Areal Linguistics

Areal linguistics ( spatial linguistics ) (from lat. Area - area, space) is a section of linguistics that studies the spread of linguistic phenomena in spatial extent and inter-lingual (inter-dialect) interaction based on linguistic geography methods ^[1] . Areal linguistics reveals areas of interaction between dialects , languages , language unions (areal communities) as a result of studying the territorial distribution of language features and interpreting isogloss of language phenomena ^[2] ^[3] .

Areal linguistics is closely related to linguistic geography and dialectology ^[4] . The emergence of dialectological and linguistic atlases as forms of describing territorial dialects played a significant role in the development of areal linguistics.

Content

History of Areal Linguistics

Areal linguistics and linguistic geography are based on the concept of linguistic continuity by A. Pictet , reflected in his works of the mid- 19th century and the so-called wave theory of the formation and distribution of related languages - the theory of the spread of language innovations from the center of their appearance to the periphery, advanced by G. Schuchardt ( 1868) and I. Schmidt (1872) ^[1] ^[5] ^[6] . A further stage in the development of areal linguistics was the creation of atlases of German dialects by G. Vencker (1881) and French dialects by J. Gillieron and E. Edmond (1902-1910), which laid the foundation for linguistic geography ^[1] ^[7] .

The basic principles of areal linguistics were developed in the work of M.J. Bartoli in 1925 ("Introduction to Neolinguistics"), but for the first time the term "spatial (areal) linguistics" appeared in the works of M.J. Bartoli and J. Vidossi in 1943 .

A significant contribution to the development of areal linguistics was made by A. Meye (development of basic concepts), B. A. Terrachini, J. Bonfante , J. Devoto, V. Pisani (development of the theoretical foundation and conceptual apparatus), V. Porzig , E. Kosheriu , A. Doz, P. Ivich and others. Among Soviet and Russian scientists, the theory of areal linguistics was developed by E. A. Makayev , P. A. Buzuk, R. I. Avanesov , S. B. Bernshtein , V. M. Zhirmunsky , M. A. Borodina, B. A. Serebrennikov , D.I. Edelman and others ^[1] ^[2] .

Subject of study of areal linguistics

The subject of study of areal linguistics are general linguistic problems ^[1] :

the division of proto-language states into historically attested languages and dialect continuums ;
areal characteristic of the interaction of languages and dialects in a particular region;
the study of patterns of language contacts ;
the creation of the principles of areal typology and the development of linguistic contactology and the theory of language unions ;
problems of language interference and language attraction in geographically adjacent languages;
problems of ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic typology and others.

Concepts of Areal Linguistics

The basic concepts of areal linguistics include linguistic (dialectic) areas and isoglosses ^[1] .

Language (dialect) area

The term area is used to determine the boundaries of the distribution of linguistic phenomena, and can also be used to determine the boundaries of the distribution of languages .

In the first case, the range is the area of distribution of individual linguistic phenomena or a combination of phenomena (the ranges of the basement of the Russian language or the range of the yakan of the Russian and Belarusian languages ).
In the second case, the area is the area of distribution of languages or linguistic communities ( Slavic area, Indo-European area, etc.).

Isogloss

Isoglosses outline the distribution areas of linguistic phenomena and are their boundaries. The most important isoglosses determine the conditional boundaries of dialects . Closely spaced isoglosses form into isogloss beams. For different levels of the language , various terms can be used that clarify the type of isoglosses: isophones (phonetic isoglosses), isolexes (lexical isoglosses), isosemes (similar semantic development), etc. Isoglosses can be “connected” and “convergent”. “Related isoglosses” develop in languages related to a single genetic community. Convergent isoglosses arise as a result of prolonged territorial contacts of languages that form an areal commonality (linguistic union), or of the parallel development of isolated, territorially unrelated languages.

Linguistic (dialectic) landscape

The linguistic (dialectic) landscape denotes the examined linguistic (dialectic) state.

Areal classification of languages

Areal classification of languages occupies an intermediate position between genealogical and typological classifications, this classification is applicable to languages of different genetic affiliations (Carpathian range), and is also applicable within one language to its dialects ^[8] .

Notes

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ Neroznak V.P. Areal Linguistics // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
↑ ¹ ² Areal Linguistics - article from the Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary (Retrieved July 15, 2011)
↑ Areal linguistics // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
↑ Ivanov V.V. Linguistic geography // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
↑ Linguistic geography. Encyclopedia Krugosvet (Russian) . www.krugosvet.ru. Date of treatment August 18, 2017.
↑ V.A. Zvegintsev . The history of linguistics of the XIX — XX centuries in essays and extracts. Part one. - 3rd edition, supplemented. - M .: " Enlightenment ", 1964. - S. 301-302.
↑ Linguistic geography - an article from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Philologist (Retrieved July 15, 2011)
↑ Vinogradov V. A. Classification of languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .

Literature

Macaev E. A. Problems of Indo-European Areal Linguistics. - M. - L. , 1964.
Gadzhieva N.Z. Turkic-speaking areas of the Caucasus. - M. , 1979.
Bartoli M. , Vidossi G. Introduzione alla neolinguistica. - Gen., 1925.
Bartoli M. Lineamenti di linguistica spaziale. - Mil. , 1943.
Pisani V. Geolinguistica e indeuropeo. - Roma, 1940.

[ЛЭС-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ Neroznak V.P. Areal Linguistics // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .

[Ареальная_лингвистика-2] ¹ ² Areal Linguistics - article from the Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary (Retrieved July 15, 2011)

[3] Areal linguistics // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

[4] Ivanov V.V. Linguistic geography // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .

[Кругосвет-5] Linguistic geography. Encyclopedia Krugosvet (Russian) . www.krugosvet.ru. Date of treatment August 18, 2017.

[В._А._Звегинцев-6] V.A. Zvegintsev . The history of linguistics of the XIX — XX centuries in essays and extracts. Part one. - 3rd edition, supplemented. - M .: " Enlightenment ", 1964. - S. 301-302.

[7] Linguistic geography - an article from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Philologist (Retrieved July 15, 2011)

[8] Vinogradov V. A. Classification of languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V. N. Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .