Hydrographic Service of Russia

The main functions of the Hydrographic Service of the Russian Navy :

• providing the Navy and other types of Russian Armed Forces in oceanic strategic areas and marine zones, including:
  • navigational and hydrographic
  • hydrometeorological
  • geodesic
• navigational and hydrographic support of Russia's maritime activities, taking into account international obligations to protect human life at sea in inland waters, the territorial sea, the adjacent and economic zones (except for the Northern Sea Route ), which are under the jurisdiction of Russia.

The main tasks of the service:

• carrying out oceanographic, hydrographic and marine geophysical work in the oceans and seas in the interests of the country's defense ;
• work on the creation of navigational marine, geophysical and other special maps (including electronic), guides and manuals for navigation in the oceans;
• supply of the Navy with marine aids to navigation and oceanography;
• maintaining the technical readiness of marine navigation aids on ships of constant readiness;
• maintenance and development of a system of navigation equipment on the coast and in sea waters under the jurisdiction of Russia (with the exception of the Northern Sea Route );
• leadership directly subordinate military units and organizations;
• Russia's participation in the activities of the International Hydrographic Organization and the International Association of Lighthouse Services , interaction and cooperation with other international and regional marine organizations.

The Navy’s Hydrographic Service is also entrusted with the performance of other tasks stipulated by regulatory acts of Russia, decrees and orders of the President of Russia , orders and directives of the Russian Minister of Defense, directives of the General Staff , orders and directives of the High Command of the Navy.

The oldest evidence of hydrographic work in Russia:

At the time of Peter the Great, all orders for hydrographic work came personally from the sovereign or from the Admiral General , and their executors were naval officers , who from 1724 began to receive instructions from the Admiralty College .

Since 1746 , all hydrographic matters were entrusted to the collegium by its best expert at that time, captain of the fleet A. I. Nagaev , who compiled a very detailed atlas of the Baltic Sea (editions of 1757, 1788, 1789 and 1795), over 50 years served and Russian sailors.

In 1777, the state of the Admiralty College laid the foundation for drawing “ for drawing plans and their decent content ” ^[2] . Then, hydrographic work was assigned sequentially to the Committee for the Distribution of Marine Sciences and the Improvement of the Art of Marine Art , established in 1799 , and to the State Admiralty Department , opened in 1805 .

In 1827 , upon the abolition of the latter, a special “ General Hydrograph Office ” was formed as part of the Ministry of the Sea, disintegrating into the “Office of the General Hydrograph” and the “ Hydrographic Depot, ” which, under the direction of the director, subordinate to the General Hydrograph , parts of the executive and the scientist. In the same year, the Naval Navigators Corps was established, the chief of which was also considered the hydrograph general. The first and only hydrograph-general was Admiral Gavriil Andreevich Sarychev (1827–31), after whose death all the units under his command were transferred to the head of the naval headquarters, Prince A. S. Menshikov, and the first and only director of the hydrographic depot was F. F Schubert (1827–37).

In 1837 , the title of General Hydrograph was abolished and all hydrographic management was concentrated in the newly established Hydrographic Department , whose directors consistently consisted of:

• A. G. Villamov (1837-54),
• Baron F.P. Wrangel (1854–55),
• M. F. Reinecke (1855-59),
• S. I. Zelena (1859–74),
• G. A. Wevel von Krieger (1874–81),
• F.F. Veselago (since 1881),
• P.N. Nazimov (1892-1898).

The duties of the Hydrographic Office lay the publication of time-based notes devoted to both hydrography and other branches of the maritime and naval affairs. So the committee, established in 1799, published in 1801 1 volume of "Marine Notes", then from 1807 to 1827. “Notes of the State Admiralty Department” (13 parts) were published, from 1835 to 1837 - “Notes of the Hydrographic Depot” (5 parts), and from 1842 to 1852 - “Notes of the Hydrographic Department”. For 1854–83 There are annual reports from the Director of the Hydrographic Department.

In 1885 , the Hydrographic Department was transformed into the "Main Hydrographic Office." His head was the former director of the lighthouses and bouts of the Baltic Sea, Vice Admiral R.I. Bazhenov , who was also the chairman of the Maritime Scientific Committee.

