Institute of Biomedical Problems, RAS

It was created on the basis of the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1106-399 of October 28, 1963, and during its formation it was called the Institute of Space Biology and Medicine (there was also a closed name - PO Box No. 3452). The initiators of this decision were the chief designer of space rocket technology S.P. Korolev , President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh , deputy minister of health of the USSR A.I. Burnazyan , head of the Third Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health V.N.

In accordance with the order of the Minister of Health of the USSR No. 79 dated November 4, 1963, the Institute becomes the country's leading institution for space biology and medicine, and on June 15, 1965 (order No. M-2881c of the 3rd Main Directorate of the Ministry of Health) changes its name to the Institute of Medical -biological problems of the USSR Ministry of Health . Due to this, the Institute is well known in Russia and in other countries under the historical abbreviation IBMP ^[2] .

According to the creators, the IBMP was supposed to accumulate all the achievements of the institutions of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Defense, and university science and put them in the service of cosmonautics. More than 100 officers of the State Research Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine of the USSR Ministry of Defense (they retained military ranks) who had experience in preparing the first space flights, including Yu. A. Senkevich ; as well as more than 100 employees of the Institute of Biophysics, among them A. V. Lebedinsky, Yu. G. Nefyodov, who had experience in escorting nuclear submarines and other pressurized objects. Imported equipment was purchased. By the beginning of 1966, the IBMP team had reached 1,700 employees.

Less than a year after the creation of the IBMP, it played a leading role in the preparation and conduct of the flight of the world's first space laboratory with a crew of V. M. Komarov, K. P. Feoktistov, B. B. Egorov, and subsequently during the first ever release man into outer space (A. A. Leonov).

Korolev’s dream was to fly to Mars, favorable conditions for him developed in the second half of the 1970s. According to Korolev, the IBMP should have been involved in medical and biological flight preparation work. An experimental building was erected on the territory of the Institute, in which a crew of three people stayed in a closed hermetic facility for a year. In January 1994 - March 1995, the IBMP employee V.V. Polyakov made a record-breaking 438-day space flight at the Mir orbital complex.

The claims of the IBMP to play a leading role in solving the problems of space biology and medicine were met with decisive resistance by the leaders of the Air Force, in particular N. P. Kamanin .

Since June 5, 1994, the Government of the Russian Federation has been granted the Institute the status of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation ^[3] , which has been preserved to this day. On November 25, 1999, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1958-r, the IBMP was included in the system of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences ^[4] .

In different years, the IBMP was headed by academicians A.V. Lebedinsky (1963-1965), V.V. Parin (1965-1968), O. G. Gazenko (1969-1988), A.I. Grigoriev (1988-2008), I. B. Ushakov (2008—2015). By order of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations No. 923 p / o dated November 26, 2015, the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences O. I. Orlov was appointed Director of the Russian State Scientific Center - Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 1, 2015. ^[5] .

The priority task of a UTI is to study the influence of various extreme factors on humans and other living beings in order to determine their adverse effects and justify ways to prevent the development of pathological changes in the human body in order to create an adequate living environment and ensure activities in such conditions.
Currently, IBMP is the leading scientific institution for medical-biological and sanitary-hygienic provision of manned space flights, it is responsible for coordinating the work of organizations and institutions in implementing the national program of scientific biomedical research and experiments aboard the ISS Russian Segment (ISS RS). The Institute is a co-executor of development work to improve the ISS RS, provides the development of targeted payloads for biomedical research and experiments.

Based on the results of a comprehensive ground-based and flight research and testing conducted at the IBMP, a system of tools and methods that ensure the safety and professional activity of space crews has been scientifically substantiated, developed and successfully tested. This system was effectively used in short-term and long-term space flights of crews on the Soyuz spacecraft, the Salyut and Mir orbital stations, and is currently taken as a basis and is further developed as part of the work of the crews aboard the International Space Station (ISS) ) ^[6] .

The IBMP is responsible for organizing and conducting biomedical research and experiments on the ISS Russian segment ^[7] , biomedical and biotechnological research and experiments on automatic spacecraft (the Bion and Photon series), as well as complex ground-based experiments that lay the foundation providing biomedical support for future interplanetary expeditions, including to Mars ^[6] .

