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Abortion and psychological trauma

The impact of abortion on mental health is the subject of heated political debate [1] [2] [3] .

It was noted that the consequences for mental health may not occur immediately, but after a long time after an abortion [4] . There are studies that reveal a statistical correlation between abortion and feelings of sadness or stress [5] . While a number of studies indicate a correlation between abortion and the subsequent deterioration of a woman’s mental health, in the 1990s, not all scientists agreed on a causal relationship between abortion and mental health problems [6] [7] . At the end of 2011, an article about a large-scale study appeared in a British specialized psychiatric journal that showed that women after abortion are several times more likely to develop a mental illness [8] . It is believed that the probability of negative emotions after an abortion is affected by such factors in a woman’s life as a positive perception of her pregnancy, lack of social security, a history of psychiatric illnesses and conservative views on abortion [5] [9] [10] [11] .

A review article by the American Psychological Association (APA), published in 1990, states that “sharply negative reactions [after an abortion] are rare and correspond to reactions to other stresses that occur in normal life” [7] . In August 2008, APA conducted repeated studies taking into account new accumulated data and again came to the conclusion that termination of the first unplanned pregnancy does not increase the risk of mental health problems. In cases of multiple abortions, the data are not so clear, since factors predisposing a woman to multiple unwanted pregnancies also predispose her to mental health problems [12] [13] . An updated APA report from 2009 indicated that in a number of countries (not the United States), young women are at higher risk for mental disorders if they have an abortion [14] .

The Royal British College of Psychiatrists in 2008 issued a statement [15] that women who have an abortion are at risk of mental health problems and that women who intend to have an abortion should be informed of the possibility of such abnormalities. The college conducted a systematic review of medical literature on this subject and planned to publish the results in the fall of 2011 [16] .

Content

Bias Research

According to Dr. William West, the studies cited by the American Family Planning Association do not differ in quality, are short-term, or biased. They reflect that at least 10% of women experience “severe, severe or persistent psychological consequences of abortion”. West notes that for the United States, 10% means 160,000 cases annually, and the statement that “there is no evidence of a significant effect of abortion on a woman’s further emotional state”, in his opinion, “can only be regarded as delirium or ignorance” [17] .

Surveon General of the United States S. Everet Coop, in a letter to President Reagan, proposed a five-year study to study the impact of abortion on the psyche of a woman, whose budget could be from 10 to 100 million dollars, since, according to him, the results of currently existing studies cannot objectively assess the impact of abortion on the psyche of women [18] . After reading the letter, supporters of the process immediately concluded that the negative impact of abortion on mental health was unprovable, and therefore the absence thereof. They considered Coop's offer to engage in serious research on this issue as a waste of taxpayer money. So, Gloria Feldt, representative of the International Federation of Family Planning, in a letter to the editor of The Wall Street Journal, in response to an article discussing the negative consequences of abortion, said that “Dr. Coop concluded that there is no threat to women's health after abortion” [19] .

In turn, Dr. Coop constantly proved the inconsistency of such interpretations of his statements, constantly stating that the modern research methodology on this issue is extremely imperfect and cannot accurately assess the scale of the negative and (or) positive consequences of abortion. He expressed his position as follows:

I am sure that abortion has a negative impact on the psychological state of a woman both in the short and long term ... I have no doubt that there are any complications.

- John Whitehead and Michael Patrick, “Exclusive Interview: US Surgeon General C. Everet Koop”, The Rutherford Institute, Spring 1989, 31

There are four objective difficulties in studying this problem: 1. 50-60% of women who have an abortion, when conducting long-term studies, hide the fact of abortion from researchers [20] . When conducting short-term follow-up studies, 20-60% of subjects leave the study. According to the results of a comparative analysis of the data on the subjects, it was found that, as a rule, women with the most pronounced symptoms of post-traumatic syndrome after abortion exit the study [21] [22] .

