Ala ad-Din Kay-Kubad I (other transcriptions of the name - Aladdin Kayukubdahd , Alaadin Kaykadd ) ( pers. علاءالاید یباد ن کیکن کیکاوس [ 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykāwūs ]; (1219 / 1220-1236 / 1237), in which the state reached its peak.
| Kay-Kubad I | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tour. I. Alâeddin Keykubad | |||||||
| |||||||
| Predecessor | Kay Cavus I | ||||||
| Successor | Kay Khosrov II | ||||||
| Birth | |||||||
| Death | 1236/1237 | ||||||
| Father | Kay Khosrov I | ||||||
| Spouse | Mahperi-Khatun | ||||||
| Children | Kay Khosrov II Kilich-Arslan | ||||||
He challenged the power of his elder brother Kay-Cavus I , who became the sultan in 1211, but was defeated by him in 1213 and imprisoned in Guzer-Pirat Castle near Malatya [2] . After the death of his brother, he was freed by the emirs and enthroned by them [3] .
Already in the first years of the reign of Kay-Kubad I, he proved himself to be a far-sighted ruler [4] and a capable commander. [4] While the Mongols led the conquests in Central Asia , he prudently strengthened Konya , Kayseri and Sivas , surrounding them with new walls and towers [5] . In 1221, the sultan captured the Kalonoros fortress on the Mediterranean coast from the Armenian Cilician kingdom [6] .
The length of the defensive structures that already existed there was increased, and the port was rebuilt. The most important part of the new fortifications was the Kyzyl Kule tower, built by 1224; she simultaneously protected the shipyard, and served as a support for the new walls. The unique military dock was located in a tunnel of five vaulted galleries; there it was possible to secretly build new ships or hide existing ones [7] .
Kalonoros was renamed Alaya (modern Alanya ) - in honor of Ala ad-Din - and made the winter capital. Sivas became during this period one of the most important shopping centers of the Levant [6] ; large-scale agricultural production was established in Anatolia [6] , most of which grew vegetables for sale [6] ; in many places, especially in Alai, enterprises producing sugar were set up [6] .
In the year when Kay-Kubad assumed the throne, a trade agreement with Venice was signed, signed by Kay-Khosrov I , and then by Kay-Cavus I. To the previous articles of the agreement that allowed Venetians free movement in the country and established a two-percent duty on their trade operations, new terms have been added. Exempt from tax transactions with bread , gold , silver and precious stones; the Venetian ships seized by the marque of the Sultanate of the marque were to be released without any damage; the same applied to Venetian citizens who found themselves on ships of third countries; Venetians, however, were denied extraterritorial right. In turn, the merchants of the Sultanate could enjoy similar rights in the territories controlled by Venice. The exception was non-determination of a fixed percentage of the trade duty [8] .
Around 1222, Emir Hussam al-Din Chupan, on the orders of the Sultan [9] , made a voyage from Sinop to the Crimea . The pretext for the campaign was the protection of the rights of Romanian merchants who complained of oppression [4] . The Seljuks defeated the army of the Polovtsy [10] and captured Sudak under their control [10] .
From the middle of the 1220s, the situation on the eastern borders of the Seljuks began to become seriously complicated. In the spring of 1226, Vassal Alaeddin Keykubad, the ruler of the Artukida state of Mesud, who owned the provinces of Diyarbakir and Mardin, declared his independence. He stopped mentioning the name of the Seljuk sultan in the Friday prayer, declared himself a vassal of the Egyptian sultan al-Kamil, and began issuing money with his name. However, in the same year, Sultan Ruma defeated the army of Artukids and their allies Ayyubidov in the battle of Amida and Mesud was forced to submit to the Seljuk Sultanate. In the following years, Ala ad-Din Kay-Kubad had to pacify another of his vassals - Emir Erzidzhan and fight with the son of the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad Jelal ad-Din Menkburn, and also repel the first invasions of Anatolia by the Mongols.
