 1927 to his transfer to Grudziadz [5] . Then he served in the Orthodox parishes of the military in Katowice (1927-1936) and Krakow (1936-1939) [6] .
After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, his wife died as a result of an air raid on a military hospital in Warsaw . He retreated with the Polish troops to Romania and was interned there. He was in the camps Calimanesti and Tirgu Jiu . In 1941 he was extradited to Germany and relocated to the POW camp ( oflag ) VI E in Dorsten, Westphalia, as chaplain. Thanks to the intervention of his sons with the support of the International Red Cross , in February 1942 he received consent to leave the camp and permission to live in Berlin as an assistant to the abbot of the parish of the Resurrection of Christ in Berlin , belonging to the Berlin and German Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia [7] . He could not return to Warsaw, to the territory of the Governor-General, as a former priest in the Polish Army [6] .
From 1943 he lived in Lodz , where until 1953 he served in the parish of Alexander Nevsky Church [7] . In 1943, he saved the bells of the cathedral from confiscation by hiding them on the church tower. After the liberation of Lodz, they were returned to their place [8] .
As a widowed priest, in 1948 he was tonsured a monk and was elevated to the rank of archimandrite [9] . He actively participated in the life of the Russian community of the city of Lodz [10] . On October 27, 1948, he signed an obligation to cooperate with the Security Council as a secret employee of Fedelis [11] .
Bishop
On December 9, 1952, Metropolitan of Warsaw Makarii (Oksiyuk) presented to the Council of Bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church three candidates for the episcopal consecration to replace the widowed Wroclaw and Szczecin pulpits: Priest Nikolai Neslukhovsky , Priest Jan Levyazh and Archimandrite Stefan (R. Bishops chose Archimandrite Stephen [6] .
On March 22, 1953, in the Cathedral of Warsaw, his episcopal consecration took place, which was performed by the Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland, Macarius (Oksiyuk) , the Archbishop of Bialystok and Gdansk, Timothy (Schroetter) and the Bishop of Lodz and Poznan, George (Korenistov) [12] . Assessing the condition of his diocese in the same year, Bishop Stefan described the situation as difficult, primarily due to the lack of a sufficient number of clergymen [13] .
In 1958, Bishop Stefan headed the Mission Committee created at the same time in the Polish Orthodox Church, the purpose of which was the conversion of Ukrainian Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy [14] . Special efforts are also being made to organize religious education for children and youth in various parishes [15] . According to Peter Gerent, the size of this mission should not be exaggerated. In the then political reality, the Ukrainian and Lemkovo population in western Poland had a choice only between Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy [16] . The actions of the Mission Committee included Prikarpatye , where the Religious Affairs Authority decided to transfer the old Greek-Catholic churches to the Orthodox, as well as in the settlements where the Greek Catholics returned after 1956. Believers according to the plan of the Polish authorities should go to the Polish Orthodox Church. The coordination of the Missionary Committee in the Carpathian region was carried out by priest John Levyaz [17] .
In 1961 he was transferred to the Belostotsk-Gdansk department with the elevation of the dignity of the archbishop [18] .
In 1964, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Polish People's Republic, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta [19] .
He participated in three Pan-Orthodox meetings on the island of Rhodes (1961, 1963, 1964). In 1962 he was elected vice-chairman of the Polish Ecumenical Council of Churches [19] .
Metropolitan of Warsaw and all of Poland
May 26, 1965 was elected Metropolitan of Warsaw and all of Poland . This election was made after three years after the death of his predecessor, Metropolitan Timothy of Warsaw. The fact that the Polish Orthodox Church for three years did not have a metropolitan was caused by the position of state authorities that did not allow the fourth hierarch to be ordained and thereby receive the necessary number of bishops in the autocephalous church. Only in 1964 did the authorities allow the ordination of the fourth bishop, who became priest Nikolay Neslukhovsky, who became a monk with the name of Nikanor [20] . According to Zhechipospolita, the choice of Archbishop Stefan for the position of Primate of the Polish Orthodox Church determined the support of his candidacy from state bodies that did not allow Archbishop George (Korenistov) to be elected as the local deputy in 1962 until 1965 because of his anti-communist views. Archbishop Stefan (Rudyk) was recognized as the only candidate for the capital city for the Communists, as he had experience working in the church and had complete loyalty to the authorities [21] [22] . His election was positively accepted by believers of the Polish Orthodox Church [23]. The metronization of Metropolitan Stefan took place on July 18 of the same year [24] .
