Zelenogradsk

Archeology

In the environs of present-day Zelenogradsk, early medieval settlements and defensive walls of Prussian lands: settlements ^[4] (type 1 and type 2 ^[5] ) of a village or neighbor (?) Community that were concentrated around the settlements with the towns ^[5] and lived in it by gosudami V. T. Pashuto ^[6] ). The closest to Zelenogradsk famous settlement of the cult nature - “Pushkaytis' Settlement” ( Prussian. Galgenpusch , length . “God of the Underworld”) is the Prussian sanctuary of the early Middle Ages ^[7] . 3 km to the south of the city is the largest archaeological complex of the Viking era, known on the Nemansky way - Kaup (dis. "Torzysche"). It includes an open trade and craft settlement and a kurgan-dirt burial ground. IX - beg. XI centuries ^[8] .

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  Plan of the neighborhoods of modern Zelenogradsk for the Viking Age. Paleo-names in this microregion are marked ^[9] .

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  Duty prince sir. XI century., Characteristic of the inhabitants of the Amber Coast. Found and reconstructed by V.I. Kulakov ^[10]

The emergence of the settlement

On the territory of Zelenogradsk there was a Prussian fishermen Prussky village . Pillkoppen ("The Coastal Settlement"), in the place of which in 1282 appeared the village of Prussk. Kranta-Krug (mixed Prussian-German "Tavern on the beach"). It served the road leading from Königsberg along the Curonian Spit to Klaipeda ^[11] .

In 1283, the Crusaders built a castle in the present Zaton tract (1.5 km south-east of Zelenogradsk) . Neuhaus ( literally "New Home"). In the sand on the shore of the Curonian Lagoon, it is still possible to find oak logs of the foundation of this order's castle ^[11] .

In the 16th century, not far from the ruins of the castle, a customs station arose, next to which a tavern called Glomsack soon appeared, which was killed in a fire around 1813 ^[11] .

In its first season, the Baltic resort received 35 holidaymakers ^[11] . The popularity of the resort gradually grew, in particular, in 1829 it was visited by the famous Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz ^[11] .

The emergence and development of the resort

In 1816, by the decision of the land minister and political figure Count Theodor von Schön , a seaside resort was opened in Krantz ^[11] . This year the first resort infrastructure was created here: the men's and women's swimming pools. In the first year of its existence, the resort received 35 guests ^[11] , the permanent population of the village itself at that time was about 300 inhabitants. Gradually the resort developed, as a result, numerous boarding houses and motels , hotels and fashionable private houses decorated the coast in less than half a century.

In 1844, Krantz received the status of a royal resort. The first railway branch linking the resort with Konigsberg in 1885 also contributed to the development. As a result, the influx of tourists increased significantly. .

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  Embankment in Krantz, 1900.

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  Beach.

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City after World War II

On February 4, 1945, during the Great Patriotic War , the city of Kranz was occupied by the Soviet Red Army during the East Prussian operation . Fierce battles were fought on the Curonian Spit , but Krantz himself was practically not injured.

In the area of ​​the city, on April 18, 1945, Hero of the Soviet Union, Guards Lieutenant Tkachenko Ivan Filippovich died, was buried in a military mass grave (Moskovskaya St.).

In 1946, after the annexation of the Königsberg region to the RSFSR (as a result of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945 ) and the renaming of Königsberg to Kaliningrad , Krantz was renamed Zelenogradsk.

The unofficial coat of arms is divided into two parts, on the upper part were depicted brown elk antlers on a golden background, on the lower part - a silver flounder on an azure background ^[12] .

The modern emblem of the city (authored by G. Lerman) was approved by the decision of the city Council of Deputies on April 22, 2011 and largely repeats the former (unofficial) one, but instead of the horns it contains an oak wreath ^[13] .

The climate is temperate , transitional from maritime to continental . Winters are mild (average January temperature is –3 ^° C). Summer is moderately warm (average July temperature + 17 ^° C). The average sea temperature in the summer is from 16.5 to 17 ° C, but it also reaches 21-22 ° C. About 800 mm of precipitation per year, mostly in summer. The number of sunshine hours is about 2000 per year ^[14] .

As of January 1, 2019, the city was in 753 place out of 1115 ^[28] cities of the Russian Federation in terms of population ^[29] .

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  Shop on Lenin Street.

