The Ritsuryo system ( Japanese 律令 制 Ritsuryo: -sei , “criminal and civil law system” or “legal system”) is the political-legal and socio-economic system of a centralized Japanese state of the 7th-11th centuries, which was based on the criminal ( Japanese 律 Ritsu ) and civil ( Japanese 令 ryo:) law defined by the ancient Japanese codes of Taiho , Yoro, and other legislative and by-laws. It was borrowed from the systems of neighboring Chinese empires of Sui and Tang and introduced in the course of Taika reforms .
Content
History
The system of ritsuryo provided for the presence of the central administrative apparatus of the state, which was based on two departments ( Japanese 二 官 , Nikan) and eight ministries ( Japanese 八 асс , Hassyo:) , as well as the existence of a clear administrative-territorial division of the country into provinces ( Japanese. 国 , kuni ), counties ( yap. 郡 , ko: ri ) and villages ( yap. 里 , sato ). The system was based on the prevalence of state ownership over private property, which ensured the total control of state officials over land and population. The latter was divided into two broad categories: the free “good people” römin and the dependent “vile people” sammin . Representatives of the first category were endowed with state land for one generation, for which they were required to pay taxes and work out duties in favor of the central and regional governments.
The system of ritsure fell into decay in the 9th - 10th centuries due to the crisis of the state economy and the uncontrolled development of the private aristocratic and temple land tenure, the Shoens .
Japan since the effective existence of the system of ritsure was called the “state of law” or “rule of law” ( 律令 国家 , Ritsure: kokka ).
Codes
- Code Taiho ( 701 , 大 宝 律令)
- Yoro Codex ( 752 , 養老 律令)
Taxes
- So ( Japanese 租 )
- Yo ( Japanese. )
- Cho ( Japanese 調 )
Literature
- Code of Laws "Taiho Ritsure" (702-718). “Ritsu” (Criminal Code) / translation by K. A. Popov. - Moscow: Science, 1989.
Links
- Ritsuryo system . Date of treatment November 27, 2010. Archived May 11, 2012.
- Nara - the cradle of Japanese statehood . Date of treatment November 27, 2010. Archived May 11, 2012.