The lakes of Khakassia are natural reservoirs in basins filled with water masses within the lake bed and not having a one-sided slope. On the territory of the Republic of Khakassia, there are about 1000 lakes of various sizes, degrees of flow and salinity.
The bulk of them are crustal and moraine , confined to the mountainous regions of the Western Sayan and Kuznetsk Alatau . These lakes are fresh and ultra-fresh, relatively small in size. Many of them are sources of rivers. About 500 lakes in Khakassia are very large, having a water surface area of more than 10 hectares, more than 100 of them are salty. Fresh and brackish lakes have some degree of flow, saline, as a rule, drainless. Those and others are located mainly within the Minusinsk depressions.
The largest freshwater lakes:
- Itkul (23.3 km² mirror area, depth up to 17 m),
- Black (in Shirinsky and Altai regions),
- Snorted
- Oshkol ,
- Bugaevo .
Salt lakes are the final reservoirs of drainless areas of the steppe, arid zone. The largest of them -
- Belyo (mirror area 75 km², depth up to 48.2 m),
- Shira (35.9 km², depth up to 21.8 m),
- Tus ,
- Jirim ,
- Vlasyevo ,
- Bitter
- Ulug Kohl ,
- Oskol ,
- Altai ,
- a group of Matarak, reds, Utchyh lakes .
Within the Republic of Khakassia, a number of drainless areas are located, confined to the North and South Minusinsk basins and characterized by peculiar lake and sometimes river resources:
- The Belyo-Shirinsksky drainage area is about 3,600 km² and includes adjacent pools of the Belyo, Itkul, Shira, Matarak , Shunet , Tus, Dzhirimskoe, Utchikhs and Krasnenky lakes. The Tuim River flows into Beleu Lake, the Karysh River - into the Lake Itkul, the Son River into the Shira Lake; other lakes do not have permanent tributaries.
- The Ulug-Kola non- drainage area is in the Uibat steppe , has an area of about 620 km². Formed mainly by the pools of the Ulug-Kol lakes and a number of smaller pools adjacent to the lakes Uskol , Taloye , Chalgyskol .
- The Altai drainage area is about 200 km², formed by the depressions of the Altai (Kurinka), Malaya Kurinka, Cheryomushka, and Birch lakes lakes.
- Solzavodskaya and
- The Uta non-drainage areas, with an area of about 140 and 25 km², respectively, are formed by the basins of the Salt, Novotroitskoye and Utinoe lakes .
In the central part of the Minusinsk depression are small and shallow lakes. There is a particularly large accumulation of mostly saline, marshy lakes along the shores in the central part of the Koibal steppe (Altai region) in the tract of the Forty Lake (Stolbovoe, Adaykol , Okelkol lakes, etc.). In connection with the irrigation construction in the country appeared artificial reservoirs. Thus, the waters of the Abakan Canal are filled with the lakes Krasnoye and Nalivnoe (Abakanskoe), from the Koibal irrigation and irrigation system - the lakes Krasnoe and Sosnovoye .
Content
Mineralization
Most of the Khakass lakes are characterized by increased mineralization, which is mainly due to the nature of the underlying rocks, the Devonian sediments of which are often salt-bearing. Many of these lakes in the dry summer dry up, turning into salt marshes with a white salt crust on the surface. The most mineralized (up to 92–149 g / dm³) are the lakes Tus, Altai-1, Kamyshovoye. According to the chemical composition of the water of lakes with a salinity of more than 3 g / dm³ sulphate, chloride, sulphate-sodium chloride; less than 3 g / dm³ - bicarbonate-sulphate, sodium bicarbonate-chloride. 24 reservoirs with mineralization of more than 10 g / dm³ can be used for bathing and bathing for medicinal purposes. There are numerous salt deposits associated with the lakes. Large accumulations of salts are present at the bottom of the Lake Fyrkal , the Varchee and Tuscol lakes are known for their reserves of mirabilite . In many lakes in the Ust-Abakan , Altai and Beisk regions, salt extraction was carried out in the past, and primitive salt plants (for example, the Altai salt plant on Altai Lake) were operating. At the bottom of some lakes, along with salt, there are layers of healing mud . In this regard, the most prominent lake Shunet (near the resort "Shira"). There is also evidence of the presence of therapeutic mud in the lakes Khankul , Tus , Vlasyevo , Bitter, Dzhirim , etc.
Fisheries
The fishing value of the lakes is small, although some are currently used for fish farming of valuable commercial fish species. Separate lakes in spring and autumn serve as a gathering place for migratory birds. Some of them remain here for nesting. Most of the lakes of Khakassia are picturesque corners of nature, are actively used as a resting place.
Literature
- State Report on the state of water resources of the Republic of Khakassia in 2003 / Ch. ed. K.V. Lysogorsky. Abakan, 2004;
- Nikolskaya L. A. Khakassia. Econ.-Geogr. feature article. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk Prince. publishing house, 1968;
- Pokrovsky D.S. et al. Groundwaters of the Republic of Khakassia and the population’s water supply. Tomsk: Publishing house NTL, 2001.