Kashin

The name Kashin is derived from the personal name Kasha , which has been repeatedly witnessed in ancient Russian anthroponymy, or directly from the word kasha “special treat associated with the wedding rite; a feast in the house of the newlyweds after the wedding ” ^{[4] [5]} . There is an assumption that the name of the city, like the Kashinka river, is of Finno-Finnish origin ^[6] . The exact date of the founding of the city is unknown. The first mention of the city dates back to 1238 ^[2] : in the Nikon Chronicle Kashin is mentioned among the cities ravaged by the Mongols. The second reference dates back to 1287, when the Grand Duke of Vladimir Dmitry Alexandrovich and his allies in the campaign against Mikhail Yaroslavich Tversky besieged Kashin for nine days ^[7] .

A number of historians following D. A. Korsakov ^[8] (who, in turn, relied on the research of contemporary Yaroslavl local historians) believed that in the XIII century Kashin was part of the Principality of Uglitsky , but this opinion is erroneous ^[9] .

In fact, the Kashin lands (including Ksnyatin ) in 1212–1238 were part of the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky princedom , and then - after the Pereyaslav prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received the great prince of Vladimir (1238) - went to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir ^[10] . When the Tver Principality was formed in 1247, Kashin and the lands pulling towards it became part of it ^[11] .

In the period of the undivided ownership of the Tver Principality, Kashin was the main city of the northeastern lands of the Tver “country” - with its “husbands” (serving nobility) and its “regiment” (military militia) ^[12] . The city was greatly fortified, and its inaccessibility was promoted by the position of the city: Kashinka went around it from all sides, and it stood, as it were, on the peninsula. Access to the city was only from the narrow isthmus between the bends of the river, through which a deep moat was dug, strengthened by a rampart with tyne and a stockade ^[13] .

Specific Period

The center of the specific princedom Kashin became in 1319, when, in accordance with the spiritual certificate of the Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich , who was killed in 1318 in the Horde on the orders of Khan Uzbek , the territory of the Tver princedom was divided between his sons: Tver with adjacent volosts was allocated to the eldest son Dmitry , southwestern regions with a center in Zubtsovo - to Alexander , southern regions ( Klin with volosts) - to Konstantin ; and the northeastern regions (Kashin with volosts) received the youngest of his sons - Vasily Mikhailovich . Vasily, who at one time (1349–1365) occupied the Tver Grand Duke’s table, laid the Assumption Monastery in the city in honor of his mother, subsequently canonized by Anna Kashinsky ^{[14] [15]} .

In the XIV century, the city ​​was repeatedly drawn into a feud between the Tver and Moscow princedoms, although local princes sought to defend an independent position. In 1321 and 1328, the city was captured by Moscow and Tatar detachments, united in the fight against Tver ^[16] . In 1375, after the defeat of Tver in the struggle against Moscow, Prince Vasily Mikhailovich II achieved the recognition of the Kashin principality as independent, independent of Tver ^{[17] [18]} . However, in 1382, Vasily died without leaving an heir, and Kashin again became the inheritance of the Tver Grand Duchy , and the sons of the Tver Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich consistently occupied the Kashin table: Alexander Ordynets , Boris and Vasily (aka Vasily Mikhailovich III) ^{[19] [20 ] ]} .

In 1400, the spiritual certificate of Mikhail Alexandrovich, who died in 1399, secured Kashin for Vasily Mikhailovich III ^[21] . However, his relationship with his brother, the Grand Tver Prince Ivan Mikhailovich , was very tense, and he repeatedly drove Vasily out of Kashin (finally - in June 1412, when the Kashin prince was arrested, but managed to slip away from the convoy and flee to Moscow ^[22] ) After the death of Vasily in 1426, the Kashinsky inheritance legally ceases to exist, and his lands are included in the number of Tver Grand Duchy ^[23] .

Despite the dependence on Tver, they minted their own coin (pool) in the city and carried on chronicle work. The city gradually turned into a large shopping center, Kashin merchants conducted trade with near and distant lands. Craft developed, especially the production of white paints. They also formed the basis of the city’s initial coat of arms: in the upper part the Tver crown was depicted, and in the lower part there were three white mortars (small cones made of dry lead white were called mortars, the form in which this paint went on sale ^[24] ).

As part of the Russian state

In 1485, along with the entire Tver Grand Duchy, Kashin was annexed to Moscow, which caused Kashin to fade away as a commercial and industrial center.