Despite the opinion established in the public mind that abortion is not an offense, many women hide the fact of abortion from their surroundings, be it family, work, friends. There are times when in a antenatal clinic patients recognize the fact of termination of pregnancy many years later. Some immediately after the procedure return to work so that no one would guess about having an abortion. This explains the fact that in countries where abortion is legal, the number of abortions performed in secret does not decrease, but even increases [23] . Under the influence of various factors (pregnancy was the result of prenuptial relationships, the desire to hide the fact of pregnancy from the family or institution in which the woman works, etc.), according to Jean Thoulet, many women are reluctant to make public the fact of termination of pregnancy [24 ] .

2. Psychopathological symptoms in women after abortion are different and not every study considers separate categories. Symptoms are distinguished: severe depression, anger, guilt, anxiety, bursts of memories, associations, eating disorders, addictions, sexual dysfunctions, personality disorders, self-destructive behavior [25] [26] [27] .

3. Post-abortion symptoms change over time. Often, immediately after an abortion, a woman feels grief and reproaches herself, and subsequently receives psychological relief. Others, on the contrary, quickly recover after an abortion, and after a long time get an emotional breakdown. After a study of 260 women, 63-76% said that there was a period when they denied any connection between abortion and painful conditions, however, on average, after 63 months, such symptoms manifested themselves clearly [28] . This fact affects both short-term and longitudinal studies.

4. The questionnaires used in the study of this problem cannot reveal the whole gamut of deeply suppressed feelings associated with abortion [29] Psychiatrist I. Kent wrote that of the 50 women who addressed him, none related their mental problems to abortion, however During psychotherapy, a connection between these problems and deep feelings of grief and loss surfaced [30] . In his opinion, such a relationship can only be detected by clinical methods, and not using standard questionnaires, since the emotional isolation of the subjects distorts the results [31] .

Mental disorders prior to abortion

Many authors have noted that a woman who decides to have an abortion does not act consciously and reasonably, but often irrationally "like a driven and hunted beast," who finds no other way out of this situation. The so-called “blindness of consciousness” is observed, that is, a woman sees herself alone with herself and her problem (material, psychological, family [32] . According to Dr. Shoshar, no woman in the world would agree to an abortion if the fathers of their children would take full responsibility for the child [33] .

At the same time, the overwhelming majority of women in the first months of pregnancy experience neurotic reactions, especially phobias and depression, even if the woman really wanted this pregnancy. At the time of mental breakdown and fatigue, a pregnant woman can often have thoughts against her child, caused by fear of “difficulties of motherhood”. In this case, according to many authors, a woman should be surrounded with heart care and attention, so that a woman feels safe and her child and her decision becomes unambiguous, accepting the child [34] .

Desired and unwanted pregnancy

According to the professor of gynecologist J. Stelworthy, it is never completely possible for a woman to understand whether a child is desired or not, and it is not true that children who are born as a result of an allegedly unwanted pregnancy are unloved [35] . Of the 207 women examined in Sweden (Aren), 95% changed their mind about aborting after they felt the baby was moving.

In Geneva in 1972, an experiment was conducted with 1,200 women, the result of which showed that one should distinguish between a woman’s desire to become pregnant and the desire to inform a child and raise him. So, many would like to have a baby, but would not want to give birth to him. The condition of a woman in the early stages is a complex mechanism of psychophysical reactions with which a woman is not able to cope. A woman in a state of depression goes to the doctor, and he, instead of providing psychological assistance, directs her to an abortion [36] .

In Grenoble, at the Abortion symposium in 1971, Dr. Gödel said that the best help for a woman who is afraid of having a baby is to give birth advice, because giving birth to this baby and subsequent ones is the best way to relieve stress. In the case when a woman already has one child, and she was advised to terminate the pregnancy, she becomes a super-impressive, abnormal mother, as the author calls her, a “radar mother” who will take hyper-custody of her only child and grow him a capricious, infantile person. The “radar” attitude of the mother-in-law will also interfere with building normal family relations between husband and wife [32] .

Feeling of pressure and helplessness

Women who terminate a pregnancy due to so-called social indications, from the point of view of psychiatry, are in an anxiety-depressive state, which is characterized by fear, anxiety, paralysis of will, a feeling of pressure from outside, and awareness of their own helplessness. In this state, women do not see any other way out of the situation, except for terminating the pregnancy, in which the element of the hysterical reaction is hidden, which includes infantilism, the woman’s lack of desire to think rationally about the consequences of her actions. At the same time, a woman’s reluctance to think about the course of the operation is typical (whereas before the normal operation the patient’s interest is what will happen to him) [37] .

