This Union began its activity when in the most developed countries of Europe the class struggle between wage workers and the bourgeoisie came to the forefront of the revolutionary processes in capitalist society. To eliminate the spontaneity of the market and the monopoly of capital, Marx and Engels came to the conclusion that in order to overthrow the rule of capital and take power into their own hands in order to build a society of social justice and equality, wage workers need their own party.

Starting to prepare for its creation, Marx and Engels organized the Brussels Communist Correspondent Committee in January 1846 and called on their supporters to create similar committees in other countries. At the same time, Marx, Engels and their followers had to determine their attitude to similar organizations that arose independently of their activities, primarily to the “Union of the Just”.

The “Union of the Just” was heavily influenced by Blanquism and in order to achieve their transition to the rails of the “Union” it was necessary to ideologically defeat all varieties of utopian socialism and equip the workers with revolutionary theory. Was this theory of socialism less utopian? March 30, 1846 at a meeting of the Brussels Committee were sharply criticized Weitling's views. At the meeting of the Brussels Committee held on May 11, 1846, the petty-bourgeois, philistine character of "true socialism" was revealed, one of the ideologists of which was German Krieg. An extremely important role in completing the ideological defeat of Weitlingianism and “true socialism” in Krieg was played by Engels' trip to Paris: under the influence of Engels, most German emigrant workers in Paris accepted the principles of Marx's communist ideology. Already in February 1847, the leaders of the Union of the Fair, falling under the influence of Marxist theory and tactics, invited Marx and Engels to join the Union, to take part in the development of its program and in its reorganization. Marx and Engels determined their consent by the requirement to remove from the charter of the “Union” everything that contributed to sectarianism, conspiratorialism and blind worship of authority.

In June 1847, the first congress of the Union of Communists was held in London on the basis of the "Union of the Just", where its Charter was adopted. At the suggestion of Engels, the first article of the charter was approved, which read: “The purpose of the Union is: the overthrow of the power of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of domination of the proletariat, the destruction of the old, based on the antagonism of the classes of bourgeois society and the founding of a new society, without classes and without private property” (K. Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 4, p. 524).

The following Union structure was adopted: the primary organization is the community; communities united in districts, districts - in a leading district; the supreme organ of the Union was congress; in between congresses, executive power was vested in the Central Committee. The charter strictly carried out the principle of electivity and turnover.

The democratic organization of the Union hindered the development of a conspiratorial tendency requiring dictatorial centralism. Congress expelled Weitling's supporters from the Union and, on the initiative of Marx and Engels, the Union of the Fair was renamed the Union of Communists. The former motto of the Union “All Men are Brothers”, reflecting its old direction, was replaced by the call “Proletarians of all countries, unite!” Put forward by Marx and Engels. At the Congress, it was decided to create a printed organ of the Union. On the basis of this decision, the new Central Committee of the Union issued in early September 1847 a trial (and only) issue of the journal Kommunistische Zeitschrift. The seat of the Central Committee was established in London. The vast majority of the "Union of Communists". made up apprentices; the Union also included intellectuals who participated in the labor movement, and a small number of factory workers.

Brussels became the center of the party’s development, one of the first communities of the “Union of Communists” was founded there and the Brussels District Committee was created, chaired by Marx. Thanks to the efforts of Marx and Engels, Deutsche Br; sseler Zeitung, which appeared in Brussels, actually became the printed organ of the Union of Communists. Under the influence of Marx and Engels, most members of the “Union of Communists” came to the conclusion that it was necessary to adopt a new program freed from elements of sectarianism and utopian socialism. To this end, the Central Committee decided to convene the 2nd Congress of the "Union of Communists." In the Paris communities of the Union of Communists, Engels proposed his initial draft of a program called The Principles of Communism, which was approved by the governing Paris district and was to some extent the basis of the future program of the Union of Communists.

On November 29, 1847, the 2nd Congress of the Union of Communists began in London, lasting about two weeks. It was attended by delegates from Germany, France, Belgium, England, Switzerland, Poland. The delegates of the Brussels communities were Marx and Engels. The chairman of the congress was K. Schapper, and the secretary, Engels. At the congress, the new charter of the “Union of Communists” was finally adopted, taking into account all the proposals put forward by the communities. Congress instructed Marx and Engels to draw up the program of the “Union of Communists”, and this program was the “ Manifesto of the Communist Party ” published in February 1848, in which the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat was put forward.

Immediately after the beginning of the February Revolution in Paris on February 27, 1848, the Central Committ Onegin ”

Donna Anna, Don Giovanni

Donna Elvira, Don Giovanni

Countess, " The Wedding of Figaro "

Fiordiligi, “Everybody Do It ”

Pamina, The Magic Flute

Elijah, Idomeneo

Agatha, The Magic Shooter

Emma, Fierrabras

Ganna Glavari, The Merry Widow

Rosalind, The Bat

Musette, La Boheme

Symphonic works

Mozart: Requiem ( DG )
Beethoven: Symphony no. 9 ( DG )
Shostakovich : Symphony no. 14 ( EMI Classics)
Arnold Schoenberg : Songs of Gurre (EMI Classics)
Leonard Bernstein : Symphony No. 3 (Erato)
Sibelius: Symphony for Orchestra, Voice and Kullervo Choir (BIS)
Mendelssohn : Symphony No. 2 ( DG )
Schubert : Mass E flat major; Mozart: Angel Aria, Laudate dominum ( DG )

Records

Arias & Scenes (Erato)
German Romantic Arias (Erato)
Strauss: Orchestral Songs; Four Last Songs ( DG )
Strauss: Orchestral Songs ( Sony Music Entertainment )
Strauss: Hölderlin Lieder ( Sony Music Entertainment )
Excellence - The Artistry of Karita Mattila (Ondine)
Sibelius Songs (Ondine)
Grieg and Sibelius Songs (Erato)
Karita Live! (Ondine)
From the Heart of Finland (Ondine)
Wild Rose (Ondine)
Modern Portrait ( Warner / Finlandia)
Marriner: Lollipops ( Philips )

Recognition

Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording in 1998 ( Nuremberg Wagner Mastersingers ) and 2004 ( Enuf Janácek). Best singer of 2001 according to The New York Times . 2005 musician by Musical America magazine. BBC Music Magazine ( 2007 ) included the singer among the top 20 sopranos in the entire history of the record.

Medal Pro Finlandia ( 2001 ). Cavalier Lady of the Order of Arts and Literature ( 2003 ).

Mattila is a winner of the Opera News Awards of the American magazine Opera News for 2011. The award ceremony was held in New York on April 29, 2012 ^[2] ^[3] .

Notes

↑ IS: soprano Karita Mattila refused to sing under Gergiev’s direction // © Yle Uutiset = Yle News Service. = Website of the television and radio company Yleisradio Oy (yle.fi) May 16, 2014. (Retrieved May 16, 2014)
↑ Soprano Carita Mattila won a prestigious award in the USA // © Yle Uutiset = Yle News Service. = Website of the television and radio company Yleisradio Oy (yle.fi) April 30, 2012. (Retrieved May 1, 2012)
↑ Stephanie Blythe Hosts Opera News Awards in NYC Today, 4/29 // opera.broadwayworld.com - April 29, 2012. (Eng.) (Retrieved May 1, 2012)

Symphonic works

Records

Recognition

Notes

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