Lower Dobrinka (Zhirnovsky district)

Geographical position

The settlement is located at the foot of Medveditsky Yarov , on the left bank of the Medveditsa River , between its small tributaries Dobrinka and Lomovka . A chain of lakes and ponds stretches around the village, the largest of which is Liman . The territory belongs to the warm and insufficiently humid steppe zone with a hydrothermal coefficient of 0.8-0.6. The soils belong to the South Russian steppe province of ordinary and southern chernozems ^[4] .

Climate

In general, the climate can be described as moderately continental arid, with long and hot summers, cold and unstable winters. The average annual air temperature varies from 5.2 ... 5.5 ° C to 8.0 ... 8.3 ° C ^{[5] [6]} .

July is the warmest month of the year. The average temperature of this month is 21-22 ° C. The average sum of active temperatures in the summer period is 2800 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature reaches 40 ... 42 ° С. With such a high temperature of the surface air layer, the soil surface heats up to 50 ... 55 ° С ^[5] .

Located in the southern half of the temperate zone, the territory receives a sufficient amount of solar radiation ; its total strength is 110–115 kcal / cm² * year, and the radiation balance reaches 45-50 kcal / cm² * year, with a positive balance for 10 months of the year, which indicates good heat supply. ^[4] On average, the duration of the frost-free period leaves 148–153 days ^[6] . In the summer, strong eastern winds turn into dry winds and dust storms ^[6] .

The coldest month of the year is January. The average monthly temperature of this month is about −11… -11.8 ° С. The absolute minimum is characteristic for January or February, when the temperature drops to −35 ... -40 ° С. The average annual rainfall is 480-450 mm ^[4] .

Ecology

After a general analysis of the environmental situation in the area, it can be concluded that the state of the environment is relatively good. Environmental stress has a low degree ^[6] .

Study

The first reliable information about the nature of the interfluve of the Volga and the Ursa Minor is found in the diaries of the Holstein envoy A. Olearius (1633-39), the Dutchman J.Streis (1668), the Englishman J. Perry (1699-1701), the Flemish C. de Bruin (1703-07 ). Their records give an idea of ​​the natural diversity of the region, as almost untouched by human activity.

In the strip located between Kamyshinka and Turki , the climate is excellent, the soil is fertile and this country is very pleasant for life.

- Diary of J. Perry

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Academy of Sciences sent individual scientists to the expedition to study the natural resources of the steppe Southeast. The first researcher in Volgodonya was G. Schober. The traveler notes in his travel notes:

... in the vast desert regions along the Volga grow beautiful wild herbs: tulips , lilies , hyacinths , licorice , wild almonds .

Materials collected by scientists were published in 1739. In the spring of 1732 and in the autumn of 1745 the territory is explored by I. Ya. Lerche. With diligence, he collected herbariums and handwritten materials on biological diversity, not only of the steppe zone , but of the forest-steppe . In 1739, the director of the Moscow Pharmaceutical Garden T. Gerber visited the steppes of the Middle Don . The materials collected as a result of the expedition served as the basis for writing the handwritten "Flora wolgensis ...". During the period from April to August 1770, E. Laxmann and I. Gertner survey the steppes of the Volga region , collecting numerous specimens of plants. In the spring of 1773 P.S. Pallas , traveling throughout the Volgograd region , describes not only the biological diversity of the region, but also the life, customs and settlements of the Volgodonya steppes. 1800 and 1806 research expeditions FK Bieberstein . The beginning of the XX century expedition B.A. Keller . ^[7]

•  

  Cornelis de Bruin

•  

  Adam Olearius

•  

  Peter Simon Pallas

Flora

Characteristic depleted floral composition . Its basis is xerophilic cereals: a narrow-leaved feather grass or tirse, a Valisian fescue or fescue is very common, among endangered species of kelerium or thin-legged . As part of the herbage there are two types of cereals: rykhlodernovinnye - Timothy steppe, Bumblebee's oatseed, rhizomatous - Bluegrass, narrow-leaved, couch grass intermediate. A multicolored buttercup, arctic wormwood, meadow cornflower stand out in the grass . The ground cover is often well developed from green mosses ^[4] .