Many women who are under social pressure interrupt their pregnancy against their will. Relatives, husbands, sexual partners, forgetting what serious consequences an abortion can lead, are forced, supposedly "for the common good" to take this step. According to studies, 53% of women experiencing mental complications after an abortion confirm that they went on termination of pregnancy under pressure from others [38] .

Meanwhile, many believe that abortion is a universal and quick solution to the problem of “unwanted pregnancy,” thanks to which you can return to the time when conception has not yet occurred. In fact, supporters of this point of view ignore the fact that for a pregnant woman the question is not whether to give birth to her or not to give birth, but to have an abortion or not. Both of these options can lead to far-reaching psychological consequences that will be either positive or negative [39] .

Pregnancy is not a short-term event - it develops over a long time, both the somatic and mental state of the mother changes. If favorable psychological conditions are created for a woman, then the fear and ambivalence characteristic of the early period of pregnancy leave after six months. The doctor whom the pregnant woman came to, according to Dr. J. Willke, must know these mental features and be able to anticipate her reactions [40] .

Choosing between saving a child and abortion, a woman often becomes overly susceptible to the opinions of third parties, primarily reputable ones, and is in a state of heightened psychological suggestibility [41] [42] .

Often, both spouses, faced with problems, go to the doctor and directly ask how they should be. According to Lethello and Paul George, a physician must inform both of them without being indifferent. The opinion of the doctor is often the very factor that finally strengthens the choice of a woman. At present, social pressure most often leads to the fact that a woman is expected not to have a baby, but to have an abortion [43] .

As many studies have shown, most women, after the birth of an "unplanned" child, are imbued with love and tenderness for him. Together with members of their families, they begin to appreciate the joy of motherhood, which outweighs the bitterness of problems and the severity of changing life plans. Thus, the psychological trauma associated with the birth of an “unwanted” child passes very quickly and without a trace. Young parents can also hope for support from relatives and the state. The above cannot be said about abortion [39] .

Postabortion Syndrome

The term "postabortion syndrome" usually refers to such phenomena and conditions as flashbacks associated with abortion, nightmares, depression; Avoiding abortion-like situations. This expression was first used in 1981 by the abortion opponent and family therapist Vincent Roo, testifying in the US Congress. He stated that he observed post-traumatic stress disorder , which developed as a reaction to stress as a result of an abortion, and proposed to designate this phenomenon as “post-abortion syndrome” [44] [45] .

Then the expression “post-abortion syndrome” was popularized and widely used by English-speaking opponents of abortion to describe a variety of negative psychological reactions, the occurrence of which they associate with abortion [1] [46] . The concept of “post-abortion syndrome” has not found wide support outside the proliferation community: neither the American Psychological Association nor the American Psychiatric Association recognize the existence of PAS as a diagnosis or condition, and it is not included in official directories and lists of mental health problems. Some doctors and advocates of the right to abortion believe that persistent treatment of the “post-abortion syndrome” is a tactic that opponents of abortion use for political purposes [47] [48] .

Although some studies show a statistical correlation between abortion and depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and sexual dysfunction in a small number of women, these studies are usually methodologically faulty and do not take into account interfering factors. Better studies invariably establish a lack of a causal relationship between abortion and emotional well-being [49] . The correlations revealed in some works can be explained by social circumstances and psychological health factors that preceded abortion [50] . It was established that the probability of experiencing negative reactions is increased by such factors as emotional attachment to pregnancy, lack of external support and a conservative attitude to abortion.

Proponents of the use of the concept of “post-abortion syndrome” argue that his research is complicated by factors such as a lack of motivation to participate in research for women who have had an abortion, a wide variety of negative emotional reactions that are difficult to take into account in one study, different times of reactions and the unsuitability of such standard methods, such as surveys and tests, for the analysis of deep mental trauma [51] .