The Institute carries out a lot of work on medical selection and periodic examination of cosmonauts of civilian departments, space tourists and volunteer testers to participate in special ground tests and research on various problems of space and extreme medicine. The fundamental studies conducted by the Institute made it possible to establish patterns of human adaptation to the action of space flight factors, to reveal physiological changes occurring in various organs and tissues, to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of functioning of living systems of various levels of organization under zero gravity and under the influence of other extreme factors. The obtained unique data formed the basis of the created means of prevention for manned space exploration and innovative developments for practical healthcare ^[6] .

The Institute has developed special airborne facilities and methods for providing medical assistance in the event of a wide range of possible diseases and injuries in flight. Before and during the flight, tools and methods are widely used to prevent the effects of adverse factors in space flight on the body. IBMP is a developer of equipment for equipping life support systems and biomedical research equipment necessary for space missions ^[6] .

A significant contribution to the development of modern space medicine and biology was made by the employees of the IBMP cosmonauts B. B. Egorov , V. V. Polyakov , B. V. Morukov and S. N. Ryazansky ^[6] . The Institute has the basic departments of three universities ( Moscow State University named after MV Lomonosov , Moscow Aviation Institute , Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ), graduate school and doctoral studies, two dissertation councils ^[6] .

International scientific and technical ties of the IBMP are carried out in the framework of cooperation with space agencies and scientific institutions of the USA, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan, Austria, Korea, China and other countries ^[6] . The journal “Aerospace and Environmental Medicine” is published ^[8] .

The main activities of IBMP

The main directions of scientific activity of the SSC RF - IBMP RAS were approved by Resolution of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 196 dated September 27, 2011 ^[9]

• research in space biology, physiology and medicine; environmental, extreme, sports, aviation, alpine physiology and medicine; gravitational physiology; biological, physico-chemical and integrated life support systems; cell physiology; biotechnology; psychophysiology; engineering psychology and ergonomics; radiobiology; magnetobiology; exobiology;
• biomedical support for spacecraft flights, including environmental and radiation safety issues;
• research in the field of barophysiology and diving medicine; exposure to the body of artificial respiratory mixtures; hygiene and epidemiology of hermetic objects;
• the study of the functional reserves of the body and mechanisms of adaptation to the effects of various environmental factors, the physiology of a healthy person; medical problems of dangerous professions;
• implementation of research results in clinical medicine and national economy;
• telemedicine.

IBMP Stand Base

• medical and technical ground-based experimental complex for conducting studies on human stay in conditions of long-term isolation and artificial habitat ^[10] , including a modified model of a heavy interplanetary spaceship (TMK) and a simulator of the Martian surface (IMP) ^[11] ;
• physiological testing center;
• special stands for studying and simulating the physiological and biological effects of weightlessness and other factors of space flight ^{[12] [13]} ;
• centrifuges with shoulder radii of 2.50 and 7.25 m;
• deep-sea diving complex to simulate the immersion of a person to a depth of 250 m.

• Mars 500

• Institute of Biomedical Problems: Half a Century in the Service of Science and Man in Space and on Earth / Under the general. ed. Academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. I. Grigoriev and I. B. Ushakov - Voronezh: Scientific Publishing and Printing Center, 2014.
• Space almanac. Anniversary issue No. 15. - Voronezh: Publishing and printing center "Scientific Book", 2014.
• Department of Physiology. 50 years: Collection of articles. - M .: The company "Word", 2013. - S. 105-119.
• State scientific centers - the most important link in the innovative development of Russia / Ed. ed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kabalov E.N. - M.: VIAM, 2013 .-- S. 247—255.
• Vestnik of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 10, t. 83 (2013)

• Official website
• IBMP Video Library
• TV news media about the activities of IBMP
• 1967. Mars: Secret Mission
• Zero Gravity Bath
• Mutant flies on the ISS
• If tomorrow to Mars. Russian scientists lead the way in conducting super-long experiments in isolation // Russian Newspaper - Federal Issue No. 6218 (242).
• Star Trek IBMP RAS // Russian Space, No. 10 (94), 2013