Soft-leaved tree species dominate the forest flora: birch , aspen , alder , linden , poplar , willow . Common: elm , oak , maple . The main representative of conifers are artificial plantations in the center of the village of pine , spruce . Edible berries grow in the forest: raspberries , strawberries , mountain ash , currants , blueberries , viburnum . There are a lot of mushrooms in the forest: milk mushrooms , wild mushrooms , chanterelles , morels , brown boletus , boletus , cepe , as well as toadstools , pale toadstool , many others. Common are hazel , wild pears and apple trees , bird cherry , mountain ash , lilac and many other species. Forest plantations are rich in plants with phytonicidal and medicinal properties. Herbal medicinal plants are represented by such species as wild rosemary , lily of the valley , valerian , juniper , dandelion , nettle , wormwood , plantain , shepherd's purse , burdock , etc. In total, more than 30 species of medicinal plants. Also common are such species as: fern , high wrestler , thyme , timothy , tonkonog , bonfire , tar , adonis , honeysuckle , hawthorn , mint , strawberry , dogrose , buckthorn . Honey plants : linden, willow herb , lungwort , white clover and others ^[4] .

Fauna

Gamasal and Ixodes ticks are carriers of infectious diseases of wild and domestic animals. Many locusts ( locusts ), grasshoppers , representatives of the order of predatory praying mantis : ordinary and empuse , as well as crickets and trumpeters . Bugs from the families of pins , groundlings and rhombovik. Characteristic beetles are steppe species of barbel root and leaf beetles . Rich in species diversity of the elephant and weevil family . Amphibians everywhere, namely the green toad , from reptiles - almost all types of real lizards , snakes and snakes , less often - steppe vipers . From birds stand out chicken - gray partridges and quail. During the migration migration, swans fly to the Liman lake. Field, crested and steppe larks everywhere. Rodents are represented by ground squirrels , marmots , hams , hamsters and voles .

From the fauna of the forest: hedgehog , mole , chipmunk and other species. The objects of hunting are squirrel , hare , marten , fox , elk , wild boar , forest polecat . ^[four]

Archaeological research in Nizhnyaya Dobrinka was conducted in 1997 by an archaeological expedition of the KNPTs for the protection of historical and cultural monuments of the Volgograd region under the leadership of P.Ye. Kurgan group of 7 mounds located on a hill between the river Dobrinka and a beam in the area Shemyakina pond - six kilometers south-east of the village. ^[eight]

The embankment of the first burial mound hid a female burial ground. The burial place was covered with plates and covered with golden cloth. The dead woman lay head southeast. Her clothes were adorned with a thin leather strap threaded through gold corrugated tubes. Another strap braided with gold wire. A necklace of white glass beads and large jet stones was put on the neck.

Among the objects found were fragments of an onion case and arrowheads. A horse bridle was placed in the grave, with which the deceased was to go to the afterlife on a horse. Among the finds were gold jewelery, a bronze cauldron, several silver vessels. The mound was looted in antiquity. Only small fragments of an earthenware jug with a wide neck, a vessel for fumigation during the ritual of parting with the deceased were preserved. All items found in the burial were made by masters of the Meotians and dated to the I-II centuries AD. er ^[eight]

In the other mound, two burials of the Gold-Horde period , dating back to the XIII century, were found. ^[8] In the first, there were remains of an adult male with Mongoloid features in the structure of the skull. Next to him lay an iron knife and a wooden saddle with a bone overlay. At the feet was a quiver of birch bark with seven battle arrows. An iron armchair was found at the knee of the right leg for making fire, a row of gilded buttons from a dressing gown, scraps of leather pants and boots. A few meters from the male burial was female. The woman's body was placed in a hollowed-out wooden deck with a lid. A horse bridle with a gilded badge and bits was lying in the legs, and a forged bronze cauldron stood next to it, an iron knife was found to the right of the deck.

The woman was dressed in a turquoise-colored bathrobe. On her belt were hinged scissors and a bronze mirror with drawings of birds on the back. ^[four]

In the reign of the first kings from the Romanov dynasty , through the interfluve of the Volga and the Don , there were people who fled to the Don, in the Azov region from serfdom . On the way there were numerous water obstacles, one of which was the Dobrinka River. Hydronim formed from the dobr root - very good, excellent ^[9] . Later, the village that emerged on its banks was called Lower Dobrinka, since it was located in its lower reaches.

