Kazan campaigns - military operations of the Russian Empire against the Kazan Khanate , carried out in 1545 - 1552 .
| Kazan hiking | |||
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| Main conflict: Russo-Kazan war (1535–1552) | |||
 The siege of Kazan. Chronicle miniature | |||
| date | 1545 - October 2, 1552 | ||
| A place | Kazan , Volga region | ||
| Cause | Raids on the Russian kingdom from the side of the Kazan Khanate, territorial expansion of Russia. | ||
| Total | The capture of Kazan by Russian troops in 1552 , the liquidation of the Kazan Khanate and the annexation of its territories to the Russian kingdom | ||
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Reasons
By the sixteenth century , very tense relations had developed between the Russian state and the Kazan Khanate . Tatar detachments from Kazan made constant raids on Russian lands. As a result, by the middle of the 16th century , there were about one hundred thousand Russian prisoners in Kazan. Starting from the end of the 15th century , Moscow princes fought against the Kazan khans . At that time, in Kazan itself, part of the Tatar feudal lords occupied pro-Moscow positions.
Kazan, the Tatar kingdom, fell away from Muscovy, because under his late father, she paid the Muscovites a tribute, as if recognizing their power. When the Kazan fell away and raised a great rebellion, the tsar decided to subdue them by force and sent an army against them six times, once a year; in the seventh year, he personally went on a campaign with an enormous army of four hundred thousand people capable of carrying weapons. [2]
History
Campaigns
In 1545, the first campaign of the Moscow troops on the Kazan Khanate took place. He had the character of a military demonstration and strengthened the “Moscow Party”, which advocated the annexation of Kazan to the Russian kingdom, which at the end of 1545 managed to expel Khan Safa-Girey from Kazan. In the spring of 1546, a Moscow protege, the Kasimov prince Shah-Ali, was seated on the Kazan throne. But soon Safa-Girey, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, managed to regain power.
First campaign (winter 1547 - 1548 )
Ivan IV, at the head of the army, left Moscow on December 20, because of the early thaw 15 versts from Nizhny Novgorod under siege on the Volga, siege artillery and part of the army left [3] . It was decided to return the tsar from the crossing back to Nizhny Novgorod, while the main governors with a part of the troops who managed to cross over reached Kazan, where they entered into battle with the Kazan army. As a result, the Kazan army retreated beyond the walls of the wooden Kremlin, which the Russian army did not dare to attack without siege artillery and, having stood under the walls for seven days, retreated. On March 7, 1548, the tsar returned to Moscow [4] .
Second Campaign (Autumn 1549 - Spring 1550 )
In March 1549, Safa-Giray suddenly died. Accepting the Kazan messenger with a request for peace, Ivan IV refused him, and began to gather troops. November 24, he left Moscow to lead the army. Joining in Nizhny Novgorod, the army moved to Kazan and February 14 was at its walls [5] . Kazan was not taken, but the Russian army inflicted serious damage on the Kazan Khanate. Also, with the departure of the Russian army near Kazan, at the confluence of the Sviyaga River in the Volga , it was decided to build a fortress. March 25, the king returned to Moscow.
In 1551, in just 4 weeks, a fortress called Sviyazhsk was assembled from carefully numbered components [6] ; she served as a stronghold for the Russian army during the next campaign.
Third Campaign (June - October 1552 )
The Russian campaigns in Kazan , made in 1547-1550 , were inconclusive. Ivan IV made serious preparations for a new campaign in Kazan, reformed and strengthened the army. In 1551, thanks to the diplomatic mission of Peter Turgenev, it was possible to agree on neutrality in the conflict of the Nogai Horde . In the same year, not far from Kazan, the Russians built the Sviyazhsk fortress.
In August 1551, Shah Ali again ascended the throne of Kazan, but he was unable to cope with strong opposition and left Kazan in February 1552 . King of Kazan was invited to the Astrakhan prince Yadigar-Muhammed .
In the summer of 1552, Ivan the Terrible prepared for the conquest of Kazan the 150,000th army, equipped with 150th large and medium artillery pieces . On June 16, 1552, the army left Moscow from the south, since information was received about a raid on the southern borders of the Crimean Khan's army of Devlet-Girey . Near Tula, Devlet-Girey was defeated and fled to the Crimea , and the Russian troops moved to the well-fortified Kazan.
Siege of Kazan
On August 23, 1552, Russian troops encircled Kazan with a tight ring. The line of taxation reached 7 km.
