The red star is a heraldic badge that was a symbol of the Red Army [1] , was present on the flag and coat of arms of the USSR , flags and emblems of some countries of the Warsaw Pact , symbolism of left organizations and movements. It is one of the elements of the Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , emblems of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus [2] , the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the PLA , is present as an element on the official symbols of some other states and their administrative units. It is also depicted on the emblems of a number of sports clubs, such as CSKA , and some companies, such as Heineken (since the 19th century). Until May 1917, the five-pointed red star was the first identification mark of the US military aviation . [3]
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Use of the Symbol in the Russian Empire
The red star was usually called the “Mars star” after the ancient Roman god of war, Mars. The "Mars" five-pointed star ( but not red ) was used in the Russian Imperial Army . Nicholas I, by his decree of January 1, 1827, introduced stars on the epaulettes of officers and generals ; on April 29, 1854, stars were added to epaulets [4] . In 1904 and 1905, the photographer K. Bull , the author of the Niva publication, published pictures of Russian military echelons on which a five-pointed star (light color) with a state two-headed eagle in the center was applied on the wagons [5] .
After the February Revolution, the insignia of servicemen of the Russian Imperial Army were changed, epaulettes were canceled. On April 21, 1917, by order of the Fleet and Maritime Department No. 150 of the War and Naval Minister of the Provisional Government, A. I. Guchkov , epaulets were replaced by sleeve insignia and a new cockade was introduced. On it, a five-pointed star was placed above the socket with an anchor [4] .
Use of the Symbol in Soviet Russia and the USSR
In Soviet Russia, a five-pointed star meant the unity of the world proletariat of all five continents of the Earth [6] : the five ends of the stars symbolized the five continents of the planet. Red is the color of the proletarian revolution; it was supposed to unite all five continents with a single goal and a single beginning. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia gave such an interpretation to this symbol: "... a red five-pointed star ... - a symbol of the ultimate triumph of the ideas of communism on the five continents of the globe ..." . Thus, the red star is a sign of the Comintern . The symbol was based on the ideas of the world revolution , the world Soviet republic and the world dictatorship of the proletariat .
In Soviet tradition, Mars symbolized the protection of peaceful labor. The red star is located above the planet Earth in the coat of arms of the USSR . The red star symbolized the liberation of the working people from hunger, war, poverty and slavery. There is numerous information that initially the red star was turned upwards by two rays, and one downward, as the ancient Greek pentagram was placed at one time. In particular, a single beam pointing down has a star at the first Soviet award - the Order of the Red Banner . However, this arrangement has caused people to associate with the horns of the devil, the symbol has the nickname "sign of the Antichrist." This perception was reinforced by severe persecution of the Orthodox Church in the early years of Soviet power. However, it is possible that the satanic interpretation of the red star was proposed by anti-Soviet forces as part of the ideological struggle. The military department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was forced to publish a leaflet “ Look, comrade, here is the Red Star ”, which used the image of a star with one ray up and its meaning was interpreted in the form of a parable. Since that moment, the orientation of the symbol has not changed [4] .
Storming the Winter Palace
According to the memoirs of the revolutionary V. L. Kibalchich, a group of Kronstadt sailors led by Panteleev , breaking the gates of the Winter Palace during the assault in October 1917 , were the first to use the red star symbol on the uniform, later borrowed from the Red Army [7] .
In the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army
The coming to power of the Bolsheviks put an end to the existence of the Russian imperial army and its attributes. When creating a new army - the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army - it was necessary to resolve the issue of insignia for military personnel. The Red Star as a symbol of the Red Army was proposed by the Military Collegium for the Organization of the Red Army, the emblem was created by the commander of the Petrograd Military District Konstantin Yeremeyev [8] . Other researchers, referring to the memoirs of the publicist E.M. Yaroslavsky , claimed that the author was one of the commissars of the Moscow military district N.A. Polyansky, who proposed a red five-pointed star with a picture of a plow, hammer and book. The drawing turned out to be somewhat overloaded and poorly read. After discussion at the public board of the district, only a hammer and a plow were left in the symbol [4] .