Founded in 1740 by immigrants from the Penza province , who as a part of several dozen families settled in these places. Among the Penza peasants met and "non-residents" - the baptized Tatars. ^[ten]

Pre-Revolutionary Period

In 1592 Mikita Boldir was sent from Tsaritsyn to the Dipper

"For the thieves Cossacks, and he dei on the Bear , poisal thieves, four men, and brought them to Tsaritsyn" ^[11] .

- Historical acts collected and published by the Archeological Commission. Spb., 1841, t. 1, p. 445.

In 1680 - 1690 dissenters flee to the Ukrainian side: on Khoper , Medveditsa ; make their way to the Don and Lower Volga ; at the Bear they are already building “towns” at that time. The Tambov voivode Naryshkin describes that in 1685, the archers and servicemen placed in Tambov and Tambov fortresses also began to run on Khoper and Medveditsa and other "small" small rivers; palace, landowners, patrimonial and monastic peasants, boys and boyars serfs began to leave for them. ^{[12] [13]} .

In 1774, the Volga region was seized by peasant revolt . Emelyan Pugachev successfully moved along the steppes of the Lower Volga region, simultaneously sending detachments of rebels from under Saratov to the limits of the Don Army . His detachment under the leadership of Ataman Obryvalov acts between the Khopr and Medveditsa rivers. On their way, the rebels crushed all the manor houses. It was this detachment that passed through the village, hanging the local priest and capturing the astronomer Lovits , who made observations in the steppes of the lower Volga, which Pugachev impaled on a stake in 1774 . ^[14] Pugachev himself was three kilometers north-west of the village on the Cretaceous Mountain. To suppress the Pugachev rebellion Catherine II sent 20 cavalry and infantry regiments. In early August, Suvorov was assigned to lead the rout of the rebels, but by this time the main forces of the rebels were defeated. General Suvorov with the troops is sent to Tsaritsyn , where he must unite with the rest of the troops and regroup for the subsequent pursuit of Pugachev. To carry out the assignment, he keeps his way along the highway from the side of Saratov in an open post office taratayka. The evening caught him at the village, and he had to stop for a rest. This was on August 28, 1774 . In the morning, he visited the village wooden church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary (not preserved), stood with the singers in the choir, read The Book of Hierarchs and the Apostle . ^[15] . ^{[4] [16]}

In 1797, Emperor Paul I rewarded Count Obolyaninov Peter Khrisanfovich with several estates in Kamyshensky district , among them was Lower Dobrinka with two thousand souls. In 1811, the very first Bryansk Oblast Revision was carried out: “... July 1811 ... of the Saratov Governorate of the Kamyshin Uyezd, His Excellency Mr. General of Infantry and various orders of the Knight of Peter Hrisanfovich Obolianinov of the village of Lower Dobrinka about the male gender of the peasants”. According to the results of this audit, there were only 785 male peasants in the village.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, 51 people were recruited from Nizhnyaya Dobrinka. Since no independent militia was created in the Saratov province, the mobilized peasants entered the Kazan, Simbirsk, Penza, Kostroma, Vyatka and Nizhny Novgorod militias , from which the 3rd (Volga) militia was formed. In early December, the corps, formed from Volga region militia, proceeded through Murom , Ryazan , Oryol , Glukhov to Ukraine . In September 1813 he was already in Silesia ; participated in the blockade and capture of the fortress of Dresden , the siege of which ended with the victory of the militia in October-November 1813.

In the middle of the XIX century, the village passed into the possession of two landowners - Chebysheva and Prezhentseva, who owned it until the abolition of serfdom .