Ivan the Terrible ordered Gorbatom-Shuisky to destroy the fortifications of the Tatars in the Ar forest (of which the Tatar prince Yapancha constantly attacked), which was completed by September 8. On the site between the Tsarevs and Arskie Gates, Ivan ordered a wooden tower 13 meters high to be built and equipped with ten large guns. The tower was rolled up to the fortress wall and opened fire from it directly along the city streets. On September 26, the Russians pushed tours to the Arsky, Tsarev and Atalykov gates. Tatars rushed to counterattack. Tsar Ivan himself arrived at the scene of the battle. The Russian warriors not only repulsed the counterattack, but, having seized the Arskaya tower, broke into the city. Voivode M.I. Vorotynsky asked the tsar to move troops on a general assault. But Ivan the Terrible did not dare to take this step and ordered the withdrawal of troops from the city. Only Arskaya tower remained in the hands of the archers. The wooden walls of Kazan were lit, which created significant gaps.
A decisive assault was scheduled for October 2. By the evening of October 2, 1552, the capital of the Volga Tatars fell. On October 11, the Russian army marched back to Moscow , leaving a garrison headed by A. B. Gorbatym-Shuisky in Kazan .
Value
As a result of the Kazan campaigns, the Kazan Khanate was completely destroyed, the Middle Volga Region was annexed to Russia , prerequisites arose for the development of the Volga region by Russian immigrants, further advancement to the Urals and Siberia , expansion of trade relations with the Caucasus and the countries of the East [7] .
The conquest of Kazan was of great importance for the life of the people. (...) Kazan was a chronic ulcer of Moscow life, and therefore its capture became a folk celebration celebrated by a folk song. After the capture of Kazan, for only 20 years, it was turned into a large Russian city; in different points of the foreign Volga, fortified cities were set up as a pillar of the Russian government and the Russian settlement. The mass of people stretched, without delay, to the rich lands of the Volga region and to the forest regions of the middle Urals. The vast expanses of valuable lands were pacified by the Moscow authorities and mastered by popular labor. This was the meaning of "Kazan capture", sensitively guessed by the popular mind. The occupation of the lower Volga and Western Siberia was a natural consequence of the destruction of the barrier that the kingdom of Kazan was for Russian colonization.
- Platonov S.F. A full course of lectures on Russian history. Part 2
The conquest of Kazan was not a consequence of the personal popularity of the young tsar and was not a consequence of the aspirations of the great, but not for everyone understandable, what, for example, was the desire to conquer the Baltic regions; the conquest of the Kazan kingdom was a feat necessary and sacred in the eyes of every Russian person ... (for) this feat was accomplished for ... protecting the Russian regions, for the liberation of Christian captives.
- Solovyov S. M. The history of Russia since ancient times [8]
The dead in the Kazan campaigns
The listed soldiers are included in the synod of the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral for eternal commemoration.
Dead on the First Campaign
In the summer of 7056/1548, the orthodox prince the great Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia sent to Kazan Tsar Shigaley and his nobleman and governor Dmitry Fyodorovich Belsky and his Christian army were killed on that battle too: Grigory Vasilyevich Sheremetyev , Alexei Fedorov , Ivan Vasilyevich Plescheev , Ivan Rakhinakh , Vasily Petrovich Khokhlin (Khokhlov), Andrey Alay Boltin , Gavrila Gam Semenov Tyrtov [9] .
Victims of the Second Campaign
