Postcapitalism

Post - capitalism is any hypothetical future economic system that should replace capitalism as the dominant form of the economy .

Content

Post-capitalist systems

There are a number of theories of the new economic system that will replace capitalism. Some of them suggest that when capitalism becomes obsolete, its replacement will occur through evolutionary processes, while other models suggest that the moment of the replacement of capitalism with a new system will be accompanied by a revolution. The most common offers are:

Socialism

Socialism ( French socialisme from lat. Socialis “public”) is a series of economic and social systems characterized by state and social control over the economy, means of production and distribution of resources ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^{[6 ]} ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] .

Communism

Communism (from lat. Commūnis “general”) is a theoretical social and economic system based on social equality , social ownership of the means of production ^[10] . According to the works of the founders of Marxism , communism implies the presence of highly developed productive forces , the absence of a division of society into social classes , states and money ; all this is based on the abolition of private ownership of the means of production ^[11] . The principle prevails: “ Each according to his ability, each according to his needs ” ^[12] .

Anarcho-communism

Anarchist communism , or anarcho-communism (also libertarian , or free , communism ) (from the Greek. Αναρχία - anarchy; Latin commūnis - general), is one of the directions of anarchism and communism, the purpose of which is to establish anarchy (i.e., a powerless society - in the sense of the absence of hierarchy and coercion, the “layer of parasites” as expressed by the Makhnovist anarcho-communists ^[13] ), where self-government of people and their alliances and mutual assistance between them will receive maximum development.

The main theorist who gave the idea of anarcho-communism a slender, finished form is Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842-1921), who, however, was not the first communist anarchist ^[14] .

Technocracy

Technocracy ( Greek. Τέχνη , "mastery" + Greek. Κράτος , "power") - a society built on the basis of the concept of technocratism; meritocratic society, where power belongs to scientific and technical specialists ^[15] .

Resource Oriented Economy

Resource-based economy ( Eng. Resourse Based Economy ) - a system in which all goods and services are available without the use of any commodity-money exchange (money, barter , etc.). A resource-based economy is only possible if all natural resources are recognized as the common heritage of all the inhabitants of the planet . The main premises of the theory of ROE are that the planet is replete with the resources necessary to create any materials, and the practice of rationing resources through monetary methods is not related to the opposite results for the survival of mankind. The term “resource-based economy” has become widespread due to the popularization of the works of Jacques Fresco in the framework of the project “Venus” .

Peer-to-peer economy

Peer -to-peer ( peer-to-peer, P2P - peer to peer ) economics is a system of economic self-organization of horizontal network participants, which ensures the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of tangible and intangible products without using centralized, hierarchical management models. Some researchers consider a peer-to-peer economy as an independent mode of production, an alternative to both capitalist and socialist production ^[16] . Historically, its development is associated with the formation of a network information society .

A peer-to-peer economy is characterized by decentralization and the presence of a wide system of direct economic ties between equal participants in horizontal networks. Hierarchical management mechanisms that play a central role in the capitalist mode of production in a peer-to-peer economy are replaced by the self-organization of economic agents. Moreover, the basic functions of capital (management, concentration, alienation, etc.) cease to be fulfilled ^[17] .