At the beginning of 1237, Alaeddin Kaykubad mobilized his army and in May of the same year concentrated it in the Kayseri area, where he himself was at that time. In connection with the upcoming military campaign in Kayseri at the invitation of the Sultan arrived ambassadors from the vassal, allied and neighboring states, as well as from the Baghdad Caliph and the Mongol Khan. In the presence of ambassadors and high dignitaries of the Seljuk state a military parade was held. Then the sultan announced the appointment of his youngest son Kilic Arslan, the eldest son Kei-Khosrov, previously appointed melik of Erzincan.
A reception was given on June 1, 1237, at which all distinguished guests arrived at Kayseri. During the reception, Alaeddin Kaykubad felt a sudden indisposition and died a few hours later. The chronicler Ibn Bibi does not say anything about the cause of the sultan’s death, except for stating the fact that during the reception of chasnigir Nasuraddin Ali unexpectedly served fried chicken to Alaeddin Kaykubad, which the sultan felt ill. There is a very plausible suggestion that Alaeddin Keykubad was poisoned by dignitaries led by Emir Saad al-Din Kepek, who were interested in enthroning not the younger, but the eldest son of the Sultan. The body of Alaeddin Keykubad was not yet buried when Kei Khosrov's supporters put him on the throne.
Notes
- ↑ Alaattin Keykubat
- ↑ Ryzhov KV Seljuks // All monarchs of the world. Muslim East VII-XV centuries. - M .: Veche, 2004. - p. 392. - 544 p.
- ↑ Rice T. Seljuks. Nomads - conquerors of Asia Minor. - p. 68.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Yeremeyev D.Ye., Meyer M.S. The State of the Seljuks of Asia Minor in the first half of the XIII century // History of Turkey in the Middle Ages and the New Time: Tutorial . - pp. 55-59. Archival copy of July 8, 2012 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Islam . - P. 246.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Rice T. Seljuq. Nomads - conquerors of Asia Minor. - p. 69.
- ↑ Rice T. Seljuks. Nomads - conquerors of Asia Minor. - p. 157.
- ↑ N. Sokolov. Formation of the Venetian colonial empire . - Saratov: University of Saratov Publishing, 1963. - p. 436-437. Archived copy of March 21, 2008 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Yakubovsky A. Yu. The story of Ibn al-Bibi about the campaign of the Little Asian Turks to Sudak, the Polovtsy and the Russians at the beginning of the 13th century // Byzantine temporary. - 1927. - T. 25 . - S. 54 .
Sultan, having heard the request for help, was angry, ordered to reward the merchants, ordered to equip the army, put his head at the head of his amir Hussam-ad-Din Chupan, who was the chief amir and commander of the state and sent in the direction of the city of Sugdak
- ↑ 1 2 Yakubovsky A. Yu. The story of Ibn-al-Bibi about the campaign of the Little Asian Turks against Sudak, Polovtsy and Russians at the beginning of the 13th century // Byzantine temporary. - 1927. - T. 25 . - p . 57 .
Literature
- Gordlevsky V. A. The State of the Seljuks of Asia Minor // Selected Works. - M .: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1960. - V. 1: Historical works.
- Yeremeev D.Ye., Meyer M.S. The Seljuk State of Asia Minor in the first half of the 13th century // History of Turkey in the Middle Ages and the New Time: Study Guide . - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1992. - 248 p. - ISBN 5-211-02201-7 .
- Novichev A.D. History of Turkey. - L .: Publishing House of the Leningrad University, 1963. - Vol. 1: The Age of Feudalism (XI — XVIII centuries).
- Rice T. Seljuks. Nomads - conquerors of Asia Minor / Trans. from English O. I. Milova. - M . : Centrpoligraf, 2004. - 238 p. - ISBN 5-9524-0949-0 .
- Yakubovsky A. Yu. The story of Ibn al-Bibi about the campaign of the Little Asian Turks against Sudak, the Polovtsy and the Russians at the beginning of the 13th century // Byzantine temporary . - 1927. - T. 25 . - pp . 53-76 .
- Anooshahr A. The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam . - Taylor & Francis, 2009. - 196 p. - ISBN 0415463602 .
- The Cambridge History of Islam . - Cambridge University Press, 1977. - 544 p. - ISBN 0521291356 .