Under the city of Kazan, the slain are: Prince David Ivanovich Tulupov , Fedor Balande Grigorievich Sovin (Savin), Vasily Buday Andreevich Kapustin, Ivan Vasilievich Kindyrev, Ivan Matveevich Tovarischev, Ivan Ivanovich Zmeev , Maxim Mezhevsky, Vasily Ivanovich Churkin, Churkin (Churkin (Churkin), Churkin (Churkin) V. Bolkoshin , Ivanovic Saltykov Karcev Matvey Semenovich Shakhov , Budiha Kineshevsky Ivanovich, Andrey Semenovich chickens , Ivan G. Novokshenov, Andrew K. Kobylin , Ivan Konstantinovich Saburov , Semen Semenovich Kalitin , Nehosh Ma veevich Ivanov Ravens , Menshikov Abraham M. Ignatiev , Basil Ignatievich Lopuhin , Philip D. Sokurov, Juska Nikitin Kushelev , Yegorov Otyaev Jacob centurion Mikhailov chickens, Nikita K. Luzgin Andrew Abyss Alferevich Filippov and his son Ivan, Ivan Fedorovich Pogozhev , Zachary Radilov , Kuzma Kazakov Dalmatov , Prince Boris and Prince Alexander Gnezdilovsky, Fedor Esipovich Yuryev , Kazarin Ivanovich Tolstoy , Larion Kostomarov , Nekras Alikhin, Istoma Prosekov, Parsha Zakharov , Ivan Ostolopov, Zhuk Mikhailovich Efimiev Danila Zakharievich Novosiltsev , Gregory A. Valuev , Fedor Prokopievich Apraksin , Reshet Esipovich Krovkov , Menshikov Nekludov Lazarev , Meshcherin Ogarkov Ananyin Bogdan Zabolotski , Frost Zheltonogov Ivan Mormyzhev, Vasily Kozlov , Shiryaev, V. Agalina , Vladimir Volosatov Ivan Ban Glebov Shipilov , Unsustainable Fomin Lobkov, Vasily Ivanovich Oboturov, Ryuma Alexandrovich Ostafiev Oboturov, Warrior Ivanovich Dubrovin , Nechay Ivanovich Barykov , Klim Afanasyevich Rezantsov Rezanov), Larka Bunin Tinkov , Sele Mitin Velyamino c , Larka Terentyevich Nikitin, Lev Dmitrievich Evdokimov , Nekras Guryevich Fomin, Gridya Ivanovich Semenov, Zakhary Grigoryevich Tolstoy, Stefan Sofonovich Mokeshev, Lev Vasilievich Vlasov, Ilya Dmitrievich Kashkarov , Ivan Ivanovich Rozhnov, Fedorov Borisovich Feardinov Borisovich Odin Chernovinov Odin Chernovinov Odin Chernovinov among the monks Theodosius), Alexander Ivanovich Plescheev, Dmitry Fedorovich Yartsev , Stefan Nechaevich Potemkin , Ivan Ivanovich Korovin, Ivan Alekseevich Volosomoin, Lev Konstantinovich Borisov , Vasily Konstantinovich Konstantinov, Nechay Alekseevich V olosomoin, Vasily Goryainov and his son Ivan Rusan Nesterov Ignatius Nechaevich Bedrin , Ivan Fedorovich Titov , Kuzma Petrovich Popovkin, Pronya D. Melnov, Ivan D. Petrov , Dmitry Elizarovich Dunces, Patrick A. Goryainov, Ivan Catchpoles, Vasily B. Bachman , Ivan Vereitinov Stefanovich, Roman Nikitich Dolgov , Ignatius P. Sysoev, Vasily Yurenev , Zachary and Andrew P. Turgenev , Vasily Kozlov Izmailov , Matthew Prokopievich Agolin van B. Eremeev , Varfalomey ndreevich Obolnyaninov , Vasily Shiryaev. Ivan Yaryshkin, Grigory Vasilievich Yakhonin, Batash Timanov and his brother Timofey, Dmitry Nemchinov (monk Mitrofan), Zakhary Shablykin, Ivan Baskakov , Boris Tolmachev , Ivan Bulygin [9] .
Memory
- St. Basil's Cathedral - Moscow.
- The monument to the soldiers who fell during the capture of Kazan in 1552 is the city of Kazan.
- Church of Nikita the Martyr in Elizarovo.
- Zilantov Assumption Monastery - Kazan.
Notes
- ↑ see Russian-Crimean Wars , Crimean-Nogai raids on Russia , Crimean campaign on Tula (1552)
- ↑ Isaac Massa. [ http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/massa.htm Brief news about the beginning and origin of modern wars and troubles in Muscovy, which happened before 1610 in the short time of the rule of several sovereigns] .
- ↑ PSRL. T. 13.P. 177.
- ↑ Skrynnikov R.G. Ivan the Terrible. - S. 48
- ↑ Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian state. Volume 8. Chapter 3
- ↑ Staden G. Notes on Muscovy. - M., - L., 1927.S. 113.
- ↑ Kazan campaigns
- ↑ Solovyov, 1993 , T. VI. - S. 115.
- ↑ 1 2 Comp. A.V. Antonov . Monuments of the history of the Russian service class. - M.: Timber storage. 2011 Retz. Yu.V. Ankhimyuk. Yu.M. Eskin. p. 178-185. ISBN 978-5-93646-176-7. //RGADA.F.201. (Collection of M.A. Obolensky). Op. 1. D. 83.
Literature
- Soloviev S.M. The history of Russia since ancient times. - M .: Voice; Bell-Press, 1993. - T. 3-4. - 768 p. - ISBN 5-7117-0176-2 .
- Soloviev S.M. The history of Russia since ancient times. - M .: Voice; Bell Press, 1993. - T. 5–6. - 758 p. - ISBN 5-7117-0129-0 .
- Khovanskaya O.S. Chapter III. Campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Kazan in 1549-1552 // The siege and capture of Kazan in 1552.- historical and archaeological essay of OS Khovanskoy . - Kazan: Publishing House of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2010. - S. 74-102.
- Schmidt S. O. Eastern policy of Russia on the eve of the “Kazan capture” // Schmidt S. O. Russia of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1999.S. 115-135.