Notes

↑ Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible . - 1918. - 198 p.
↑ Nove, Alec. "Socialism". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, second edition (2008) . Society can be defined as socialist if the main part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and managed by the state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism include the relationship between management and the workforce in the enterprise, the relationship between production units (plan against markets) and, if the state owns and controls any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
↑ Rosser, Mariana W., and J. Barkley Jr. (July 23, 2003). Comparative economics in a transforming global economy . MIT Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8 Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land and capital.
↑ “What else does the socialist economic system include? Those who support socialism usually speak of social ownership, social control or the socialization of the means of production as a distinctive positive feature of the socialist economic system. ”N. Scott Arnold. Philosophy and economics of market socialism: a critical study . Oxford University Press. 1998.S. eight
↑ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey . Praeger. Clause 2. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1 Socialism can be defined as a movement for public property and control over the economy. It is this idea that is a common element of many forms of socialism.
↑ Bertrand Badi; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science . SAGE Publications, Inc. with. 2456. ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6 Socialist systems are those regimes that are based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which protects public property and the joint management of the means of production and distribution of resources.
↑ Cymbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. & Stuart (1988). Comparison of economic systems: a political and economic approach . Harcourt College Pub. Clause 7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5 , Pure socialism is defined as a system in which all means of production are owned and controlled by the government and / or cooperative non-profit groups.
↑ Bar, Wlodzimierz (2015). The economics and politics of socialism . Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-415-86647-7 This change in the relationship between economics and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The main characteristic of such a system is usually considered the predominance of public ownership of the means of production.
↑ Michi, Jonathan (2001). Social Science Readers Guide . Routledge. p. 1516. ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9 Just as private property defines capitalism, so does public property determine socialism. The main characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies and, therefore, leads to a politically and economically equal society. Two closely related effects follow. Firstly, everyone has the right to an equal share of property, which receives an aliquot of part of the total social dividend ... Secondly, to eliminate the social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are managed by employees, not representatives of the private or public sector. capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the gap between property and management ends. Society - i.e. each person equally owns capital, and those who work have the right to manage their own economic affairs.
↑ Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L. Sh., Starodubtseva E. B. Communism // Economic Dictionary, M .: Infra-M, 1999
↑ Private property must also be liquidated, and its place will be replaced by the common use of all implements of production and distribution of products under a general agreement or the so-called community of property. The destruction of private property is even the shortest and most general expression of the transformation of the entire social system that has become necessary as a result of the development of industry. Therefore, the Communists quite correctly put forward their main demand for the destruction of private property ( Friedrich Engels " Principles of Communism ")
↑ With the introduction of a socialist social system, the state itself dissolves and disappears. <...> [Worker] receives a receipt from society that he delivered such and such a quantity of labor (minus his labor in favor of public funds), and according to this receipt he receives from public stocks such a quantity of commodities for which so much has been expended same labor. <...> When, along with the comprehensive development of individuals, productive forces grow and all sources of social wealth flow in full flow, only then will it be possible to completely overcome the narrow horizon of bourgeois law, and society will be able to write on its banner: “Each according to his ability, each according to his needs! ”( K. Marx “ Criticism of the Gotha Program ”)
↑ Roads of Nestor Makhno. A. V. Belash and V. F. Belash - memories of the formation of Soviet power in Ukraine, the terms "communist-Bolshevik" and "anarcho-communist" are used.
↑ See: Damier V.V. Kropotkin and Reclus // In memory of M.A. Bakunin (Collection). M .: IE RAS , 2000 .; Nettlau M. Essays on the history of anarchist ideas and articles on various issues. - Detroit: Publisher: Trade Union of Detroit, 1951 .; Nettlau M. Breve Historia de la Anarquia. [SL]: Ediciones “cenit”, sd
↑ Goveling L. The power of rogues is better than the power of kleptomaniacs (neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 13, 2011. Archived February 22, 2014.
↑ Michel Bauwens. The Political Economy of Peer Production // 1000 DAYS OF THEORY.
↑ Karp Andreev. Peer-to-peer economy . - Litres, 2018-12-02. - 330 p. - ISBN 9785041455347 .

Literature

Rifkin J. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. - N. Y .: Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 .-- 356 p. - ISBN 978-1-137-27846-3 .
Mason, Paul . PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future. - L .: Allen Lane , 2015 .-- P. 368. - 356 p. - ISBN 978-1-846-14738-8 .
Karp Andreev. Peer-to-peer economy. - Litres, 2018 .-- 330 s. - ISBN 9785041455347 .

Links

[1] Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible . - 1918. - 198 p.

[2] Nove, Alec. "Socialism". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, second edition (2008) . Society can be defined as socialist if the main part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and managed by the state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism include the relationship between management and the workforce in the enterprise, the relationship between production units (plan against markets) and, if the state owns and controls any part of the economy, who controls it and how.