"The manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom" and "Regulations on the peasants who came out of serfdom" in the village delivered a county official. Sotniks, tens, Nikita Nikiforovich Khlyustov, the clerk Andrei Skornyakov, the county elder Timothy Stepanovich Lelyakov, the manager of the Dobrinsky estate Sokolov and other officials were also present here. The first lines of the decree from the church pulpit were made by the priest Timofey Petrovich Smirnov and further that serfdom in Russia is canceled forever. The crowd of peasants silently listened to the text of the manifesto. It was not possible to understand the content of the text during the reading to the peasants; it took time to rethink its essence. The illiterate barely delved into the content of the document and asked the deacon Zodnev to interpret the manifesto. After his explanations and instigation by the peasant Gerasim Abramov, the village rebelled and flatly refused to pay the dues. The peasants received from the landowners allotments of 1.5 acres per soul, and only 2037 acres. In addition to these lands, the landowners listed the rest of the estate: 300 dessiatines of arable land, a mill on the river bears and 116 dessiatines of timber.

In the second half of the 19th century, Nizhnyaya Dobrinka became a volost administrative center that subordinated to: the village of Nizhnyaya Dobrinka itself, Fatty with the village of Kurakino, Melovatka settlement, the village of Egorovka and Andreevka, Zemskaya Farm, the estate of the merchant Borel and Princess Gagarina. Responsibilities of Nizhnedobrinsky volost administration included: maintaining public order and peace in the volost, declaring laws and orders of the government, monitoring the execution of court sentences, convening and monitoring the execution of decisions of the volost assemblies, monitoring local officials. She was also responsible for collecting taxes from the peasantry and supervising the content of communications.

According to the “list of populated places” for 1862 , Nizhnyaya Dobrinka consisted of 412 courtyards located on one street in two orders and stretching for 2.6 km, in which 2,758 people lived - 1,367 male souls and 1,391 female souls.

In 1882, industrial extraction of salt was stopped at Lake Elton , and along with it, the value of the saline tract, which passed close to the village, began to plummet.

In 1883, a peasant volost savings and loan association, with 237 members, began its work in the village. In 1887, local industrialists and craftsmen were represented by tenants of gardens, tanners, wheelwires, blacksmiths, buttermakers and millers.

According to the census census of 1886, there were 582 households in the village, 1,492 male and 1561 male souls. Total 3053 souls of both sexes. In addition, 43 families were constantly on wages in other parts of the world and 12 families, 48 ​​of whom were outside the population. According to the subsequent census for 1891, there were only 8,649 inhabitants living in the volost: 4325 males and 4324 females. In the 80s-90s of the XIX century, the peasant poor went to work in the Trans-Volga steppes and the Don. 293 men and 57 women were literate peasants. For this period, there were 553 representatives of various professions in the village. Of these, 238 people worked in the village, 315 worked in other places (furriers, sawyers, carpenters, tailors, shoemakers, traders, cab drivers) were most in demand. In those days, in the village there were two Orthodox churches, one mill, four shops and one tavern. Communication was carried out through the Rudnya postal and telegraph office and the Lopukhov post office.

In 1905, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin came to the village to resolve the conflict over the illegal seizure of land by landowner Borel. The conflict consisted in the fact that after the death of the owner of the lands, kindly people condemned the “illegal” joining of pasture meadows by Emmanuel Borel and demanded their immediate return to the community. They made an attempt to do haymaking on the disputed territory, but in response, the estate manager reported arbitrariness in Saratov. On the occasion of the unauthorized seizure of landowner meadows, the governor arrived in the village.

He defended the service in the Church of the Nativity . After the visit to the church, the governor ordered a village gathering to be convened, at which he made a fiery but brief speech. The essence of the speech was that property was sacred and inviolable. Anyone who encroaches on someone else's property will be severely punished. “I will never allow men to revolt in my province. All means will be used to restore order, including the court, hard labor, prison and Cossacks, ”Stolypin said angrily. According to his order, the unauthorized mowing of the Borel meadows was arrested: S. Milov and N. Sukhlinin, who later served their sentences in the Saratov prison. After the village meeting, Pyotr Arkadyevich strictly indicated to the volost foreman Vasily Kirsanov about the inadmissibility of self-capture and taking any measures to prevent such actions. All participants self-capture recommended withdrawal from the community.

Establishment of Soviet power and the period of the Civil War

In the middle of January 1918, new authorities were elected in the village: the Council of the parish and its executive committee; Village Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies. Mikhail Stepanovich Martemyanov is elected chairman of the Revolutionary Committee.

May 29, 1918 Kamyshinsky County declared on martial law. On July 6, 1918, the alarm sounded in the village.