In 1504, Kashin, among other lands, was allotted to the son of Ivan III, Yuri Ivanovich Dmitrovsky, and since that time was part of the Dmitrovsky Principality ^[25] . Under Yuri Ivanovich, the first stone cathedral was built in Kashin - Voskresensky (on the site of the modern cathedral), and in the Kalyazinsky Trinity Monastery , territorially related to Kashin, the stone Trinity Cathedral and the refectory were erected. However, in 1534, Yuri Ivanovich was thrown into prison (by the order of the ruler Elena Glinsky) (where he died two years later), and Dmitrov’s lot was liquidated ^[3] .

In 1565, after Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into oprichnina and zemstvo , the city became part of the latter ^{[26] [27]} . In the XVII century, the city experienced a series of disasters, in 1609 it was taken and plundered by the Poles ^[13] , in 1654 an epidemic of plague hit the city, in 1676 Kashin burned to the ground. However, the city quickly regained its potential. Along with the production of some of the best paints in Russia, the city was famous for blacksmiths, potters and icon painters , as well as fairs.

New and modern time

The founding of St. Petersburg , the commissioning of the Vyshnevolotsk water system, and the general development of the northern lands under Peter I greatly contributed to the development of the city. Kashin merchants spread their influence to the new capital: some of them received contracts to provide the Petrine army with weapons and supplies. The growing prosperity of merchants and artisans was reflected in the appearance of the city. By the end of the 18th century, the city already had many stone houses and churches.

In 1775, Kashin receives - in connection with the establishment of the Kashin district - the status of a county town ^[13] . During the Patriotic War of 1812, merchants fully provided the city’s militia with weapons and food. At the same time, flax growing began to develop rapidly in Kashin and the okrug, bringing new profits to the city.

In 1867, the Resurrection Cathedral was built; with the money of the merchant Terlikov, a magnificent bell tower was added to it, which is still the largest in the diocese. Merchant N.P. Cherenin founded a public library in Kashin, merchants Manukhina - the first hospital, merchant I. Ya. Kunkin - museum of local lore . In 1898, the railway was opened, connecting Kashin with the capital - St. Petersburg. At the same time, stone shopping malls (still fulfilling their function) were built, a resort was founded and the Alekseevskoye Real School was opened.

Kashin merchants were also known throughout the country for their piety and willingly donated money for the construction of churches. By the beginning of the 20th century , there were 21 churches in Kashin (2 of which were cemetery ones) and 3 monasteries. The church importance of the city is emphasized by the fact that the Orthodox bishop of Tver historically bears (except for 1934-1941: Tverskaya and Smolensky and 1941-1956: Tverskaya and Velikoluksky) the title "Archbishop of Tver and Kashinsky."

By the end of the 19th century, Kashin was in an economic downturn: the Zyzykin merchants vodka factory (which had previously produced artificial Kashi wine) ceased to exist, and in 1892 there were only two small factories in the city — felt and felting and candlelight — with 22 workers. The population in 1893 was 6952 people; in the city there were 1120 houses (mostly wooden) ^[13] .

On January 4 ( 17 ), 1918 , Soviet power was established in Kashin ^[28] . Over the next three decades, Kashin’s historical heritage was irreparably damaged. The city, which stood out on Tver land with an abundance of temples of the 17th-18th centuries, soon turned into a faceless Soviet province. In particular, the Communists demolished the Assumption Cathedral in 1664-72, the Church of the Annunciation (1688), the Nativity of the Virgin (1690), the Blessed Virgin of Korsun (1768), the Introduction (1781), the Intercession (1790s), and Sergius of Radonezh (1803).

From the middle of the 17th century, near the Dmitrov monastery over Kashinka, stood the wooden church of Joachim and Anna . This is one of the oldest log buildings preserved in central Russia. In 1968-71 the temple was restored, but on the night of March 20, 1995 it caught fire (possibly was deliberately set on fire) and died in flame.

From 2005 to 2018, within the framework of the municipal district “ Kashinsky district ”, the city of Kashin constituted the city of the same name with the status of an urban settlement as the only settlement in its composition ^[29] . In April 2018, all rural and urban settlements that were part of the abolished Kashinsky district were transformed by combining them into one single municipal entity - the Kashinsky urban district, the center of which is the city of Kashin ^[30] .

Kashin is located in the southeast of the Tver region, near the borders with the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. The distance from Tver is about 150 kilometers, from Moscow - 180. The city is located at an altitude of 125 meters above sea level, on the banks of the Kashinka River, at the confluence of the tributaries of Maslyatka and Vonya . The distance to the mouth of Kashinka ( Uglich Reservoir on the Volga ) is about 21 kilometers.

