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Eastern Central Russian dialects

Eastern Central Russian dialects [1] [2] [3]

The East Central Russian mountains are one of two large dialectal associations of Central Russian dialects [4] [5] [6] . As for all Central Russian dialects , the eastern ones are characterized by the presence of different dialect phenomena, common in both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language [7] [8] [9] .

Classification Issues

Differences between Western and Eastern Central Russian dialects

The main differences between western and eastern Central Russian dialects are the distribution in their territories of different composition of the language features of the northern and southern dialects , as well as the features of various dialect zones [9] [10] . Own linguistic features are few in number and do not completely cover both western and eastern parts of Central Russian dialects [11] . Also a distinctive characteristic of eastern Central Russian dialects is the presence in them of the linguistic phenomena of the center (inherent in the Russian literary language ), while peripheral phenomena are common in western dialects [12] . In addition, the division of Central Russian dialects into Western and Eastern ones was affected by the difference in the substrate - for the former, the Baltic and Finnish-Finnish substrates are mostly characteristic, for the latter - substrates of the Finno-Ugric tribes Meri , Murom , Meshcher . The number of lexical borrowings from Turkic languages was also different - in eastern dialects it was significant, while in western dialects it was practically absent.

Internal classification

Eastern, as well as western , Central Russian dialects include ambient dialects in the northern part and environmental dialects in the southern part of the territory. The boundary between them is the isoglosses (two-way isogloss) of distinguishing and not distinguishing vowels of upward rise in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard and soft consonants [4] [6] [7] . Cursing dialects gravitate toward the North Russian dialect , and cursing, respectively, toward the South Russian dialect [13] . Eastern and Western Central Russian dialects are also brought together by the uneven distribution of dialectal phenomena in them. Their internal differentiation is complicated by a wide variety of combinations of the areas of language features of dialects , dialect zones and local language features. As a result, the areas of occurrence of phenomena do not form certain language complexes throughout the territory [7] [14] . Eastern Central Russian oversized dialects are united by a significant number of local language features, and are considered as an independent group - the Vladimir-Volga dialect group (with separate territories of the Tver and Nizhny Novgorod subgroups ). Gouging dialects are not considered as a single group, and separate groups are not distinguished within it, since local dialectic phenomena are not numerous and their ranges have no definite outlines. In this regard, the area of ​​distribution of accumbent dialects is divided territorially into conditional dialect associations - divisions A , B and C , as well as isolated dialects of the Chukhloma island surrounded by dialects of the North Russian dialect [4] [6] [9] . Such heterogeneity of eastern Central Russian dialects is explained by historical processes that are different in time and nature during their formation [15] .

Eastern Central Russian ambient dialects

  • Vladimir-Volga group
    • Tver subgroup (southeast of the Tver region and adjacent regions of the north-west of the Moscow region )
    • Nizhny Novgorod subgroup (the central part of the Nizhny Novgorod region and adjacent regions of the east of the Vladimir region )

Eastern Central Russian Hakova

  • Division A (west and center of the Moscow region )
  • Department B (part of the northeast of the Moscow region , the north of the Ryazan region )
  • Department B (south of the Nizhny Novgorod region , west of Mordovia , north-west of the Penza region )
  • The dialects of the Chukhloma island (northwest of the Kostroma region )

Comparison of 1915 and 1965 classifications

According to the 1915 classification, the Vladimir-Volga group of dialects belonged to the Northern Great Russian dialect (the defining sign in this was the presence of a perch ). Eastern Central Russian witty dialects (with complete loss of peril ) approximately within the boundaries of the dialectological map of the Russian language of 1965 belonged to Central Russian dialects (to the eastern and western groups), while their basis was considered northern Russian with southern Russian layers, they were included as transitional dialects in the North Russian dialect with the southern border along the isogloss of the spread of the occlusal-explosive formation of the anteroposterior voiced phoneme g [8] [16] .