In 1886 , the meteorological part was established in the department. In 1891, drawing, engraving, lithography and printing were combined into a cartographic part. Since 1897, successful experiments in the printing of nautical charts from aluminum printing forms ( algraphy ) began in the cartographic part. In 1902, on the territory of the Admiralty, the Main Hydrographic Directorate built a new building with a photographic pavilion adapted for reproduction photographing, and commissioned photographic and galvanoplastic departments, called photometallotype workshops.

In 1904 , the method of photoalgraphy was mastered in the cartographic part, which made it possible to obtain printed forms on aluminum using photography. The method of photoalgraphy raised the publication of maps to a new, higher technical level.

The responsibilities of the Hydrographic Administration at that time were:

1) at the disposal of the production of filming and measurements;

2) in the compilation of maps, atlases, pilots, and other manuals for safe navigation and in their timely correction;

3) in the arrangement and proper maintenance of lighthouses, entrance lights, rescue stations, towers, milestones , beacons and other warning signs;

4) in supplying military vessels with tools, maps, locations, signal books and other manuals;

5) in the consideration of logbooks and made on ships and in observatories of astronomical, magnetic and other observations.

The Hydrographic Administration was comprised of pilot teams, workshops of nautical instruments in St. Petersburg and Nikolaev , marine observatories in Kronstadt and Nikolaev, meteorologist. stations along the shores of the seas adjoining Russia, a marine telegraph with a semaphore in Kronstadt, signal stations in Nikolaev, Bogdanovka, Parutin , Adzhigiol and Ochakovo .

The period until 1917 was characterized by extensive construction and improvement of lighthouse technology, compass business, and the publication of navigation maps and manuals.

In 1918 , by order of the Board of the People’s Commissariat for Maritime Affairs, the Main Hydrographic Directorate (GSU) was renamed the Main Hydrographic Directorate of the Russian Republic , and in 1924 it was renamed the Main Hydrographic Directorate of the USSR .

In 1918 - 1922 On the seas, the Office for the Safety of Navigation (Ubeko) was created, which combined the existing small hydrographic units into single local administrations directly subordinate to the GSU (Ubekosever, Ubekosibir, Ubekovostok, Ubekobalt, Ubekokernoaz, Ubekokaspiy).

In 1933 - 1938 The Ubeko seas of the Arctic Ocean are united in the Hydrographic Administration of the Glavsevmorput at the SNK of the USSR.

In 1935 , instead of Ubeco, hydrographic departments were created, subordinate to the commander of the fleets and flotillas.

In September 1936 it was renamed to the Hydrographic Department of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (UMS RKKA ) ^[3] , and in 1937 to the Hydrographic Department of the UMS RKKA. .

In 1938 , the Hydrographic Directorate of the UMC of the Red Army was renamed the Hydrographic Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Navy (RKKF) ^[3] , and in 1939, the Hydrographic Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Navy (RK Navy ) .

In 1940 , the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy of the Republic of Kazakhstan was renamed the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy .

During the war of 1941 - 1945 In the main headquarters of the Navy in Moscow, the Naval Hydrographic Control Task Force was formed.

In 1946 , the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy was renamed the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy ^[3] .

In 1956 , the Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy was renamed the Office of the Chief of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy ^[3] , and in 1961 it was renamed the Directorate of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy ^[3] .

In 1967 , the Department of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy was renamed the Hydrographic Department of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR ^[3] .

In the postwar period, work began on the creation of an ocean nuclear missile fleet. Given these circumstances, in 1972 , the Navy's Hydrographic Directorate was transformed into the Main Directorate for Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR (GUNiO MO) .

After the 1960s and 1970s , when long scuba diving of nuclear missile submarines began in any part of the World Ocean, including the under-ice part of the Arctic basin, a radical change in navigational-hydrographic and hydrometeorological support was required. During this period, the first place came the need to study and detailed mapping of the geophysical fields of the Earth - gravitational and magnetic.

In the 1970s and 1980s intensified international activities of the GUNiO of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Since that time, GUNiO officially represents the national interests of the country in the International Hydrographic Organization and in the International Association of Lighthouse Services, as well as the interests of the Ministry of Defense in the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.