Meanwhile, in 2008, a team of specialists at Johns Hopkins University conducted a systematic analysis of medical literature and concluded that “the most qualitative studies indicate the absence of significant differences in the long-term state of mental health between US women who decided to terminate pregnancy and women, not taking such a decision ” [49] [52] . As the lead author of this study, Dr. Robert Bloom, stated, "the best studies do not confirm the existence of a" post-abortion syndrome "similar to post-traumatic stress disorder." The researchers also noted that “the negative effects of abortion on mental health are systematically identified in studies with the largest methodological flaws,” and stated: “Scientists continue to conduct research based on a politically biased statement of the problem.”

Symptoms of "postabortion syndrome"

Guilt

According to the results of the survey, in which 3,583 people took part, it was found that 56% of women who “admitted to having an abortion” felt guilty, and 26% regretted the decision. Among men who, in their own words, had an abortion, a negative attitude to this problem was observed even more often: two-thirds of the respondents felt guilty, and more than one-third said they regretted their choice [53] .

Some proponents of the process believe that the guilty feelings that women experience after an abortion are the result of religious education or conservative views. Dr. Jean Delsas [54] believes that the norms of religion or law “cause a feeling of guilt,” and since guilt does not objectively exist, it is enough to free women from this pressure. However, experience in Japan contradicts such a judgment. Shinto , the state religion of Japan, does not condemn abortion. In Japan, abortion has never been prohibited by law. However, studies conducted by Dr. Kaseko suggest that the vast majority of Japanese women not only feel guilty, but also admit it. So, 8% of the questioned women consider that they did wrong, 73.1% were ashamed of what they had done. Similar feelings were also observed in their husbands [55] .

Dr. Julius Vogel, a psychiatrist and obstetrician who personally performed more than 20,000 abortions, comments on this aspect:

For every woman, regardless of her age, upbringing or sexual health, termination of pregnancy is a psychological trauma and affects the basis of human life. A child is part of her life. Killing a child, she kills part of herself that cannot pass without a trace. A woman enters the struggle with life. And it doesn’t matter at all whether she believes that the fetus has a soul or not. It is impossible to deny the physically felt process of creating a living creature ... Often the trauma goes to the unconscious level and never appears again. But abortion cannot be considered as harmless as many proponents of this procedure consider it. When making an abortion, a woman threatens her peace of mind: the cost of an abortion may be loneliness, estrangement, or dulling of maternal instinct. Artificial abortion necessarily causes some changes in the deeper layers of female consciousness. I declare this as a psychiatrist.

- Colman McCarthy, “A Psychological View of Abortion”, Washington Post, March 7, 1971

Researchers of this problem, Guy [39] , Thule [24] , van Strelen [35], point out that women, even supporters of abortion, are not able to get rid of guilt. Simone Beauvoir, fiercely advocating "for the liberation of women from motherhood", admits that she had an abortion and returns to this event again and again [24] , bearing in mind these events, constantly looking for excuses.

The following factors may increase feelings of guilt:

  1. Infertility - enhances guilt if a woman remains childless. The realization comes that she herself is to blame for childlessness. If the birth of subsequent children can weaken the feeling of guilt, then infertility can aggravate.
  2. Miscarriages resulting from a previous abortion. Известно, что аборты повышают в разы вероятность последующего невынашивания. Чем чаще случаются выкидыши, тем более усиливается чувство вины.
  3. Количество и частота прерывания беременностей.

Чувство вины влияет на поведение женщины, тяжесть его бывает столь невыносима, что женщина ищет оправдания и часто пытается перебросить ответственность на отца ребёнка, при этом возникают семейные конфликты, часто приводящие к прекращению отношений или разводу [56] .

Депрессия

Были проведены сравнительные исследования женщин, которые выносили незапланированную беременность (без абортов в прошлом), и женщин, сделавших аборт. Было выявлено, что у женщин, которые сделали аборт, впоследствии была более выражена депрессия и тревога [57] .

Многие авторы описывают депрессивную реакцию женщин, возникшую после прерванной беременности — от обычных неврозов до глубоких психозов, нередко доводящих женщин до самоубийств. Ван Стрелен приводит данные, что в Англии на восемь абортов, заканчивающихся смертью, два приходится на самоубийства. Ещё чаще, чем депрессивный синдром, имеют место реактивные неврозные синдромы, которые, однако, имеют тенденцию к нарастанию и закреплению, обострения часто возникают в период климакса. Если прерывание беременности вызывает бесплодие, это углубляет депрессию [35] .