According to the 1965 classification, the Vladimir-Volga group of dialects is assigned to Central Russian dialects (with the exception of part of the dialects of the Yaroslavl region ) [17] . Considering a wider range of dialect features of these dialects , significant linguistic ties were revealed not only with the accenting Central Russian dialects , but also with dialects of the South Russian dialect and dialect zones of southern localization [18] . In the eastern Central Russian hovering dialects , a South Russian rather than a North Russian basis was revealed, and the Moscow dialects ( Division A ) were defined as dialects that have no basis and were formed as a result of mixing carriers of initially different dialects [15] .

Scope

The distribution area of ​​eastern Central Russian dialects according to the dialectological map of the Russian language of 1965 covers the territory of the southeast of the Tver region , the south of the Yaroslavl region , almost the entire Ivanovo region , the center and south of the Nizhny Novgorod region , Moscow region (except for its southeastern regions), the extreme northeast Ryazan region , the west of Mordovia and the northwest of the Penza region . In the north, they are adjoined by Belozersk-refugee dialects and dialects of the Kostroma group of northern Russian dialect , from the south - dialects of the Verkhne-Dnieper , Tula , Eastern (Ryazan) dialects of the southern Russian dialect , from the west - Seliger-Torzhkov dialects , in the east they border Mari , Mordovian and Chuvash languages [1] .

History

Modern eastern Central Russian dialects were formed on the basis of the dialects of the Rostov-Suzdal , Murom and Ryazan lands [9] and are mainly a continuation of the development of the ancient Rostov-Suzdal dialect , which began to separate more strongly from the 12th – 13th centuries. after Kiev lost its political significance and the emergence of new regional centers in Russian lands [19] . The divergence of the dialect into dialects and the appearance of their main linguistic features began during the fragmentation of the northeast of Rus into feudal principalities in the conditions of their relative disunity. Among the Rostov-Suzdal language innovations of that time, it is noted, for example, from the late XIV - early XV centuries. loss of intervocal j and subsequent changes in the resulting combinations of vowels: their assimilation and contraction (a feature characteristic also of the North Russian dialect ) [2] .

Since the end of the 15th century, after the unification of the two historical centers of Russia ( Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands ), the Rostov-Suzdal land became the main territory of the emerging Great Russian nationality and, accordingly, Rostov-Suzdal became the leading dialect . In this territory dialects of a central type were formed , the core of which was eastern Central Russian dialects and linguistic features of which for the most part formed the basis of the Russian literary language [20] .

Throughout its history, the territory of eastern Central Russian dialects has been a region of long, long and intense inter-dialect contacts that influenced the development of dialects that adopted dialectal features of both the north and south of Russian lands [11] . In the North Russian dialects , based on the Vladimir-Volga dialects , the South Russian features spread, and in the Central Russian shaking dialects , the North Russian dialects [15] .

From the 19th - 20th centuries Eastern Central Russian dialects develop under the influence of the Russian literary language (which was formed on their territory, and with which these dialects have many common features) [21] .

Features of dialects

General characteristics

Eastern Central Russian dialects include:

  1. Dialectical features common to all Central Russian dialects .
  2. Some dialectal features of the northern and southern dialects , common only in the territory of eastern dialects, besides common for all Central Russian dialects [5] [6] [9] . The distribution of these features is characterized by the fact that part of the ranges of the North Russian features completely cover the territory of the eastern Central Russian dialects, in contrast to the areas of the South Russian features that are located near the border of the northern dialect , without reaching it.
  3. Distribution of dialect features of the northeastern and southeastern dialect zones , the intersections of which isogloss cover the entire territory of eastern Central Russian dialects.
  4. Dialectal features of dialects of the central type (on the territory of the eastern Central Russian shaking dialects, the distribution is less regular).
  5. Phenomena that have an individual character of distribution, represented by scattered areas, both in the territory of all Central Russian dialects , and mainly in the eastern and, as a rule, also in the northern and southern dialects . These include dialectic phenomena of different locations and outlines of ranges that do not have certain coincidences with the ranges of other phenomena. These phenomena do not completely cover the entire territory of eastern Central Russian dialects, spreading in one or more dialect associations or in various parts thereof.
  6. Scattered areas of local dialectal phenomena (separate for each dialectal unit within eastern Central Russian dialects) [12] .