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  Resort Avenue.

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  City Library.

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  Building on Kurortny Avenue.

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  Building on Kurortny Avenue.

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Holiday Destinations

The attractions of the resort are the beautiful sea promenade, the city promenade with a long beach , a 150-meter pier ^[30] and a large park that merges in the countryside with a large pine forest ^[31] . From the outskirts of the city begins the Curonian Spit National Park , included in the UNESCO list of nature monuments .

The quiet seaside town is somewhat more modest than the neighboring resort Svetlogorsk . It is located not on the high bank, but on the gentle slopes of the dunes , and has a relaxing family vacation, although there are places for young people, including an unofficial nudist beach. By the sea, you can even sunbathe on a windy day, hiding among the small sand hills in the area of ​​the so-called "pan" ^[32] .

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  View of the Baltic Sea from the Zelenograd sanatorium "Chaika" - the tallest building in the city.

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  Quay.

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  Beach "pan".

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  Promenade Zelenogradsk.

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  Evening on the boardwalk

Zelenogradsk is a popular place for short-term recreation for residents of Kaliningrad ^[33] . The beach is covered with fine light sand , turning into small seaside dunes. The relief of the seabed off the coast is flat and even. In Zelenogradsk, in contrast to the other resort of Svetlogorsk, there are no steep descents and ascents, which is convenient for those suffering from heart disease, respiratory organs and the musculoskeletal system . The city has its own mineral water, which is called Zelenogradskaya ^[34] .

For children's recreation in Zelenogradsk a network of children's recreation camps has been preserved. The city has a fitness center, opened in 2014, which has rooms for playing, strength sports, martial arts, aerobics, choreography, fitness, and 2 swimming pools: one for experienced swimmers, the second for beginners. At the same time 130 people can visit the complex.

Religious buildings

There are two Orthodox churches and a Sunday school in Zelenogradsk. The first Orthodox church of the city was opened in 1998 and consecrated in the name of Andrew the First Called . St. Andrew’s church is located in the building of the former Catholic chapel of St. Andrew. A little later, the Transfiguration Cathedral was opened, located in the building of the former Lutheran church of St. Adalbert (St. Adalbertskirche). Especially for the belfry of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Voronezh, cast seven bells of different sizes.

Civil architecture

The architectural look of Krantz was formed in the second half of the XIX - the first half of the XX century. Most of the buildings belong to Art Nouveau (the German current of modernity), there are also buildings with elements of other styles, such as neo-Gothic and neo-classicism , which gives the architecture of the city an eclectic touch. .

Some notable buildings :

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  Station in Zelenogradsk.

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  Former Post Office.

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  Former Kurhaus Building

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  Water Tower (1904).

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  Zelenograd City Museum of Local Lore (formerly attorney-at-law Max Krell)

• The railway station was opened along with the railway on July 8, 1885. The station building has not changed much. Modern address - st. Vokzalnaya, 2, old - Bahnhofplatz (Bahnhofplatz).
• Former building of the Resort Administration Kranz . The brick building in the Art Nouveau style, built at the beginning of the XX century. In German time, all tourists arriving in Kranz for more than three days had to register with the resort administration and pay a special fee, which was used to develop and improve the resort. The current address is the Promenade, the old address is Corso.
• Former post office. The red brick building was built in the neo - gothic style at the beginning of the 20th century. The building has remained almost unchanged. Here the post office itself, the telegraph office and the postmaster's office apartment were placed. Today is privately owned. The current address is 29, Kurortny Prospekt, the old address is Königsbergstrasse 29 (Königsbergstrasse 29).
• Former Kurhaus . Kurhaus called the main hotel of a resort. The Krantsevsky Kurhaus was built in 1843, later burned down and was restored in the Art Nouveau style. As of the beginning of the 21st century, the Kurhaus is privately owned. It was restored as a hotel, but not yet used. The current address is 16, Kurortny Prospect, the old address is Königsbergstrasse (Königsbergstrasse).
• Water tower - museum "Murarium". The building of the water tower is the symbol and dominant of the resort. The tower with a height of 40 m was built in 1904 for the water supply of Krantz and was distinguished by a kind of dome. After 1946, was not used for its intended purpose. Now here is the museum "Murarium", where the largest art collection of cats in Russia is located. The museum has more than 4.5 thousand items of interior, jewelry, paintings and other interesting things collected around the world ^[35] .
• Villa Max Crell. The building, located on the street. Lenin, 6, built at the beginning of XX century. Belonged to the family of the famous Prussian lawyer M. Krell. For a long time he was the burgomaster of Memel , he was a well-known public figure, but, moving away from business, he moved to Cranz, opening a notary and a law office. The villa was built on an individual project, the silhouette resembles a Russian tower, but with elements of Gothic in the upper part. The roof is covered with glazed tiles. The building is an object of cultural heritage of regional significance. Since 1947, the house has been a children's library, since 2014 - Zelenograd city local history museum. The museum exhibits, located on a 550 m² square, are devoted to the history of the city and region from ancient times to modern times. On the ground floor of the local history museum there is an “Art Basement”, in which art workshops take place.