“A large crowd gathered in front of the Council building. Mikhail Stepanovich came out for negotiations. He clarified that an additional appeal [in the Red Army] was taking place on orders from Kamyshin, and asked the audience to choose representatives who would be given the opportunity to talk directly with Kamyshin on the phone.

“If the kulaks are unhappy with our struggle for bread, just say so,” he said angrily to the crowd. But he was not allowed to finish and was taken into the ring. Ivan Torikov, who was standing behind, punched Martemyanov with his fist, and Jacob Tzibizov pushed the rifle to the ground. Fallen began to be severely beaten. When Kraskom was considered dead, the crowd, satisfied with the outcome, began to disperse. Then someone tied a rope to his feet, and the other end tied to a horse saddle. The lifeless body of the horse was dragged to the cemetery and left to be eaten by the dogs.

By the end of the elections, a detachment of Reds arrived in the village. The speech was crushed, the crowd ran away. Red Guards found the body of Michael. After much effort, Mikhail woke up, but for a long time he could not speak and move. By August, health recovered, and Mikhail Stepanovich took up his duties. He brutally avenged his offenders: he ordered the soldiers to bury the instigators of the insurgency in the land alive. "

- Mikhail Lunochkin "History of the village of Nizhnyaya Dobrinka"

The beginning of the 1920s was a constant struggle between the forces of the white movement and the Bolsheviks . Events changed with such rapidity that the population did not have time to understand in whose hands power.

During the fighting, the village repeatedly passed into the hands of the Red Guards of the 1st Kamyshin Regiment, the Cavalry Army of Budyonny, S, M. The situation was complicated by the unprecedented drought of 1921.

At the end of May, all crops in the fields and meadows were destroyed by the scorching rays of the sun. Hopes for the harvest were lost at the beginning of the summer. The peasants were left without grain, and the cattle were left without feed. Children suffered greatly from hunger. By the decision of the executive committee of the volost council in the village, an orphanage is being created for children who have lost their parents. During the month, about 50 children were taken from all over the parish. Villagers shared their last scarce reserves. Providing continued support allowed to open a public dining room, which worked until the end of 1922. The rich harvest of the following year greatly eased the situation of the village.

- Igor Tsykin, Alexander Busalaev "The faces of my villagers ..."

Soviet period

In the pre-election campaign of 1927, 98 people were deprived of the electoral rights throughout the parish. Later, 25 people were restored to the voting rights, the rest of the petition was denied. ^[17]

Collectivization

The famine of 1932-1933

Thanks to the chairman of the Gorky collective farm, F. T. Bukhov, a “fund for the disabled” was created on the farm. Throughout 1932, the collective farmers could receive all possible food aid. By rough estimates, food assistance was provided to 60 families.

According to the memories of old-timers, the hardest time came in the first spring months: in March and April, when all the susek and the cellar were completely empty, and the ground was still lying under the snow. Neither humans nor animals could switch to “pasture”. Cows in personal farmsteads almost gone. Those of the villagers who could still move, scattered around the neighborhood in search of hooves and horns for the "brew".

- Gomulov V.I. "Essays on the history of Zhirnovsky district"

Modern Period

Religion

Church of the Intercession of the Virgin

• The second half of the XVIII century - Construction of the first Nizhnedobrinsk wooden church-chapel of the Intercession of the Virgin.
• At the end of the XIX century, the Intercession Church burned down.

Church of the Nativity

The initiator of the construction of the church was Count P.Kh. Obolyaninov, who was supported by a peasant gathering. The community allocated a few tithes of land for the temple and the construction of a new cemetery, and the community members were able to participate in the construction. Built in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The church was built of red brick, egg yolk was added to the solution for the fortress, collected from all the surrounding villages. The construction began in 1835, but the most intensive work was carried out in the next two years.

The Lower Dobrina Church was built according to the design of the architect Joseph Ivanovich Charlemagne (1782–1861). This project was recommended to the bishop by the provincial architect Petrov G.V., since later he himself personally observed the construction process.

The church, built over three years, was consecrated in 1839. At the time of coverage of the temple was presented antimins. (Today, in the church service, a new antimins is used, handed to the temple in 1985).