Common Dialects

Eastern Central Russian dialects share all the dialectic features that are characteristic of the North Russian and South Russian dialects , uniting Central Russian dialects as a whole:

  • Phonetics

The closure-explosive formation of the posterior palatine phoneme r and its alternation with k at the end of the word and syllable: but [g] a - no [k] , ber'o [g] us' - ber'o [k] s'a and t [5] [22] The pronunciation of the word where with the posterior palatine consonant of a clic or fricative formation: [g] dê or [γ] dê (features of the North Russian dialect ). The possibility of distinguishing vowels in the second pre-stressed and shock-syllables after strong consonants: m [b] loko , d [b] l'oko , gor [b] dk , gor [b] d or gor [a] d , nad [b] or nad [a] , etc. [6] [23] (features of the South Russian dialect ) and other dialect features inherent in all Central Russian dialects .

  • Morphology and syntax

Unstressed ending in nouns of the middle gender in the form of a nominative pad. many numbers: p'atn [s] , etc. Declination of nouns by grandfather , boy , etc. by the type of feminine nouns. The coincidence of unstressed endings of the 3rd person pl. the numbers of verbs I and II of conjugation: pash [ut] , pros' [ut] , etc. [24] (features of the South Russian dialect ) and other dialect phenomena inherent in all Central Russian dialects .

  • Vocabulary

Spreading the words teapot (teapot) (utensils for making dough) [25] , grabbing [26] , lambing (lambing, barking) (curled up), weather (meaning bad weather ), pan [6] (features of the North Russian dialect ), etc. . words common in all Central Russian dialects [7] .

Other North Russian Dialect Traits

  1. Solid ending -t in the form of a 3rd person verbs units. and many others numbers: nosi [t] , nosa [t] , etc. [27]
  2. The absence of j in the intervocal position, the phenomena of assimilation and contraction in the resulting combinations of vowels in the forms of adjectives and verbs: young [a] , young [y] , young [s] ; red [a] , red [y] , red [s] ; dkl [a] t (does), zn [a] t (knows), etc.
  3. Distribution of personal and reflexive pronouns in the singular: men '[a’] , teb [a’] , seb [a’] along with those [ya] , se [ya] (genitive - accusative pad.), Plural [ê] , teb [ê] , seb [ê] (dative - prepositional pad.).
  4. The presence in some verbs I and II of conjugation of a fixed stress at the end in personal forms and many others numbers: sol'u - solish - sol'at (verb salt ); var'u - varish - var'at (verb boil ), etc.
  5. Distribution of nouns numbers wolf , thief in nominative pad. with emphasis on the basis of: wolves , thieves .
  6. Spreading the words: bathing (talking), squeamish , singing , bucket (as in the literary language), unstable (cradle suspended from the ceiling), winter (rye seedlings), etc. Some of the words are unknown in a number of eastern Central Russian dialects [28] .

Other South Russian Dialect Traits

  1. Distinguishing between the dative and instrumental pad. many the numbers of adjectives and nouns: with deserts in v'odr [s] , to empty v'odr [s] , etc. [29]
  2. Distribution of a combination of bm : o [bm] an , o [bm] er'al , etc. [30]
  3. The combination of st at the end of the word: mo [st] , hvo [st] , etc.
  4. Pronunciation of words with inserted vowels a or b : n [a] shenitz or n [b] shenitz , etc.
  5. Propagation of words: to take flax in the meaning of tugging flax , etc. [28]