Modern buildings

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  Hotel "Princess Eliza" on the street Volodarsky

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  ATC building

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  Administrative building

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  A plaque on the building of the city library

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  Memorial sign in honor of the 60th anniversary of the Kaliningrad region

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  Monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union Ivan Tkachenko .

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  The memorial complex at the mass grave of Soviet soldiers who died while taking the city of Krantz in 1945 (located at 51 Moskovskaya Street).

The monument on the mass grave of Soviet soldiers who died during the capture of the city of Krantz in January-February 1945 was erected in Zelenogradsk in 1950 (Moskovskaya street, 51). Repair and restoration work was carried out in 1975 and 2004. In the center of a rectangular square in plan on a high pedestal, on which the inscription “To soldiers who fell for their homeland is carved. 1945 ”, a sculpture of a warrior 2.5 m high is installed. An automatic machine hangs on his right shoulder, his left hand presses a helmet to his side. Along the sides of the memorial are six tombstones with memorial plaques. In front of the monument there is a tombstone with three memorial plates, behind the monument there are two rectangular flowerbeds with blue spruces. By the Decree of the Government of the Kaliningrad Region of March 23, 2007 No. 132, the memorial complex at the mass grave of Soviet soldiers received the status of an object of cultural heritage of local (municipal) significance.

Zelenogradsk station is located Zelenogradsk-New Kaliningrad railway . This station belongs to the railway line Kaliningrad - Zelenogradsk - Svetlogorsk . In the 1980s, in the summer, every day, from Kaliningrad to Zelenogradsk, electric trains went at intervals of 15 minutes, the journey took an average of 35 minutes, a ticket cost 25 kopecks, a travel card for a month - 1 rub. 80 kopecks For 2014, from Kaliningrad to Zelenogradsk, on weekdays, there are 5 electric trains a day, back 6, on weekends 4 round trips, the journey takes 40 to 45 minutes.

Regular buses deliver passengers to Kaliningrad, to the Curonian Spit , cities and towns of the district. The regional center and Zelenogradsk connects the first stage of the highway " Primorsk Ring " ^[36] .

• Architectural monuments of Krantz. Publishing house "BaltPromo Plus". Series “Sights of the Kaliningrad Region” (year of publication is not specified)
•   FistsV.I. The Land of Prussians and the “Prussian Lands” // Balto-Slavic Studies: Collection of Scientific Works / Ph. Phil. n Vyach. You. Ivanov. - M .: "Science" , 1987. - S. 95-101 .
•   Fists В. И . История Пруссии до 1283 г = Prussia Antiqua. Geschichte Preußens bis zum 1283. — М. : Индрик, 2003. — Т. I. — 432 с. — ISBN 5-85759-231-3 .
•   Кулаков В. И . Неманский янтарный путь в эпоху викингов = Niemen amber route in the Viking Age / рецензенты: к.и.н. С. Д. Захаров , к.и.н. Н. В. Лопатин. — Калининград : Министерство культуры Калининградской области , ГБУК «Калининградский областной музей янтаря» , 2012. — 224 с. - 500 copies — ISBN 978-5-903920-17-4 .
• Кулаков В. И . От Восточной Пруссии до Калининградской области . — Калининград: Бизнес-Контакт, 2002. — 287 с.

• Official site MO "Zelenogradsky district"
• Official site of the administration of the municipality of Zelenogradskoye urban settlement
• Public site and forums Zelenogradsk
• Information portal Zelenogradsk, the site of the regional newspaper "Wave"