Education

The first educational institution - a two-class parochial school (CPS) was opened in the village in 1868, which is recorded in the church list.

Nizhnebrinskaya school was considered "public" because it was contained on the donations of the community. At the same time, the churches themselves donated to improve the living conditions of the material and educational institutions of the Saratov diocese.

The school was run by the Board of Trustees, which included the head of the school, a teacher, a trustee from among authoritative, well-to-do peasants, as an elected person from the population using the school. The council was entrusted with the care and improvement of the school in all respects.

Classes at the parish school for peasant children began on September 14 in the old style. Children enrolled in school at the age of 9 years. The Diocesan School Council supplied textbooks and books to the parish school for free.

On September 24, 1890, the Diocesan administration, by order No. 14884, changes the status of the school and asserts it as a school of literacy. However, in this status she began to work only from the next academic year - from November 1, 1891. The clergy of the parish church performed the duties of teachers. The teaching of the school course was conducted in accordance with the school programs approved by the diocesan school council.

Saratov Zemstvo has set itself a specific goal - to introduce universal primary education in the Saratov province, and petitioned the government.

Ministerial single-class school was approved in 1876.

The parochial schools were abolished by the Council of People’s Commissars in 1917.

In 1930, transformed into a seven-year school. Its director was Klimenko Georgiy Ivanovich. In 1953, the school received the status of secondary, its director was appointed geography teacher, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Dmitry Vitalevich Shaposhnikov.

In 1961, the school received a new building, built at the expense of the collective farm named after the XIX Congress of the CPSU.

Coat of arms

Adopted by the Nizhnedobrinsky Village Council as a municipal on May 22, 2009

In the scarlet and green field, divided by a silver wavy band on the right, with a golden head, burdened with scarlet flame, in the upper left a golden bundle of eight ears, laid with a fan and tied with a bow of the same metal; on the lower right - the golden bowl of the brother, damask in its lower half.

- From the official description of the coat of arms of the Nizhnedobrinsky rural settlement

• Martemyanov Mikhail Stepanovich - the hero of the civil war, the commander of the 1st Kamyshin regiment ^[4] .
•   Ivantsov Nikolai Andreevich (1912–1945) - a native of the village, gunner, junior sergeant, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945, posthumously): “for exemplary performance of combat missions of the command at the front of the struggle against the German fascist invaders and shown courage and heroism” ^[27] .
•   Meshcheryakov Ivan Ivanovich (1908–1942) - a native of the village, squadron commander, captain, Hero of the Soviet Union (1942, posthumously): “for courage and heroism shown in the performance of command assignments at the front of the struggle against the German fascist invaders” ^[27] .
• Chernysheva Antonina Stepanovna (1939–2011) - poetess, singer of Zhirnovsky district, songwriter. Has written over 70 songs and 40 poems. Including a song about Lower Dobrinka (“Lower Dobrinka is my heart”).
•   Chernyaev Ivan Fedorovich - Hero of the Soviet Union, senior sergeant, commander of a sapper platoon, for courage and bravery when crossing the Dnieper River ^{[17] [27]}
• Ashnin Fyodor Dmitrievich (1922 - 2000) - Russian linguist, Turkologist, historian of national linguistics

• Church of the Nativity
• Meshcheryakov, Ivan Ivanovich
• Ivantsov, Nikolay Andreevich

• A. Busalaev, I. Tsykin "The faces of my villagers"
• Vorobev A.V. From Elton to Uryupinsk (settlement of the Volgograd region) . - Volgograd: “Stanitsa-2”, 2004. - 304 p. - 1000 copies - ISBN 5-93567-013-5 .
• Minkh, Alexander Nikolaevich “Historical and geographical dictionary of the Saratov province. Southern counties: Kamyshin and Tsaritsyn "
• Gomulov V.I. "Essays on the history of Zhirnovsky district"

• Lower Dobrinka on the maps
• Lower Dobrinka on the site Zhirnovsk. Ru
• Nizhnyaya Dobrinka village on the site of Zhirnovsky district
• Church of the Nativity
• Lower Dobrinka on Wikimapia
• Kraskom Mikhail Martemyanov
• Maksimov EK SARATOV MUCKOLA SHMIDTY, REYNEKE, BORELI