The temperate continental climate prevails. Winters are frosty and long. Summer is cool and short. July is the warmest month of the year with an average temperature of 17.9 ° C. January is the coldest month of the year with an average temperature of -10.2 ° C

The average annual rainfall is 610 mm.

As of January 1, 2019, in terms of population, the city was on the 814th place out of 1115 ^[63] cities of the Russian Federation ^[64] .

National composition

According to the 2010 All-Russian Census , the national composition of Kashin is as follows:

In total - 15851 people.

Of them:

• Russian - 15270
• Ukrainians - 140
• Armenians - 47
• Belarusians - 44
• Moldavians - 35
• Chuvashs - 35
• Azerbaijanis - 24
• Uzbeks - 24
• Kyrgyzstan - 23
• Gypsies - 20
• Chechens - 19
• Germans - 18
• Tatars - 18
• Ingush - 17
• Avars - 13
• Georgians - 11

• The central cathedral of the city is Voskresensky with a high 76-meter bell tower decorated with a clock (1867).
• Kashin resort with a picturesque valley of the tributary of the Kashinka rivulets Maslyatki, a beautiful pump room . There are eight sources of the most diverse mineral water in the sanatorium. A pump room with three types of water (12, 18 and 21 sources) is open for everyone.
• Ascension Cathedral - recently restored, in 1993 the relics of St. Anna Kashinskaya . It is currently a cathedral.
• Kashin is known for a large number of wooden footbridges.
• Churches:

  Ilyinsko-Preobrazhenskaya (1778) - an elegant church on a high steep river bank;

  Nativity of Christ on the mountain (1786) - is located next to the Ilyinsko-Preobrazhenskaya;

  Holy Cross Church (1784) - located next to the sanatorium, on the other side of the Maslyatki Valley;

  Church of Peter and Paul (1782);

  Church of Flora and Lavra (1751).

• Museum of Local Lore in the building of the Entrance Jerusalem Church (1789).
• Monasteries:

  Klobukov (founded in the middle of the XIV century , valid).

  Dmitrovsky (mentioned in 1521, in ruins).

  Sretensky (founded at the beginning of the 15th century , in ruins).

• The wooden church of Saints Joachim and Anna (mid-17th century), which was one of the pearls of the city, burned down in March 1995 as a result of “unintentional arson”.

As of 2014, the following temples have been preserved in Kashin:

• Resurrection Cathedral. In 2009, it was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church . Prior to that, it housed the House of Culture. Services are in the Nikolo-Vasilievsky side chapel (bell tower). The rest of the temple is undergoing restoration. In front of the cathedral in 2009, a monument to Anna Kashinsky was unveiled.
• Ascension Cathedral. It contains the relics of St. Miss Princess Kashinsky .
• Sretensky church of the former Sretensky convent . Near the church in 1998, the grave revered by local residents was found and restored. shimonahini Dorothei.
• Trinity Cathedral of Klobukov St. Nicholas Monastery (with the chapel of St. Nicholas). Decapitated, but preserved quite well. As of 2010 is being restored.
• Intercession Church of the Klobukov Monastery. The first of the restored churches of the city in the era of modern Russia (1995, was repeatedly restored (and almost completely) in 2007).
• Church of St. Alexei Klobukov Monastery. It is being restored since 2006, at the end of work it will become operational.
• The Church of Peter and Paul is used as a courtyard of the Klobukov Monastery. The church never closed. Its most spectacular view opens from Komsomolskaya Street. Known for its inclined spire.
• Dmitrovsky Holy Cathedral of the former Dmitrovsky monastery. Decapitated, not restored. An approximate copy of this cathedral can be seen in Nizhny Novgorod ( Alexander Nevsky New Fair Cathedral on Strelka).
• Spasskaya Church. The church is beheaded, on 2 floors there is a pastry shop and a clothing store.
• The entrance Jerusalem church is occupied by the city museum.
• Kazan (Vlasyevskaya) church with a 2-tier bell tower. The upper tier was demolished in 1967. The rest of the temple was dismantled and adapted for the fire department.
• Church of Frol and Lavra. Closed in the Khrushchev campaign .
• Ilyinsko-Transfiguration Church . Restored, but without a bell tower.
• Holy Cross Church. The current temple.
• Church of the Nativity on the Mountain. Acts, restored without a bell tower.
• Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on Chistye Prudy. The bell tower and the dome were destroyed in Soviet times. Used as a boot workshop. In 2012-2013, it was converted into a mini-hotel and a cinema hall.
• Makaryevskaya chapel. The current chapel, erected on the site of the cell of the Monk Makarii Kalyazinsky .

