The Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula took place over a rather short period of 711–718 , which was not surprising, given that for such or even a shorter period of time, the Arabs united Arabia into a single Islamic state (628–634), conquered Syria (634–638), conquered Egypt (638–643), etc.
| Arabian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Main Conflict: Arab Conquest | |||
 Arab invasion of Spain (711-712) | |||
| date | 711 - 718 years | ||
| A place | The Iberian Peninsula | ||
| Total | Arabs capture most of the Iberian Peninsula. The beginning of the reconquest . | ||
| Opponents | |||
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| Commanders | |||
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The Kingdom of the Visigoths has fallen. The resistance of the few Visigoths was broken, the prevailing Ibero-Romans could not show serious resistance to the conquerors, and a significant Jewish minority even welcomed him, hoping in this way to get equal rights with Christians . The Maghreb Umayyad dynasty took power in Iberia , supporting the dominant role of Islam in the hands of Berber mercenaries. Only in the Pyrenees mountains remained independent two small remote regions that were inhabited by the Basques and Romanized asturians . The Battle of Covadong (722), in which Christians won their first victory, marked the beginning of the so-called Reconquista . However, until 732, the Arabs raided throughout the south of France to the Loire River, until they were defeated at Poitiers . An Islamic state was formed on the lands conquered in Iberia, which survived a number of transformations and lasted until 1492 .
Content
Background
The Arab rulers of the Maghreb did not have a well-conceived plan for the conquest of Visigothic Spain. In fact, most of the Maghreb population, where the invaders came from, were then Berbers , who had only recently begun to convert to Islam . Berbers repeatedly raided the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Roman power. There is evidence that on April 27, 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad landed in Iberia with 9,000 of his soldiers in order to carry out another large-scale predatory raid, taking advantage of the split in the Kingdom of Visigoth in the western part (Rodrigists) and eastern (Vititians). The predatory version is indicated by the fact that his ships resembled merchant ships, and when it became clear why these "merchants" arrived, the Christian residents of nearby cities abandoned their property and tried to hide in the hills, that is, they acted as the inhabitants of the coastal areas did regions in the case of a short-term pirate raid, not a siege. Tarik captured Algeciras , and, after waiting for reinforcements from Africa, he moved further north, where on July 19, 711 the battle of Guadalete took place , in which King Roderich was defeated. The Visigoth warriors, already small in number, were defeated. Only a small part of them took refuge in the fortress of Esih near Seville , but she was soon forced to surrender. In 713, some resistance was shown by the fortresses of Merida and Seguel . Tarik made an invasion without permission, but, according to one version, learning about the initial success of the Berbers in Spain, Musa ibn Nusayr , an Arab governor from Ifricia , whose main goal was to secure the seized lands for the Arab world, rushed to their aid.
Major Expeditions
The bulk of the Pyrenees was conquered by the Arabs for only three years, from 711 to 714. During this period, Muslims organized three main military expeditions:
- 711-712: Tarik
- 712-713: Musa
- 714: Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
By 719, the Arabs reached Toulouse , and by 720 - the Rhone Delta. [one]
Christian Resistance
In 714, after Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa made his trip to Murcia, the Visigoth commander Theodemir managed to agree on the creation of an autonomous principality here. The Umayyads made concessions, apparently wishing to win the favor of local Christians. Theodemir kingdom lasted until the 740s.
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands , nominally owned by the Byzantine Empire as the remainder of the long-lost Byzantine Spain of Justinian, at first remained aloof from the Arab invasions. In 798, the Franks gained power over them. Only in 902 , after the stubborn resistance of the Christian population, the fleet of the Cordoba emirate conquered the islands of Ibiza , Formentera and Mallorca . In 903, Minorca fell. Despite the later conquest, the Islamization of the islanders was very deep.
Consequences
Muslim settlers began to arrive on the peninsula. At the same time, the few Arabs from Syria and Arabia took a fancy to large cities in the south and southeast of the country, and the Berbers mostly settled in less favorable internal regions of the country [2] . The Christian population has survived, but numerous bans have been imposed on it, emphasizing its second-class Zimmi status. In the Christian milieu, the processes of consolidation of various ethno-religious groups (Visigoths and Ibero-Romans) gradually began in the face of a common enemy. A number of Christians ( muvalladas ) converted to Islam in order to avoid jizya . The territories captured by Muslims ( Al-Andalus ) became part of the Umayyad caliphate. However, already in the year 756 , with the intensification of proto-feudalism , an independent Cordobian emirate was formed here (756–929). In the northeast, in the valley of the Ebro River, towards the end of the VIII century. there was a buffer emirate of the Muvallad dynasty Banu Kashi .
Notes
Literature
- Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. - Oxford, UK / Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1989 .-- ISBN 0-631-19405-3 .
Links
- Anonymous authors . Spanish Medieval Chronicles: The Chronicle of Cardeny I. The Chronicle of Cardeny II. Annals of Toledo I. Annals of Toledo II. Annals of Toledo III. . www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (August 24, 2011). Date of treatment November 17, 2012. Archived December 4, 2012.
- Al Andalus - Spain Muslims Transmission from the Channel of the Hour of Truth Channel 365 days of TV