In 1992, the Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the USSR Ministry of Defense was renamed the Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GUNiO of the Ministry of Defense of Russia) .

In 2006, it was transformed into the Office of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (UNiO of the Ministry of Defense of Russia) .

• 1827 - Office of the General Hydrograph as part of the Main Naval Headquarters , established by decree of Emperor Nicholas I on October 1 (13), 1827 ;
• 1837 - Hydrographic Department of the Ministry of the Sea ;
• 1885 - Main Hydrographic Office (GSU);
• 1918 ^{[ specify ]} - The Main Hydrographic Directorate of the Russian Republic ;
• 1924 - The Main Hydrographic Directorate (GGU) of the USSR ;
• 1936 - Hydrographic department of the Office of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army ( UMS RKKA ) ; ^[3]
• 1937 - Hydrographic Department of the UMC of the Red Army .
• 1938 - Hydrographic Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet ( RKKF ) ; ^[3]
• 1939 - Hydrographic Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Navy ( RKVMF ) ;
• 1940 - Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy ;
• 1946 - Hydrographic Directorate of the Navy ; ^[3]
• 1956 - Office of the Chief of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy ; ^[3]
• 1961 - Office of the Hydrographic Service of the Navy ; ^[3]
• 1967 - Hydrographic Administration of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR ; ^[3]
• 1972 - Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography (GUNiO) of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR ;
• 1992 - General Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography (GUNiO) of the Ministry of Defense of Russia ;
• 2006 - Department of Navigation and Oceanography (UNiO) of the Ministry of Defense of Russia .

Since the creation of the Office of the General Hydrograph, the Hydrographic Directorate has been located in the building of the Main Admiralty .

In the Soviet period, the department of the hydrographic service of Russia was transferred to the building where the Nikolaev Naval Academy was located earlier (St. Petersburg, 11th line of Vasilyevsky Island , 8)

• List of Heads of the Hydrographic Service of Russia

• Alekseev A.N., Basis L.V. et al. Russian hydrography in pre-revolutionary times. - L .: GUNiO of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1977.
• Komaritsyn A. A. Hydrography of Russia in the service of the Homeland and Navy // Notes on hydrography . - 1997. - No. 242.
• Neronov N.N. Know where to swim // St. Petersburg Gazette. - 2007. - June 22.
• Neronov N. N. Aspects of the development of basic legal acts that determine the navigation and hydrographic support of the state’s marine activities // Transport Security and Technologies. - 2005. - No. 3 (4).
• Rassokho A. I. Hydrographic service of the Navy - 150 years // Notes on hydrography . - Anniversary issue, 1977.
• Handbook of hydrograph on terminology. - L .: GUNiO of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1984.
• Hydrography of the Black Sea Fleet (1696-1982). Historical essay / Ans. ed. L.I. Mitin. - Sevastopol: 1984. - 352 p.
• [Collective of authors.] History of the Hydrographic Service of the Russian Navy (on the 300th anniversary of the creation of the Navy). In 4 t. / Res. ed. A.A. Komaritsyn - SPb .: B / i. 1997.
  • T. 1. Hydrographic service of the Russian fleet (1696-1917)
  • T. 2. Hydrographic service of the Russian fleet (1917-1996)
  • T. 3. Chronicle of the most important events
  • T. 4. Biographical reference book of famous navigators and hydrographs of the Russian fleet
• Kozlov S.V. Hydrographic service of the Navy - 180 years // Geodesy and Cartography. - 2007. - No. 10 .
• Yanovsky A.E. Hydrographic management // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Petko V.M. 175 years of the Hydrographic Service of the Black Sea Fleet // Notes on hydrography . - SPb .: 2007. No. 273.

• The Main Hydrographic Directorate // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
• Russian hydrography until 1917 // 150 years of the hydrographic service of the Navy. Historical Review / Ed. Karjagin M.N. - L .: GUNO MO, 1977 .-- 268 p.
• Hydrographic service of the Navy (neopr.) . Structure . Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation . Date of treatment November 28, 2014.
• Hydrographic Society (Neopr.) . Online journal "Notes on hydrography" .
• Special issue of the journal dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the Department of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: Notes on hydrography . (2017. No. 303)