Dialect traits characteristic of the southeastern dialect zone

  1. Pronunciation of words with inserted vowels a or b : p [a] shono or p [b] shono , with [a] morodin or from [b] morodin and the word g [ry] b with a solid r .
  2. Formation of the nominative pad. many the number of short predicative adjectives with the ending -i : satiety , gladness , etc.
  3. Distribution of forms of instrumental pad. many numbers ending with -m in some nouns: gro [d'mi] , losh [d' mi] , sl'e [z'mi] , etc.
  4. Forms of past participles with the suffix -mshi : understand , etc.
  5. Distribution of words: shear and shear (foal in the second year), third (foal in the third year), etc. [28]

Диалектные черты, характерные для северо-восточной диалектной зоны

Распространение слова мост в значении сени и др. [28]

Диалектные черты центральной территории

 
Русские говоры центральных территорий [5] [31]

Наличие возвратной частицы -с , -са в различных формах глаголов: умо́йу[с] или умо́йу[са] , умо́й[са] , умы́л[са] , умо́йеш[са] (см. изоглоссу I типа на карте) и т. п.; произношение согласного к в соответствии х в словах: клев (см. изоглоссу II типа на карте), коровод , крест (крестец) (названия укладки снопов) и др. явления, не совпадающие с литературной нормой.

А также многие явления, сходные с русским литературным языком : последовательное различение аффрикат ч' и ц ; распространение чередования звуков в с ф в конце слова или слога [32] ; наличие долгих мягких шипящих ш'ш' , ж'ж' : [ш'ш']у́ка , та[ш'ш']у́ , во[ж'ж']и́ и т. п.; формы именительного — винительного пад. существительных мать и дочь , образованных без суффикса -ер , употребляемого только в косвенных пад. этих существительных; употребление твёрдых согласных н и р в сочетании с последующим согласным ц : полоте́[нц]о , со́[н]цо ; огу[рц]ы́ , се́[рц]о и т. п.; форма винительного пад. units числа личного местоимения жен. рода с ударным о в окончании: йей[о́] ; наличие гласного е в формах косвенных пад. притяжательного и возвратного местоимений жен. рода ед. числа: мой[е́]й , твой[е́]й , свой[е́]й ; распространение ударного гласного о во всех личных формах глаголов I спряжения наст. времени: нес'[о́]ш , нес'[о́]т , нес'[о́]м , нес'[о́]те (см. изоглоссу III типа на карте); различение твёрдых и мягких губных согласных на конце слова: ду[п] — го́лу[п'] , сйе[м] — се[м'] и т. п.; наличие глагольных форм 3-го лица с окончаниями -т или -т' и др. [31]