Репереживание аборта

Репереживание представляет собой воспроизведение или повторное переживание травмирующего события, то есть аборта. Репереживание может проявляться в следующих формах:

  • в виде повторяющихся и навязчивых мыслей об аборте или нерождённом ребёнке;
  • флэшбеков, в которых они за секунды заново переживают аборт;
  • в виде кошмарных сновидений, связанных с абортом или ребёнком;
  • а также сильного горя или депрессии в годовщину аборта или предполагаемого дня рождения ребёнка [39] .

Эмоциональная отгороженность

Эмоциональная отгороженность представляет собой сужение спектра эмоциональных реакций или формирование моделей поведения, которые позволяют свести к минимуму возникновение зрительных, слуховых, обонятельных и прочих ассоциаций с психологической травмой.

У женщин, перенёсших аборт, эмоциональная отгороженность или избегание может проявляться в виде следующих симптомов:

  • попытки избежать действий или ситуаций, которые могут вызвать воспоминания об аборте;
  • прекращение взаимоотношений с противоположным полом, например, отстранение от мужчин, повлиявших на решение сделать аборт;
  • стремление минимизировать контакт с детьми;
  • снижение способности испытывать чувства любви или нежности;
  • избегание или вытеснение мыслей или переживаний, связанных с абортом;
  • снижение интереса к занятиям, которые раньше приносили удовольствие;

Агрессия

Обида, вызванная чувством вины, порождает агрессию. В первую очередь объектом агрессии становится, как правило, отец ребёнка. Объективно здесь есть логика: как правило именно он принимает решение об аборте, иногда оказывая на женщину давление. Иногда женщина без ведома своего сексуального партнёра совершает аборт, но это свидетельствует либо об отсутствии согласия между партнёрами, либо о наличии страха, часто возникающего после прерывания предыдущих беременностей под давлением своего партнёра [24] . На основании исследований, проведённых в Польше , все женщины, прервавшие беременность до брака под давлением своих половых партнёров, не заключили с ними брака впоследствии и порвали с ними всяческие отношения. Как отмечает доктор Велли, прерывание беременности может привести к фригидности женщины или смене сексуальной ориентации на лиц своего пола [58] .

Агрессивность к врачу

Согласно исследованиям профессора Майера, чувства благодарности к врачу, характерного после для обычной операции, после аборта женщина не испытывает — наоборот, обида и злость. По Маеру, женщина приходит к врачу за консультацией, чтобы услышать «нет». Женщина приходит к врачу с депрессивным синдромом, лечением которого прерывание беременности не является. Наоборот, если врач отказывает в совершении аборта, женщина никогда не будет иметь к нему претензии, но будет испытывать лишь чувство благодарности [59] .

Агрессивность к окружению

Рядом исследований подтверждается, что очень часто в семье, где жена совершила аборт, рвутся семейные связи. Также женщина, совершившая аборт, питает чувство агрессии к окружающим, особенно к тем, кто посоветовал ей сделать аборт. Прекращаются контакты с окружением, возникает чувство одиночества, быстро нарастающее. По мнению Нойса, большое количество женщин реагирует на прерывание беременности тяжёлыми и длительными психопатологическими изменениями, которые не всегда смягчаются позднейшими родами [60] . Часто агрессия проявляется по отношению к беременным женщинам, которые ещё не сделали аборта. Так, Симона де Бовуар, известная активистка проабортного движения, часто заявляла: «Я сделала это (аборт), и ты сделай то же самое». Данный тип поведения свидетельствует о желании переложить чувство вины на других, получить облегчение («не я одна») либо оправдание («все так делают») [61] [62] .

Агрессивность и неадекватное отношение к детям

Как правило, беременность прерывают женщины, имеющие одного-двух детей, а многодетные матери абортов не делают. Матери, делавшие аборты, по мнению доктора Геделя, как правило, питают чувства неприязни и агрессии как к чужим, так и собственным детям, либо — наоборот, становятся матерями «радиолокационного» типа, что крайне отрицательно сказывается на развитии ребёнка [32] [63] [64] .