At the beginning of his tenure, relations between the Catholic and Orthodox churches in Poland markedly worsened [25] . During the Orthodox celebrations of the millennium of the Polish state on July 22, 1966, a speech was delivered in the Cathedral of Mary Magdalene in which he thanked the authorities of the NDP for bringing the Polish Orthodox true freedom [26] . During his administration of the Polish Orthodox Church, a negative position was maintained regarding the possibility of establishing a closer ecumenical dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church and the effects of the declaration of the Second Vatican Council were skeptically evaluated [27] .
How the Metropolitan created the social fund of the clergy. The merit of Metropolitan Stefan was his concern for the elderly clergy, widows and orphans of clergy. He managed to resolve the situation of the Orthodox Church in the Polish People’s Republic regarding the legal norms of its internal organization. Although this question was raised in the past, it was not resolved. He created a commission that developed a draft Statute and submitted it to the Council of Bishops, which introduced its amendments [19] . Work on it was completed after his death, in the 1970s [28] . He initiated the reconstruction of the cathedral in Warsaw [29] , as well as dozens of other Orthodox churches in Poland [28] . Activities to develop Orthodox structures in the Rzeszow Voivodeship continued, but he could not transfer the former Greek Catholic Cathedral in Przemysl or transfer a separate diocese for the Carpathian region to the Polish Orthodox Church. These actions, in addition to providing pastoral care for the Orthodox population, also constituted a continuation of his previous attempts to persuade local Greek Catholics to convert to Orthodoxy [23] . Sanok remained the center of the Orthodox mission in the Rzeszow region. In 1966, as part of the streamlining of personnel matters, Metropolitan Stefan withdrew the eight-year-old priest John Levyaz from his local parish of the Holy Trinity, putting him a number of organizational and personal charges and did not refuse them even when the Department spoke for leaving him in Rzeszow Religious Affairs [30] .
He paid particular attention to observing parish life; regularly made visits to parishes, organized deanery and diocesan conferences of the clergy, which were to raise his spiritual level and discipline. He also introduced the obligation to commit, after accepting the ordination of pastoral practice, in the Cathedral in Warsaw [31] .
In his head, extensive contacts with other autocephalous Orthodox Churches were resumed. He made many trips abroad, also served as chairman of the Polish Ecumenical Council [23] . In 1968, as the head of the delegation of the Polish Orthodox Church, he participated in the work of the IV General Assembly of the WCC in Uppsala .
On the morning of March 25, 1969, the Liturgy was celebrated at the Cathedral in Warsaw on the Annunciation Day, but by the evening he began to complain of pain. The next morning, he felt better, and set about his usual work in the office of the metropolitanate, after which he went to the hospital, where he was sent for a hernia surgery. While preparing for her, he had a heart attack, and, despite immediate medical attention, he died in a hospital on ul. Brest in Warsaw [32] . He was buried in the Orthodox cemetery in Warsaw [4] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Andrzej A. Zięba. STEFAN RUDYK (Polish) . ipsb.nina.gov.pl. - Biogram został opublikowany w latach 1991-1992 w XXXIII tomie Polskiego Słownika Biograficznego. Date of treatment March 4, 2017.
- ↑ P. Gerent. Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. - Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007 .-- S. 154. - ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 S. Dudra: Kościół Prawosławny na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski po II wojnie światowej. Zielona Góra: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2007, s. 71. ISBN 83-89712-37-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 sp. Śp. Metropolita Stefan (Rudyk) (Polish) . Orthodox parish of St. John the Forester on Freedom (2013-3-25). Date of treatment March 4, 2017.