The main enterprises of the city:

• Kashinsky Electrical Equipment Plant;
• Kashinsky distillery "Veresk" production of various types of vodka , gin "Veresk", tinctures "Laplandia" and "Veresk", balms "Old Kashin", "Old herbalist", mineral water "Anna Kashinskaya", low-alcohol cocktails "Kiss" ;
• Enterprise "Era", the production of confectionery. Currently, the company produces more than 20 types of flour, 10 types of pastry confectionery, mineral and drinking water and about 20 types of soft drinks;
• Flax mill (stopped);
• Kashinsky butter-making cheese-making factory: production of natural dairy products, bottling of Kashinsky Voditsa mineral table water, drinking water, “Kashinsky Voditsa” (stopped);
• The meat processing plant is in a dilapidated state (one workshop is operating).

The total volume of shipped goods of own production in 2009 amounted to 1.06 billion rubles ^[65] .

The following periodicals are published in the city:

• Weekly Kashinskaya Gazeta;
• The weekly socio-political newspaper Kashinsky Vestnik;
• Advertising and informational newspaper "All For You Kashin, Kalyazin";
• Radio station "Good FM" - 104.6 MHz (plan).

The name of the famous Russian saint Anna Kashinsky , wife of the Grand Duke of Tver Mikhail, is closely connected with the city. The saint is considered the patroness of the city, her relics are in the Ascension Cathedral of Kashin.

Also associated with Kashin are the names of the Monk Makarii , the founder of the Kalyazinsky Trinity Monastery , as well as M.I. Kalinin , who was born near the city, in the village of Upper Trinity.

Photographer V. A. Kolotilshchikov was born in Kashin, whose work was awarded a silver medal at the World Photographic Exhibition in Moscow (1907) and a letter at the World Photographic Exhibition in Paris (1911) ^[66] and the famous Russian singer E. A. Lavrovskaya .

• Gerchuk Yu. Ya. , Domshlak M.I. Artistic monuments of the Upper Volga. From Kalinin to Yaroslavl. 2nd ed. - M .: Art, 1976. - 144 p. - (The road to the beautiful ). - 75,000 copies.
• Kirikov B.M. Kashin . - L .: Artist of the RSFSR, 1988 .-- 223 p. - ( Monuments of Russian cities ). - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7370-0005-2 .
• Koshelevsky V.N. City of Kashin. - M .: Moscow Worker , 1988 .-- 112 p. - ISBN 978-5-239-00500-2 .
• Koshelevsky V.N. Kashin and his resort. - M .: Moscow Worker , 1975 .-- 200 p.
• Koshelevsky V.N. Chronicle of the city of Kashin (VI - XX centuries). - Tver: Publishing house GERS, 1999. - 113 p.
• Kunkin I. Ya. The city of Kashin. Materials for his story. TT 1-2. - M .: Edition of the Imperial Society and Russian Antiquities at Moscow University, 1903-1905.
• Kuchkin V. A. The formation of the state territory of North-Eastern Russia in the X — XIV centuries. - M .: Nauka, 1984 .-- 349 p.
• Ryzhov K.V. All monarchs of the world. Russia (600 short biographies). - M .: Veche, 1998 .-- 640 p. - (Encyclopedias. References. Undying books). - ISBN 5-7838-0268-9 .
• Ekzemplyarsky A.V. Great and specific princes of Northern Russia in the Tatar period, from 1238 to 1505 T. 2: The sovereign princes of Vladimir and Moscow destinies and the great and specific sovereign princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, Tver and Ryazan. - SPb. : Printing House of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1891. - 696 p.

• Official site of Kashinsky district
• Kashin - a guide to the city of the Russian heart (neopr.) . // kashin-grad.ru. Date of treatment May 13, 2013. Archived May 15, 2013.
• Kashin in the encyclopedia "My city"
• The city of Kashin on the site "Savelovskaya Glukhoman"
• The history of the coat of arms of Kashin
• Kashin temples in the Folk catalog of Orthodox architecture
• The official list of objects of historical and cultural heritage of the Tver region (inaccessible link) (Kashin monuments on pp. 81–87).
• Photos of the pre-revolutionary Kashin