Связь с самоубийствами

Исследования, провёденные в Финляндии , показали, что уровень самоубийств у женщин, совершивших аборт (34,7 на 100 000), значительно превышает таковой у женщин, чья беременность закончилась родами (5,9 на 100 000). Для исследования использовались документы, хранившиеся в государственных архивах Финляндии. Исследователи рассматривали только случаи самоубийства, зарегистрированные за 7 лет до начала исследования. Выявив все случаи, они изучали медицинскую документацию женщин на предмет наличия записей об аборте или рождении ребёнка, сделанных в течение года до самоубийства. По результатам исследования был сделан вывод о том, что частота самоубийств среди женщин, перенёсших аборт, была в три раза выше, чем среди женщин без подобной процедуры в анамнезе, и в шесть раз выше, чем среди женщин, родивших ребёнка [65] .

Согласно результатам исследования, проведённого университетом штата Миннесота, вероятность попытки самоубийства у девочек подросткового возраста в десять раз выше в течение полугода после аборта [66] .

Связь с употреблением алкоголя и наркотиков

Результаты более десятка исследований свидетельствуют о том, что между прерыванием беременности и наркотической зависимостью существует связь [67] [68] . Одно из этих исследований проводилось среди женщин, которые ранее не страдали от наркотической зависимости или токсикомании. Результаты его показали, что женщины, сделавшие аборт во время первой беременности, в 4,5 раза чаще начинают употреблять алкоголь и наркотики, чем женщины, сохранившие первую беременность [69] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 Bazelon, Emily . Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome? , New York Times Magazine (21 января 2007). Дата обращения 11 января 2008.
  2. ↑ Post-Abortion Politics , NOW with David Brancaccio , PBS (20 июля 2007). Дата обращения 18 ноября 2008.
  3. ↑ Position Statement on Women's Mental Health in Relation to Induced Abortion (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Royal College of Psychiatrists (14 марта 2008). Дата обращения 20 ноября 2008. Архивировано 24 августа 2011 года.
  4. ↑ Psychiatric admissions of low-income women following abortion and childbirth // Canadian Medical Association Journal, 13 мая 2003, том 168, номер 10, стр. 1253—1256.
  5. ↑ 1 2 Adler NE, David HP, Major BN, Roth SH, Russo NF, Wyatt GE Psychological responses after abortion (англ.) // Science. — 1990. — Vol. 248 , no. 4951 . — P. 41—4 . — DOI : 10.1126/science.2181664 . — PMID 2181664 . An abstract of this article is available for free, and the full text is available for a fee.
  6. ↑ Joyce, Christopher . Reagan's officials 'suppressed' research on abortion , New Scientist (16 декабря 1989). Дата обращения 18 февраля 2008.
  7. ↑ 1 2 More on Koop's study of abortion (англ.) // Fam Plann Perspect : journal. — 1990. — Vol. 22 , no. 1 . — P. 36—9 . — DOI : 10.2307/2135437 . — PMID 2323405 .
  8. ↑ Priscilla K. Coleman. Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995-2009 (англ.) // British Journal of Psychiatry : journal. — Royal College of Psychiatrists , 2011. — September. — P. 180—186 . — DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230 .
  9. ↑ «APA research review finds no evidence of 'post-abortion syndrome' but research studies on psychological effects of abortion inconclusive. Press release from the American Psychological Association , dated 18 January 1989.
  10. ↑ Edwards, S. Abortion Study Finds No Long-Term Ill Effects On Emotional Well-Being (англ.) // Fam Plann Perspect : journal. - 1997. - Vol. 29 , no. 4 . — P. 193—194 . — DOI : 10.2307/2953388 .
  11. ↑ Steinberg JR, Russo NF Abortion and anxiety: what's the relationship? (англ.) // Soc Sci Med : journal. — 2008. — July ( vol. 67 , no. 2 ). — P. 238—252 . — DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.033 . — PMID 18468755 .
  12. ↑ APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion (неопр.) . American Psychological Association . Дата обращения 28 августа 2008.