- ↑ Z. Karpus: Rosjanie i Ukraińcy w Toruniu w latach 1920-1939. [w:] M. Wojciechowski (pod red.): Mniejszości narodowe i wyznaniowe w Toruniu w XIX i XX wieku. Toruń 1993, Wydawnictwo UMK, ISBN 83-231-0456-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 P. Gerent: Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007, s. 154. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 P. Gerent: Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007, s. 154. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5
- ↑ Z łódzkiego sierocińca. "Przegląd Prawosławny". 5 (311). s. 55. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078
- ↑ S. Dudra: Kościół Prawosławny na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski po II wojnie światowej. Zielona Góra: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2007, s. 26. ISBN 83-89712-37-7
- ↑ Profesor Zyzykin i jego rodzina. "Przegląd Prawosławny". 1 (307). s. 17. Białystok. ISSN 1230-1078
- ↑ M. Krzysztofiński, K. Sychowicz, W kręgu “Bizancjum”, “Aparat represji w Polsce Ludowej (1944-1989)”, nr 1, 2008, s. 86
- ↑ S. Dudra: Kościół Prawosławny na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski po II wojnie światowej. Zielona Góra: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2007, s. 27. ISBN 83-89712-37-7 .
- ↑ P. Gerent: Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007, s. 170. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5 .
- ↑ Wyborcza.pl
- ↑ P. Gerent: Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007, s. 178. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5 .
- ↑ P. Gerent: Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945-1989. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2007, s. 407. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5 .
- ↑ A. Brożyniak, R. Ziobroń, Prawosławie w Bieszczadach po II wojnie światowej [w:] red. J. Izdebski, K. Kaczmarski, M. Krzysztofiński, Bieszczady w Polsce Ludowej 1944-1989, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Oddział w Rzeszowie, Rzeszów 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-111-6 , s.335 i.
- ↑ S. Dudra: Kościół Prawosławny na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski po II wojnie światowej. Zielona Góra: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2007, s. 71. ISBN 83-89712-37-7
- ↑ 1 2 3 Skurat K. E. History of Local Orthodox Churches
- ↑ Mironowicz A. Kościół prawosławny na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku. - Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2001 .-- S. 267-268. - ISBN 83-7431-046-4 .
- ↑ Historia inwigilacji Cerkwi - Kraj - rp.pl
- ↑ Krzysztofiński M., Sychowicz K. W kręgu “Bizancjum”, “Aparat represji w Polsce Ludowej (1944-1989)”, nr 1, 2008. - S. 86.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Mironowicz A. Kościół prawosławny na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku. - Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2001 .-- S. 268. - ISBN 83-7431-046-4 .
- ↑ Celebrations of intronization of His Beatitude Metropolitan Stefan of Warsaw and All Poland // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. - M. , 1965. - No. 9. - S. 54-60.
- ↑ Krzysztofiński M., Sychowicz K. W kręgu “Bizancjum”, “Aparat represji w Polsce Ludowej (1944-1989)”, nr 1, 2008. - S. 86-87.
- ↑ Michalak R. Polityka wyznaniowa państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości religijnych w latach 1945-1989. - Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2014 .-- S. 332. - ISBN 83-7431-046-4 .
- ↑ Michalak R. Polityka wyznaniowa państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości religijnych w latach 1945-1989. - Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2014 .-- S. 338. - ISBN 83-7431-046-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 Prawosławie w niepodległej Polsce (XX w.)
- ↑ Ks. Sawicki D. Historia Katedry Metropolitalnej w Warszawie. // Wiara i poznanie. Księga pamiątkowa dedykowana Jego Eminencji Profesorowi Sawie (Hrycuniakowi) prawosławnemu metropolicie warszawskiemu i całej Polski. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2008 .-- S. 456. - ISBN 978-83-7431-160-1 .
- ↑ Brożyniak A., Ziobroń R. Prawosławie w Bieszczadach po II wojnie światowej. // red. J. Izdebski, K. Kaczmarski, M. Krzysztofiński, Bieszczady w Polsce Ludowej 1944-1989. - Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Oddział w Rzeszowie, 2009 .-- S. 364-366. - ISBN 978-83-7629-111-6 .
- ↑ metropolita Sawa (Hrycuniak) Bogosłowie, istorija i żizn 'Cerkwi. - Warsz. : Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna, 2008 .-- S. 131. - ISBN 978-83-60311-12-7 .
- ↑ metropolita Sawa (Hrycuniak) . Bogosłowie, istorija i żizn 'Cerkwi. - Warsz. : Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna, 2008 .-- S. 129 i 133. - ISBN 978-83-60311-12-7 .