Violence

This definition combines the intentionality and actual commission of an act of violence, regardless of its outcome. The inclusion of the words “use of power” in the definition expands the traditional understanding of the nature of a violent act by including actions that are based on power over a person, that is, threats and intimidation, in the concept of violence.

Around the world, violence annually causes the death of more than 1.5 million people. For every violent death, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency services and thousands of visits to doctors ^[3] . In addition, violence often entails life-long consequences for the physical and mental health of victims and their interactions with other people, and can also slow down economic and social development.

According to the official position of WHO, the causes of violence are partly due to biological and other personal factors of a person’s predisposition to aggression , but more often such factors interact with family, community, cultural and other external factors and thus create a situation in which violence occurs ^[1] .

Violence is the leading cause of death for people between 15 and 45 years old. From causes of a violent nature on Earth, 14% (of deceased) men and 7% (of deceased) women die annually over 1.6 million people. The figures given mean that every minute in the world as a result of an attack a person dies. According to the WHO, every 40 seconds one of the inhabitants of the Earth passes away consciously committing suicide. 35 people are killed every hour as a result of armed conflict. Over the past century, the total number of deaths in wars and local clashes is 200 million. At the same time, one more person killed in armed conflicts accounts for another 40 people who have received injuries of varying severity and in need of serious treatment. At the same time, domestic violence is no less evil. According to statistics, ex-current or current husbands or lovers dealt with half of all killed women. In some countries, this figure is close to 70%. One in four women on the globe suffers from sexual violence throughout their lives ^[4] .

According to the characteristics of the subjects of violence, the following categories are distinguished ^[1] :

• attempt on one’s own life or health (including suicide , attempted suicide, self-harm );
• interpersonal violence (violence by another person or group of people);
• collective violence (violence by the state, political group, terrorist organization ).

The nature of violence distinguishes the following types ^[1] :

• physical abuse ;
• sexual abuse ;
• psychological abuse ;
• damage or neglect.

The causes of violent behavior of people often become the subject of psychological and sociological research. Neuroscientist Jan Wolawka emphasizes that for these purposes, aggressive behavior is defined as “intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person” ^[5] .

Scientists agree that violence has always been inherent in people. At the same time, there is archaeological evidence showing that along with bursts of violence, peacefulness was also characteristic of prehistoric people ^[6] . There are also studies confirming that people have many natural mechanisms aimed at cooperation, deterring aggression and peaceful resolution of conflicts, and that these mechanisms are as natural as aggressive tendencies ^[7] .

• Child abuse
• Violence in schools
• Violence against women
• Homophobic violence
• Nonviolence

• Walter Benjamin's Critique of Violence
• Arno Gruen psychoanalyst who has written extensively on the origins of violence
• Flannery, DJ, Vazsonyi, AT & Waldman, ID (Eds.) (2007). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Cambridge University Press, NY.
• Nazaretyan, AP (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In: History & Mathematics . Moscow: KomKniga / URSS. P.127-148. ISBN 978-5-484-01001-1 .
• Malesevic, S. (2010). The Sociology of War and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gad Barzilai (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1 .
• Pinker S. A History of Violence Edge Master Class 2011

• International handbook of violence research
• Information on James W. Prescott's work
• 1986 Seville Statement on Violence
• Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence
• The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings Intercultural discussions on violence
• Text of Dom Helder Camara's classic 1971 "Spiral of Violence"
• Institute for interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (link not available)
• Historical Violence Database
• American Psychological Association's Violence Prevention Office
• How Violence has Change Ciudad Juarez
• THE ORIGINS OF PEACE AND VIOLENCE. Deprivation of Physical Affection as a Main Cause of Depression, Aggression and Drug Abuse