  13. ↑ Carey, Benedict . Abortion Does Not Cause Mental Illness, Panel Says , New York Times (12 августа 2008). Дата обращения 12 августа 2008.
  14. ↑ http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-64-9-863.pdf Раздел „Conclusions“. Third, the relative risk of mental health problems among young women in New Zealand, Australia, and Norway appears to be slightly but significantly higher if they report one or more abortions than if they report no abortions, delivering a baby, or no pregnancies.
  15. ↑ Royal college warns abortions can lead to mental illness — Times Online
  16. ↑ Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Дата обращения 14 июля 2011. Архивировано 10 июля 2011 года. Induced Abortion and Mental Health: A systematic review of the mental health impact of induced abortion
  17. ↑ William West, MD, „Honesty at issue“, The Dallas Morning News, Feb. 12, 1995, 3J:1
  18. ↑ Surgeon General C. Everet Koop, Department of Health and Human Services, Letter to President Ronald Reagan, Jan. 9, 1989
  19. ↑ Gloria Feldt, „AntiChois Spinmaster“, The Wall Street Journal, letters section, circa Aug. 31, 1996; responding to Canadace C. Crandall, „Legal but not Safe“, The Wall Street Journal, guest editorial, July 1996.
  20. ↑ EF Jones, JD Forrest, „Under reporting of Abortion in Surveys of US Women: 1976 to 1988“, Demography, 29 (1): 113—126 (1992).
  21. ↑ Söderberg et. al., „Selection bias in a study on how women experienced induced abortion“, op. cit. (ch. 2, no. 28)
  22. ↑ Adler, „Sample Attrition in Studies of Psychosophicial Sequelae of Abortion“, op. cit. (ch.2, no 22).
  23. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002. - S. 7. - 44 p.
  24. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Jean Toulet, Crime ou liberation, Fayard, Paris, 1973
  25. ↑ Angelo, Psychiatric Sequelae of Abortion ”, op. cit. (ch. 13, no 13)
  26. ↑ D. Brown, TE Elkins, and DB Lardson, “Prolonged Grieving After Abortion,” J. Clinical Ethics 4 (2): 118-123 (1993)
  27. ↑ Speckhard and Rue, “Postabortion Syndrome :,” op. cit. (Appendix A, no 9)), (Barnard, The Long-Term Psycho social Effects of Abortin, op. Cit. (Ch. 3, no. 2).
  28. ↑ David Reardon, "Psychological Reactions Reported After Abortion," The Post-Abortion Review, 2 (3): 4-8 (1994). www.afterabortion.info
  29. ↑ A. Lazarus and R. Stern, "Psychiatric Aspects of Pregnancy Termination," Clin. Obstet Gynaecol., 13: 125-134 (1986)
  30. ↑ I. Kent et. al., "Emotional Sequelae of elective Abortion", BC Med. J. 20: 118-119 (1978)
  31. ↑ I. Kent, W. Nicholls, "Bereavement in Post-Abortion Women: A Clinical Report," World J. Psychosyn. 13: 14-17 (1981)
  32. ↑ 1 2 3 Session de travail sur l'avornement, Grenoble, lutymarzec, 1971
  33. ↑ Paul Chauchard. L'avortement, Revie Thomiste, 1973, nr. 3, s. 33-46.
  34. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 12 .-- 44 p.
  35. ↑ 1 2 3 Henri van Straelen, Abtreibund die GrosseEntscheidung, Habbel, 1974
  36. ↑ Jean Kellerhals, L'avortement vu par un sociologique Amour et famille, 1972, nr. 73-74, s. 29th
  37. ↑ JN Nicola OP. L'avortement devant la conscience chretienne. "Nova et Vetera", XLVIII, 2/1973, s. 104-126.
  38. ↑ Reardon, Aborted Women, Silent No More, 15-19
  39. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Francois Michele Guy, L'avortement, Le Cerf, 1971
  40. ↑ JC Willke, Le livre rouge de l'avornement, Editions France-Empir, 1973
  41. ↑ Gerald Caplan, Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. (New York: Basic Books, 1964)
  42. ↑ Howard W. Stone, Crisis Counseling (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1976
  43. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 17 .-- 44 p.
  44. ↑ Vincent Rue, "Abortion and Family Relations," testimony before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, US Senate, 97th Congress, Washington, DC (1981).