[3] Rosser, Mariana W., and J. Barkley Jr. (July 23, 2003). Comparative economics in a transforming global economy . MIT Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8 Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land and capital.

[4] “What else does the socialist economic system include? Those who support socialism usually speak of social ownership, social control or the socialization of the means of production as a distinctive positive feature of the socialist economic system. ”N. Scott Arnold. Philosophy and economics of market socialism: a critical study . Oxford University Press. 1998.S. eight

[5] Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey . Praeger. Clause 2. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1 Socialism can be defined as a movement for public property and control over the economy. It is this idea that is a common element of many forms of socialism.

[6] Bertrand Badi; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science . SAGE Publications, Inc. with. 2456. ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6 Socialist systems are those regimes that are based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which protects public property and the joint management of the means of production and distribution of resources.

[7] Cymbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. & Stuart (1988). Comparison of economic systems: a political and economic approach . Harcourt College Pub. Clause 7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5 , Pure socialism is defined as a system in which all means of production are owned and controlled by the government and / or cooperative non-profit groups.

[8] Bar, Wlodzimierz (2015). The economics and politics of socialism . Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-415-86647-7 This change in the relationship between economics and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The main characteristic of such a system is usually considered the predominance of public ownership of the means of production.

[9] Michi, Jonathan (2001). Social Science Readers Guide . Routledge. p. 1516. ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9 Just as private property defines capitalism, so does public property determine socialism. The main characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies and, therefore, leads to a politically and economically equal society. Two closely related effects follow. Firstly, everyone has the right to an equal share of property, which receives an aliquot of part of the total social dividend ... Secondly, to eliminate the social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are managed by employees, not representatives of the private or public sector. capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the gap between property and management ends. Society - i.e. each person equally owns capital, and those who work have the right to manage their own economic affairs.

[10] Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L. Sh., Starodubtseva E. B. Communism // Economic Dictionary, M .: Infra-M, 1999

[Engels-11] Private property must also be liquidated, and its place will be replaced by the common use of all implements of production and distribution of products under a general agreement or the so-called community of property. The destruction of private property is even the shortest and most general expression of the transformation of the entire social system that has become necessary as a result of the development of industry. Therefore, the Communists quite correctly put forward their main demand for the destruction of private property ( Friedrich Engels " Principles of Communism ")

[12] With the introduction of a socialist social system, the state itself dissolves and disappears. <...> [Worker] receives a receipt from society that he delivered such and such a quantity of labor (minus his labor in favor of public funds), and according to this receipt he receives from public stocks such a quantity of commodities for which so much has been expended same labor. <...> When, along with the comprehensive development of individuals, productive forces grow and all sources of social wealth flow in full flow, only then will it be possible to completely overcome the narrow horizon of bourgeois law, and society will be able to write on its banner: “Each according to his ability, each according to his needs! ”( K. Marx “ Criticism of the Gotha Program ”)

[e-reading.org.ua-13] Roads of Nestor Makhno. A. V. Belash and V. F. Belash - memories of the formation of Soviet power in Ukraine, the terms "communist-Bolshevik" and "anarcho-communist" are used.

[14] See: Damier V.V. Kropotkin and Reclus // In memory of M.A. Bakunin (Collection). M .: IE RAS , 2000 .; Nettlau M. Essays on the history of anarchist ideas and articles on various issues. - Detroit: Publisher: Trade Union of Detroit, 1951 .; Nettlau M. Breve Historia de la Anarquia. [SL]: Ediciones “cenit”, sd

[15] Goveling L. The power of rogues is better than the power of kleptomaniacs (neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 13, 2011. Archived February 22, 2014.

[16] Michel Bauwens. The Political Economy of Peer Production // 1000 DAYS OF THEORY.

[17] Karp Andreev. Peer-to-peer economy . - Litres, 2018-12-02. - 330 p. - ISBN 9785041455347 .