The "red star" is mentioned in the newspaper Izvestia All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Peasant, Worker, Soldier and Cossack Deputies on April 19, 1918. A small note in the Chronicle section said that the Commissariat for Military Affairs approved the drawing of the badge for the soldiers of the Red Army in the form of a red star with a golden image of a plow and hammer in the center. The star embodied the oldest symbol of protection. The plow and hammer were read as a union of workers and peasants. The red color represented the revolution. When it was officially approved by Order of the People's Commissar of the Republic L. D. Trotsky No. 321 of May 7, 1918, it received the name "Mars Star" with a plow and a hammer " , it was announced that this sign " is an affiliation of persons serving in the Red Army Army ” [4] .
Initially, the “Red Army Badge” was worn on the chest, but on November 15, 1918, by order of the RSFSR RSV No. 773, the star began to be worn on hats (previously the location of cockades ), the wearing of which spread to sailors . The order noted: “From now on, a revolutionary sign - the Red Star is an expression of the unity of the Red Fleet and the Red Army” [4] .
Historical Flags, Coats of Arms, Emblems
A cavalryman in a budenovka with a red star on the poster "Enter the Red Cavalry!" (1920).
Emblem of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (1918).
Symbol of the USSR Armed Forces.
The five-pointed star is the emblem of the Armed Forces of the USSR .
Star with an emblem for the headgear of the military service personnel of the Armed Forces of the USSR .
Flag of the Navy of the USSR .
Guys of the Navy of the USSR (1932-1964).
Flag of the USSR Ground Forces (unofficial).
Flag of the Air Force of the USSR .
Flag of the USSR (1924–1991).
Coat of arms of the USSR (1958–1991).
Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992).
Coat of arms of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1992).
Flag of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1992).
Flag of the People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990).
Coat of arms of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic .
Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1966–1989).
Emblem of the Red Army Faction .
Coat of arms of the Mongolian People's Republic (1960-1992)
Modern Flags and Coats of Arms
Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (since 2003)
The flip side of the Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Coat of arms of the Republic of Belarus (since 1995)
California flag approved in 1911
Flag of Birmingham, Alabama
Hong Kong flag (since 1990)
Flag of Djibouti (c 1977)
Flag of Zimbabwe (c 1980)
Coat of arms of Zimbabwe (c 1981)
Coat of arms of Mozambique (since 1990)
Flag of New Zealand (c 1902)
New Zealand Navy Flag (c 1902)
Coat of arms of New Zealand (c 1956)
Flag of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (since 1991)
Coat of arms of the free city of Trieste
Coat of arms of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (since 1991)
Flag of Algeria (c 1962)
Coat of arms of Algeria (c 1976)
Flag of the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic (1976 – present)
Tunisia flag (since 1999)
Coat of arms of Tunisia (since 1999)
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
National Emblem of Turkey (unofficial)
Flag of the canton of Valais Switzerland
US Shipping
Red star lineFlag of Washington , USA
Flag of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (c 1948)
Coat of arms of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
Flag of the Zapatista National Liberation Army
US Navy Deputy Commander Flag
Flag
Hokkaido Prefecture , JapanFlag of Panama (since 1903 )
Symbol of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan .
Coat of arms of the Luhansk People's Republic (since 2014)
Logos of brands, companies and firms
Label of the export company "AKO", USSR
Macy's American Department Store logo
Chrysler Car Emblem
White Red PentastarMineral water of the Italian company San Pellegrino
Jetstar Logo Australia
Label “Martinazzi”,
ItalyBeer advertisement “ Heineken ”
Red Star at various awards
Gallipoli Star , Turkey , 1915
Medal "Star" (for wounding),
France , 1915Ottoman Order , 1878 , Sheikhad Nisani
Women's Patriotic Society Award, Japan
See also
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Notes
- ↑ Red Star - a symbol of the Red Army
- ↑ For children about the army ›Platz› Heraldic symbols of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
- ↑ As seen on the 1st Aero Squadron Curtiss JN-3s
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Borisov V. A. Breastplates of the Soviet armed forces. 1918-1991 . - SPb. : Farn, 1994.
- ↑ Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 | land war original pictures
- ↑ Alexander Deryabin. The Civil War in Russia 1917-1922. Red Army
- ↑ Serge V. 6 Revolution at an impasse 1926–1928 // From revolution to totalitarianism: Memoirs of a revolutionary / trans. with fr. Yu.V. Guseva , V.A. Babintseva . - M .: Praxis, 2001 .-- 696 p.
- ↑ Pokhlebkin V.V. Dictionary of international symbols and emblems. - M .: CJSC Centerpolygraph, 2006
Links
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