  45. ↑ Speckhard A., Rue V. Postabortion Syndrome: An Emerging Public Health Concern (English) // J Soc Issues : journal. - 1992. - Vol. 48 , no. 3 . - P. 95-119 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1540-4560.1992.tb00899.x .
  46. ↑ Kranish, Michael . Science in support of a cause: the new research , Boston Globe (July 31, 2005). Date of treatment November 27, 2007.
  47. ↑ Cooper, Cynthia . Abortion Under Attack , Ms. (August / September 2001). Archived January 30, 2009. Date of treatment November 18, 2008.
  48. ↑ Russo NF, Denious JE Controlling birth: science, politics, and public policy (English) // J Soc Issues : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 61 , no. 1 . - P. 181-191 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.0022-4537.2005.00400.x . - PMID 17073030 .
  49. ↑ 1 2 Charles VE, Polis CB, Sridhara SK, Blum RW Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence (Eng.) // Contraception: journal. - 2008 .-- December ( vol. 78 , no. 6 ). - P. 436-450 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.contraception.2008.07.005 . - PMID 19014789 .
  50. ↑ Abortion on Demand , TIME (January 29, 1973). Date of treatment November 18, 2008.
  51. ↑ T. Burke, D. Reardon. Forbidden Grief: The Unspoken Pain of Abortion: Forbidden Grief: The Unspoken Pain of Abortion Theresa Burke with David C. Reardon. - St. Petersburg: Kalamos, 2010 .-- 325 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-86064-021-4 .
  52. ↑ Abortion not seen linked with depression , MSNBC (December 4, 2008). "Review of studies found no evidence of emotional harm after procedure."
  53. ↑ George Skelton, “Many in Survey Who Had Abortion Cite Guilt Feelings,” Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1989, 28.
  54. ↑ Jean Delsace, Anne-Marie Doulain Rollier. L'avortement, Caterman - poche.
  55. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- pp. 22-23. - 44 p.
  56. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 29 .-- 44 p.
  57. ↑ DC Reardon and JR Cougle, “Pregnancy Outcome Related to Subsequent Anxiety in the National Survey of Family Growth.”
  58. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 32. - 44 p.
  59. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 33—34. - 44 p.
  60. ↑ Arthur P. Noyes, Lawrance C. Kolb, Nowoczesna psychiatria klinichna, PZWL, Warszawa, 1969
  61. ↑ Wanda Pultava. The influence of abortion on the psyche of women = Wanda Półtawska, Wpływ przerywania ciąży na psychikę kobiety. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 5 .-- 44 p.
  62. ↑ (Reardon, Aborted Woman, Silent No More, op. Cit. (Introduction no. 1) 256
  63. ↑ Philip G. Ney, T. Fung and AR Wickett, "Relationship Between Induced Abortion and Child Abuse and Neglect: Four Studies," Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal, 8 (1): 43-64 (1993)
  64. ↑ M. Benedict, R. White, and P. Cornely, "Material Perinatal Risk Factors and Child Abuse," Child Abuse and Neglect, 9: 217-224 (1985)
  65. ↑ Mika Gissler, Elina Hemminki, Jouko Lonnqvist, "Suicides after pregnancy in Finland: 1987-94: register linkage study," British Medical Journal, 313: 1431-4 (1996)
  66. ↑ B. Garfinkle et. al, Stress, Depression and Suicide: A Study of Adolescents in Minnesota (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Extension Service, 1986)
  67. ↑ RW Wilsnack, SC Wilsnack and AD Klassen, “Women's drinking and drinking problems: Patterns from a 1981 national survey”, Am. J. Public Health 74: 1231-1238 (1984)
  68. ↑ K. Yamaguchi, "Drug use and its social covariates from the period of adolescence to young adulthood. Some implications from longitudinal studies," Recent Dev. Alcohol 8: 125-143 (1990)
  69. ↑ David C. Reardon and Philip G. Ney, “Abortion and subsequent substance abuse”, Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 26 (1): 61-75 (2000).
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion and psychological trauma&oldid = 101037117


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