Fusarium , or Fusarium ( Fusarium ) is a genus of predominantly anamorphic ascomycetic fungi. Teleomorphs previously belonged to the genera Haematonectria and Gibberella .
| Fusarium | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Fusarium poae culture | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Fusarium Link , 1809 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | |||||||||||||||||||||
Teleomorphs :
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Fusarium roseum Link, 1809 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Representatives of the genus are essential as fungi that harm the national economy and pathogens that cause diseases or toxicosis in plants and animals, including humans. Plant diseases caused by these fungi are called Fusarium infections , poisoning of animals and humans - Fusariotoxicosis . Fusarium plants can occur in the form of root rot , wilting (the so-called tracheomycotic vascular wilting ), damage to fruits and seeds; An important role is played by some types of Fusarium in the development of rot root crops. Grain affected by Fusarium sporotrichioides contains the poisonous substance vomitoxin , its use in food leads to the disease of alimentary toxic aleukia ("septic angina"); other species can also cause poisoning. Some Fusaria are capable of parasitizing on human skin, causing dermatitis .
In addition to parasites, species leading a saprotrophic lifestyle are known, some are characterized by mutualism (mutually beneficial symbiosis ) with plants. Saprotrophic Fusaria can also harm, causing damage to various objects - paper products, leather. Symbiotic species live in the soil, in the root zone of plants, they are referred to as mycorrhizal fungi. Of these species, Fusarium heterosporum and Fusarium sambucinum are important for agriculture. They live on the roots of wheat and positively affect the development of the plant.
Morphology
Mycelium in various species can be of various colors - white, pinkish, lilac or brown.
There may be resting structures that serve for overwintering or other adverse conditions. These structures include chlamydospores and sclerotia . Chlamydospores - individual hyphal cells acquiring thick-walled membranes and separating; they are most often colorless, in some species of ocher-brown tones. Can be assembled in groups, chains or single. Sometimes chlamydospores are formed from conidia. Sclerotia are formations of dense consistency, consisting of closely intertwined hyphae; they are usually white, yellowish, brown, or blue. Sclerotia can develop in dead tissue of the plant substrate or in the soil.
Conidia are usually of two types - micro and macroconidia . Macroconidia are produced by sporulation , having the form of sporodochia - pillow-shaped clusters of conidiophores on the surface of the aerial mycelium or pionnota - pillows of a mucous or jelly-like consistency. Individual conidiophores in clusters can be simple or branched. Macroconidia are fragmospores [1] , that is, they consist of several cells - they have 3-5, less often 6-9 parallel septa ( septa ), they have an elongated shape - fusiform, sickle-shaped or sometimes lanceolate. At the base of the conidia, there may be a more or less clearly defined pedicle, the upper cell also often has a characteristic shape: elongated, pointed, obtuse, coracoid, etc. The color of the macroconidia in the mass (see spore powder ) is light, white-ocher, pinkish or orange, blue, blue-green.
Microconidia are formed by simple or complex conidiophores, they form chains or are assembled into heads, and can form clusters between hyphae. Microconidia are most often unicellular, sometimes with 1-3 septa, their shape is most often ellipsoidal, rarely spherical, pear-shaped or fusiform [2] .
By the method of formation of conidia of Fusariums belong to phialoconidia [3] .
Ecology
Systematics
In the modern systematics of fungi, the Fusarium genus belongs to the Nectriaceae family. The family is included in the Hypocreales order, to which 6 more families belong. The order belongs to the subclass Hypocreomycetidae of the class Sordariomycetes ( Sordariomycetes ); the class, in turn, is part of the Pezizomycotina subdivision of the Ascomycota department.
| 10 more classes | 3 more orders | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fusarium clan | |||||||||||||||||||
| pezizomycotina subdivision | subclass Hypocreomycetidae | Nectrium family | |||||||||||||||||
| Ascomycetes Department | Sordariomycetes class | Hypokray order | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 more departments | 2 more subclasses | 6 more families | |||||||||||||||||
In the artificial systematics of deuteromycetes, the genus Fusarium was assigned to the formal order and class of hyphomycetes ( Hyphomycetales , Hyphomycetes ).
Representatives
Notes
- ↑ Zagalna mikologіya, 2007 , p. 122.
- ↑ World of Plants, 1991 .
- ↑ Zagalna mikologіya, 2007 , p. 129.
Literature
- Fusarium / Litvinov M. A. // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- M. B. Stepanova. Genus Fusarium // World of plants: in 7 volumes. - M .: Education, 1991. - S. 395-398. - ISBN 5-09-002841-9 .
- Leontyev D.V., Akulov O. Yu. Zagalna mikologіya: Pidruchnik for other major mortgages. - Kharkiv: "Basis", 2007. - S. 192-206. - ISBN 978-966-495-040-1 . (Ukrainian) (General Mycology: Textbook for Higher Education Institutions)
- Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA et al. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi . - CAB International, 2008. - P. 268. - ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 .