Явления, имеющие индивидуальный характер распространения

  1. Известные в основном в пределах среднерусских говоров : распространение форм предложного пад. units числа прилагательных муж. и сред. рода с окончанием -ым : в худ[ы́м] , в тонк[и́м] и т. п.; распространение совпадения гласных а , о , у в гласном ъ в заударном закрытом слоге: вы́д[ъ]л , го́р[ъ]д , за́м[ъ]ж (замуж), о́к[ъ]н' (окунь) и т. п.; формы творительного пад. units числа существительных жен. рода типа грязь с окончаниями -ей , -йей : гр'а́з[ей] , гр'а́з'[йей] или окончаниями -уй , -йуй : гр'а́з'[уй] , гр'а́з'[йуй] и т. п.
  2. Известные во всех среднерусских говорах , в южном наречии и в части северного наречия : диссимиляция в сочетаниях согласного к с последующими смычно-взрывными согласными: [хт]о (кто), л'о́[хк]ой (лёгкий) и т. п.; наличие гласных ъ или а , реже и , у или о в начале слова в позиции второго предударного слога перед сочетаниями согласных, включающих сонорные р или л : [ъ]ржано́й , [а]ржано́й , [и]ржано́й , [о]ржано́й , [у]ржано́й и т. п.; употребление ударного о в таких словах как запряг , потряс : запр'[о́]г , потр'[о́]с и т. п.
  3. Известные в основном в восточных среднерусских говорах и в различных частях северного и южного наречий : переходное смягчение задненёбного согласного к' перед гласными переднего ряда или возникшего в результате прогрессивного смягчения: ру́[ти] (руки), ти[но́] (кино) и т. п.; ассимилятивное прогрессивное непереходное смягчение задненёбного согласного к в положении после парных мягких согласных: де[н'к'а́] и т. п.; распространение произношения сочетания мн в соответствии вн в словах давно , равно и т. п.: да[мн]о́ , ра[мн]о́ и т. п.; склонение существительного мышь по типу слов муж. рода: мыш , мыша́ , мышу́ и т. д.; наличие возвратной частицы си в формах возвратных глаголов 2-го лица наст. времени и в глаголах прош. времени ед. числа: умо́йеш[си] , умы́л[си] и т. п. [33]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 166—167
  2. ↑ 1 2 Русские. Монография Института этнологии и антропологии РАН. М.: Наука, 1999
  3. ↑ Федеральная целевая программа Русский язык. Региональный центр НИТ ПетрГУ
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 139—140
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Язык русской деревни. О диалектном членении русского языка
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Энциклопедия русского языка. Говоры русского языка
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 80-82
  8. ↑ 1 2 Дурново Н. Н., Соколов Н. Н., Ушаков Д. Н. Опыт диалектологической карты русского языка в Европе, М., 1915
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Российский гуманитарный энциклопедический словарь (недоступная ссылка) (недоступная ссылка с 14-06-2016 [1150 дней])
  10. ↑ Русская диалектология, под редакцией Р. И. Аванесова и В. Г. Орловой, М.: Наука, 1964
  11. ↑ 1 2 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 21-22
  12. ↑ 1 2 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 152
  13. ↑ Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 40
  14. ↑ Горшкова К. В. Историческая диалектология русского языка, М.: Просвещение, 1972. с. 151
  15. ↑ 1 2 3 Горшкова К. В. Историческая диалектология русского языка, М.: Просвещение, 1972. с. 152—153
  16. ↑ Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 37-38
  17. ↑ Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 41-42
  18. ↑ Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 38-39
  19. ↑ Языкознание. Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В. Н. Ярцева. М. Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 2-е изд. — М. Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2000. Статья Древнерусский язык
  20. ↑ Горшкова К. В. Историческая диалектология русского языка, М.: Просвещение, 1972. с. 142—143
  21. ↑ Языкознание. Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В. Н. Ярцева. М. Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 2-е изд. — М. Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2000. Статья Русский язык
  22. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 14. Звуки на месте буквы г
  23. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 12. Различение или совпадение о и а в предударных слогах после твёрдых согласных (оканье и аканье)
  24. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 23. Форма 3-го лица множественного числа глаголов II спряжения с ударением на основе
  25. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 5. Название деревянной посуды для теста из ржаной муки
  26. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 6. Название ухвата
  27. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 22. Т — т' в окончаниях глаголов 3-го лица
  28. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Захарова К. Ф., Орлова В. Г. Диалектное членение русского языка. М.: Наука, 1970. 2-е изд.: М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. с. 152—154
  29. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 20. Форма творительного падежа множественного числа
  30. ↑ Язык русской деревни. Карта 17. Диалектное произношение сочетаний дн и бм
  31. ↑ 1 2 Zakharova K.F., Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. M .: Nauka, 1970. 2nd ed .: M .: Editorial URSS, 2004. p. 54-70
  32. ↑ Language of the Russian village. Card 15. Sounds in place of the letter in
  33. ↑ Zakharova K.F., Orlova V.G. Dialect division of the Russian language. M .: Nauka, 1970. 2nd ed .: M .: Editorial URSS, 2004. p. 46-54

See also

  • Central Russian dialects

Links

Literature

  • Russian dialectology, edited by R. I. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova, Moscow: Nauka, 1964
  • Dialectological atlas of the Russian language. Center of the European part of the USSR. Ed.R.I. Avanesova and S.V. Bromley, no. 1. Phonetics. M., 1986; issue 2. Morphology. M., 1989; issue 3, part 1. Vocabulary. M., 1998
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Восточные_среднерусские_говоры&oldid=97314239


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